CONTENTS

*New to this edition

Preface

Disciplinary Contents

PART
1 Understanding Argument
An Introduction to Argument
Why Instructors Assign Argument [box]
Defining Argument
What Kinds of Statements Are Not Debatable? [box]
Arguments in Real Life
Winning and Losing Arguments
The Rhetorical Situation
Considering the Writer
Considering the Purpose
Considering the Audience
Considering the Question
Considering the Context
Logos, Pathos, and Ethos
The Appeal to Reason (Logos)
Logos in Action
The Appeal to the Emotions (Pathos)
Pathos in Action
The Appeal to Authority (Ethos)
Ethos in Action
The Rhetorical Triangle

CHAPTER 1 The Four Pillars of Argument
AT ISSUE Is a College Education Worth the Money?
The Elements of Argument
Thesis Statement
Evidence
Refutation
Concluding Statement
? CHECKLIST: DOES YOUR ARGUMENT STAND UP?
NIA TUCKSON, Why Foreign-Language Study Should Be Required [student essay]
ANDY KESSLER, Learn a Language, But Not a Human One
READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE Is a College Education Worth the Money?
ELLEN RUPPEL SHELL, College May Not Be Worth It Anymore
MARTY NEMKO, We Send Too Many Students to College
*DANIEL RIVERA-IBARRA, Paying It Forward Makes Higher Ed Worth the Price
JENNIE LE, What Does It Mean to Be a College Grad?
*EMMA WHITFORD, Not All Americans Think College Is Worth It
BRYAN CAPLAN, The World Might Be Better Off without College for Everyone
*HUNTER RAWLINGS, College Is Not a Commodity: Stop Treating It Like One
? TEMPLATE FOR STRUCTURING AN ARGUMENT

PART
2 Reading and Responding to Arguments

CHAPTER 2 Thinking and Reading Critically
AT ISSUE Does Recycling Really Accomplish Anything?
Thinking Critically
Using Critical-Thinking Skills [box]
Reading Critically and Actively
Guidelines for Reading Critically [box]
Previewing
Close Reading
Comprehension Clues [box]
JOHN TIERNEY, The Reign of Recycling
Highlighting
Suggestions for Highlighting [box]
LOS ANGELES TIMES EDITORIAL BOARD, It’s Time to Phase Out Single-Use Plastic
Annotating
? CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS FOR ANNOTATING
*JOHN VIDAL, The Solution to the Plastic Waste Crisis? It’s Not Recycling
JENNY LUNA, We Are So Forked
Writing a Critical Response
? CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL READING
NEENA THOMASON, Response to “It’s Time to Phase Out All Single-Use Plastic” [student response]
? TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A CRITICAL RESPONSE

CHAPTER 3 Reading and Responding to Visual Arguments
AT ISSUE Does Recycling Really Accomplish Anything? (continued)
Visuals versus Visual Arguments [box]
Reading Visual Arguments
Comprehension Clues [box]
National Geographic Cover [visual]
Appeals: Logos, Pathos, and Ethos [box]
Recycling Bar Graph [graph]
*Keep Disposable Face Masks and Gloves Out of Our Waterways! [advertisement]
Recycling Cartoon [cartoon]
Waste Pie Chart [chart]
*Recycle Right! [infographic]
*One-Third of Plastic Packaging Escapes Recycling Systems [advertisement]
Highlighting and Annotating Visual Arguments
What Goes in the Ocean Goes in You [advertisement]
Responding Critically to Visual Arguments
? CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS FOR RESPONDING TO VISUAL ARGUMENTS
GABRIEL DUNN, Response to “What Goes in the Ocean Goes in You” [student response]
? TEMPLATE FOR RESPONDING TO VISUAL ARGUMENTS

CHAPTER 4 Writing a Rhetorical Analysis
AT ISSUE Does It Make Sense to Shop Ethically?
What Is a Rhetorical Analysis?
Overview: “Letter from Birmingham Jail” by Martin Luther King Jr. [box]
Considering the Rhetorical Situation
Analyzing the Rhetorical Situation [box]
The Writer
Analyzing the Writer [box]
The Writer’s Purpose
Analyzing the Writer’s Purpose [box]
The Writer’s Audience
Analyzing the Writer’s Audience [box]
The Question
Analyzing the Question [box]
The Context
Analyzing the Context [box]
Considering the Means of Persuasion: Logos, Pathos, Ethos
The Appeal to Reason (Logos)
The Appeal to the Emotions (Pathos)
The Appeal to Authority (Ethos)
Considering the Writer’s Rhetorical Strategies
Thesis
Organization
Evidence
Stylistic Techniques
Assessing the Argument
? CHECKLIST: PREPARING TO WRITE A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS
Sample Rhetorical Analysis
DANA THOMAS, Terror’s Purse Strings
DENIZ BILGUTAY, A Powerful Call to Action [student essay]
RAJEEV RAVISANKAR, Sweatshop Oppression
? TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS
JEROME SIEGER, Sweatshops Are Good

CHAPTER 5 Understanding Logic and Recognizing Logical Fallacies
AT ISSUE How Free Should Free Speech Be?
What Is Deductive Reasoning?
Constructing Sound Syllogisms
Syllogism with an Illogical Middle Term
Syllogism with a Key Term Whose Meaning Shifts
Syllogism with Negative Premise
Recognizing Enthymemes
Bumper-Sticker Thinking [box]
Writing Deductive Arguments
CRYSTAL SANCHEZ, College Should Be for Everyone [student essay]
What Is Inductive Reasoning?
Reaching Inductive Conclusions [box]
Making Inferences
Constructing Strong Inductive Arguments
Generalization Too Broad
Atypical Evidence
Irrelevant Evidence
Exceptions to the Rule
Writing Inductive Arguments
*IAN AYRES, Until I’m Told Otherwise, I Prefer to Call You “They”
Recognizing Logical Fallacies
Begging the Question
Circular Reasoning
Weak Analogy
Ad Hominem Fallacy (Personal Attack)
Creating a Straw Man
Hasty or Sweeping Generalization (Jumping to a Conclusion)
Either/Or Fallacy (False Dilemma)
Equivocation
Red Herring
Slippery Slope
You Also (Tu Quoque)
Appeal to Doubtful Authority
Misuse of Statistics
Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc (After This, Therefore Because of This)
Non Sequitur (It Does Not Follow)
Bandwagon Fallacy
PATRICK J. BUCHANAN, Immigration Time-Out
READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE How Free Should Free Speech Be?
*ARIZONA BAR FOUNDATION, Freedom of Speech: What It Is and What It Isn’t
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS, On Freedom of Expression and Campus Speech Codes
*SARA LAVENDUSKI, “Free Speech” Comes with a Price
*PRAVEEN NAIR, Social Media Bans Are about More Than Just Free Speech
*TYLER WATKINS, How Free Should Free Speech Be?
Visual Argument: Football Players Kneeling [photograph]
? TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT
? TEMPLATE FOR WRITING AN INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT

CHAPTER 6 Rogerian Argument, Toulmin Logic, and Oral Arguments
*AT ISSUE Why Aren’t STEM Fields More Diverse?
Understanding Rogerian Argument
Structuring Rogerian Arguments
Writing Rogerian Arguments
ZOYA KAHN, Why Cell Phones Do Not Belong in the Classroom [student essay]
Understanding Toulmin Logic
Constructing Toulmin Arguments
Writing Toulmin Arguments
JEN DAVIS, Competitive Cheerleaders Are Athletes [student essay]
Understanding Oral Arguments
Planning an Oral Argument
? CHECKLIST: DESIGNING AND DISPLAYING VISUALS
Delivering Oral Arguments
Dealing with Nervousness [box]
Composing an Oral Argument
*Choosing Presentation Tools [box]
CHANTEE STEELE, An Argument in Support of the “Gap Year” [student speech]
*READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE Why Aren’t STEM Fields More Diverse?
STUART REGES, Why Women Don’t Code
BARBARA OAKLEY, Why Do Women Shun STEM? It’s Complicated
*MEREDITH REICHES AND SARAH S. RICHARDSON, We Dug into Data to Disprove a Myth about Women in STEM
*MARIA TEMMING, STEM’s Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Gaps Are Still Strikingly Large
*BARBARA MORAN, Is Science Too Straight?
*Visual Argument: Diversity in STEM [poster]
? TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A ROGERIAN ARGUMENT
? TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A TOULMIN ARGUMENT

PART
3 Writing an Argumentative Essay

CHAPTER 7 Planning, Drafting, and Revising an Argumentative Essay
AT ISSUE Should All College Campuses Go Green?
Choosing a Topic
Topics to Avoid
Thinking about Your Topic
Freewriting
Brainstorming
Clustering
Informal Outline
Drafting a Thesis Statement
*Types of Claims [box]
Understanding Your Purpose and Audience
Gathering Evidence
Evaluating the Evidence in Your Sources
Detecting Bias in Your Sources
Using Visuals as Evidence [box]
Refuting Opposing Arguments
Strategies for Refuting Opposing Arguments
Revising Your Thesis Statement
Structuring Your Essay
Supplying Background Information [box]
Using Induction and Deduction
*Identifying a Strategy for Your Argument: Applying Stasis Theory
Constructing a Formal Outline
Establishing Credibility
Being Well Informed
Being Reasonable
Being Fair
Maintaining Your Credibility [box]
Drafting Your Essay
Suggested Transitions for Argument [box]
GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: USING PARALLELISM
Revising Your Essay
Asking Questions
? CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS ABOUT YOUR ESSAY’S PURPOSE AND AUDIENCE
? CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS ABOUT YOUR ESSAY’S STRUCTURE AND STYLE
? CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS ABOUT YOUR ESSAY’S SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
Using Outlines and Templates
Getting Feedback
Guidelines for Peer Review [box]
Polishing Your Essay
Editing and Proofreading
GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: CONTRACTIONS VERSUS POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Choosing a Title
Checking Format
SHAWN HOLTON, Going Green [student essay]

PART
4 Using Sources to Support Your Argument

CHAPTER 8 Finding and Evaluating Sources
*AT ISSUE How Concerned Should We Be about Our Privacy in the Digital Age?
Finding Sources
Finding Information in the Library
Finding Information on the Internet
Using Google Scholar [box]
Evaluating Sources
*TATUM HUNTER, QR Codes Are a Privacy Problem—But Not for the Reasons You’ve Heard
*EDWARD J. MARKEY AND ORRIN HATCH, Protecting Student Privacy in the Digital Age
Evaluating Websites
Reliable versus Unreliable Websites [box]
Using a Site’s URL to Assess Its Objectivity [box]
Avoiding Confirmation Bias [box]
*THE CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION, Home Page [website]
*INSTYLE MAGAZINE, Home Page [website]
*DAVID HUDSON, Student-Athletes Have a Right to Peaceful Protest

CHAPTER 9 Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Quoting, and Synthesizing Sources
AT ISSUE How Concerned Should We Be about Our Privacy in the Digital Age? (continued)
Summarizing Sources
When to Summarize [box]
Summarizing Sources [box]
Paraphrasing Sources
When to Paraphrase [box]
Paraphrasing Sources [box]
Quoting Sources
When to Quote [box]
Quoting Sources [box]
SHELLEY FRALIC, Don’t Fall for the Myths about Online Privacy
Working Source Material into Your Argument
Using Identifying Tags
Templates for Using Identifying Tags [box]
Working Quotations into Your Sentences
Distorting Quotations [box]
Synthesizing Sources
Synthesizing Sources [box]

CHAPTER 10 Documenting Sources: MLA
Why Document Sources? [box]
Using In-Text Citations
Preparing the Works-Cited List
What to Include in a Works-Cited Entry [box]
Periodicals
Books
Visual, Audio, and Multimedia Sources
Internet Sources
Other Sources
MLA Paper Guidelines [box]
ERIN BLAINE, Should Data Posted on Social-Networking Sites Be “Fair Game” for Employers? [model MLA paper]

CHAPTER 11 Using Sources Responsibly
*AT ISSUE What Should Be Done about Plagiarism?
Understanding Plagiarism
Two Definitions of Plagiarism [box]
Intentional Plagiarism [box]
Avoiding Unintentional Plagiarism
Internet Sources and Plagiarism [box]
Knowing What to Document
ERIKA RAMIREZ, When Beyoncé’s Inspiration Turns into Imitation
Revising to Eliminate Plagiarism
*READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE What Should Be Done about Plagiarism?
TRIP GABRIEL, Plagiarism Lines Blur for Students in Digital Age
JENNIFER MOTT-SMITH, Bad Idea about Writing: Plagiarism Deserves to Be Punished
*SUSAN H. GREENBERG, Why Colleges Should Ditch Honor Codes
RICHARD A. POSNER, The Truth about Plagiarism
*ELIZABETH REDDEN, Cheating across Cultures
*Visual Argument: Website Advertising Term Papers for Sale
? TEMPLATE FOR WRITING AN ARGUMENT ABOUT PLAGIARISM
? WRITING ARGUMENTS: WHAT SHOULD BE DONE ABOUT PLAGIARISM?

PART
5 Strategies for Argument

CHAPTER 12 Definition Arguments
AT ISSUE Why Do We Need to Define Fake News?
What Is a Definition Argument?
Developing Definitions
Dictionary Definitions (Formal Definitions)
Extended Definitions
Operational Definitions
Structuring a Definition Argument
ADAM KENNEDY, Why I Am a Nontraditional Student [student essay]
GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: AVOIDING IS WHERE AND IS WHEN
EJ GARR, Athlete vs. Role Model
Firefighters at Ground Zero [photograph]
The Tuskegee Airmen [photograph]
READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE Why Do We Need to Define Fake News?
*JACOB SOLL, The Long and Brutal History of Fake News
*BRIAN RIEDL, The “Facts” We Take on Faith
*JOSHUA HABGOOD-COOTE, The Term “Fake News” Is Doing Great Harm
KATIE LANGIN, Fake News Spreads Faster Than True News on Twitter
KALEV LEETARU, How Data and Information Literacy Could End Fake News
Visual Argument
? TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A DEFINITION ARGUMENT
WRITING DEFINITION ARGUMENTS

CHAPTER 13 Cause-and-Effect Arguments
AT ISSUE Does Social Media Bring Us Together or Drive Us Apart?
What Is a Cause-and-Effect Argument?
Bumper Stickers [photograph]
Understanding Cause-and-Effect Relationships
Main and Contributory Causes
Immediate and Remote Causes
Causal Chains
Key Words for Cause-and-Effect Arguments [box]
Post Hoc Reasoning
Structuring a Cause-and-Effect Argument
KRISTINA MIALKI, Texting: A Boon, Not a Threat, to Language [student essay]
GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: AVOIDING “THE REASON IS BECAUSE”
PEGGY ORENSTEIN, Should the World of Toys Be Gender-Free?
READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE Does Social Media Bring Us Together or Drive Us Apart?
*KELLY CHRIST, Finding Meaning in Social Media Activism
DAVID LUDDEN, Does Using Social Media Make You Lonely?
*SARAH J. JACKSON, Twitter Made Us Better
SHERRY TURKLE, The Flight from Conversation
ROBERT WEISS, Closer Together or Further Apart? Digital Devices and the New Generation Gap
*Visual Argument: Social Media Activism [illustration]
? TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A CAUSE-AND-EFFECT ARGUMENT
? WRITING CAUSE-AND-EFFECT ARGUMENTS

CHAPTER 14 Evaluation Arguments
*AT ISSUE How Serious a Problem Is Climate Change?
What Is an Evaluation Argument?
Making Evaluations [box]
Identifying Bias [box]
Criteria for Evaluation
Structuring an Evaluation Argument
KEVIN MURPHY, Evaluation of a Website: RateMyProfessors.com [student essay]
GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
ERIC KLINENBERG, To Restore Civil Society, Start with the Library
*READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE How Serious a Problem Is Climate Change?
*ADAM BRUMER, Climate Change Is an Education Emergency
*SAMANTHA HARRINGTON, How Climate Change Threatens Public Health
*IVANA RAMIREZ, What Is Environmental Racism? Ten Facts about How It Works
*MICHAEL SHELLENBERGER, Why Apocalyptic Claims about Climate Change Are Wrong
BARBARA HURD, Fracking: A Fable
*Visual Argument: Plastic Man [photograph]
? TEMPLATE FOR WRITING AN EVALUATION ARGUMENT
? WRITING EVALUATION ARGUMENTS

CHAPTER 15 Ethical Arguments 515
*AT ISSUE Do Confederate Monuments Belong in Public Spaces?
What Is an Ethical Argument?
Stating an Ethical Principle
Ethics versus Law
Differences between Laws and Ethics [box]
Understanding Ethical Dilemmas
TREADLIGHTLY.ORG, Ride Hard, Tread Lightly [advertisement]
PETA, Adopt, Don’t Buy [advertisement]
Structuring an Ethical Argument
CHRIS MUÑOZ, Are Colleges Doing Enough for Nontraditional Students? [student essay]
GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: SUBORDINATION AND COORDINATION
SHUBHANKAR CHHOKRA, The Ethical Case for Eating Animals
*READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE Do Confederate Monuments Belong in Public Spaces?
*TONY CARTLEDGE, Are We Erasing History—Or Cementing It?
*SUE EISENFELD, Should We Remove Confederate Monuments—Even If They’re Artistically Valuable?
*TYLER PARRY, Conservatives Are Once Again Trying to Erase Black History
*MITCH LANDRIEU, Speech on the Removal of Confederate Monuments in New Orleans
*KAREN FINNEY, I’m Black. Robert E. Lee Is My Relative. His Statues Can’t Come Down Soon Enough.
*Visual Argument [cartoon]
? TEMPLATE FOR WRITING AN ETHICAL ARGUMENT
? WRITING ETHICAL ARGUMENTS

CHAPTER 16 Proposal Arguments
AT ISSUE Should the Government Do More to Relieve the Student-Loan Burden?
What Is a Proposal Argument?
PETA, If You Wouldn’t Wear Your Dog . . . Please Don’t Wear Any Fur [advertisement]
Problem-Solving Strategies [box]
Stating the Problem
Proposing a Solution
Demonstrating That Your Solution Will Work
Establishing Feasibility
Discussing Benefits
Refuting Opposing Arguments
BERNIE SANDERS, Why Medicare-for-All Is Good for Business
Structuring a Proposal Argument
MELISSA BURRELL, Colleges Need Honor Codes [student essay]
GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT: WILL VERSUS WOULD
MICHELLE WU, The Road to Fear-Free Biking in Boston
READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE Should the Government Do More to Relieve the Student-Loan Burden?
RANA FOROOHAR, The US College Debt Bubble Is Becoming Dangerous
RICHARD VEDDER, Forgive Student Loans?
*JASON D. DELISLE AND ODED GURANTZ, Why Student Loans Are Actually a Good Thing
*JULIA PIPER, Student Debt Is Worse for Women
SAM ADOLPHSEN, Don’t Blame the Government
*Visual Argument: Minds Can Achieve Anything [advertisement]
? TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A PROPOSAL ARGUMENT
? WRITING PROPOSAL ARGUMENTS

PART
6 Debates, Casebooks, and Classic Arguments

DEBATES

CHAPTER 17 Should We Embrace Self-Driving Cars?
KARL IAGNEMMA, Why We Have the Ethics of Self-Driving Cars All Wrong
OLIVIA GOLDHILL, Should Driverless Cars Kill Their Own Passengers to Save a Pedestrian?

*CHAPTER 18 Do Students Really Need Trigger Warnings?
*MICHAEL BUGEJA, Updating Trigger Warnings in Contentious Times
*ANNA KHALID AND JEFFREY AARON SNYDER, The Data Is In—Trigger Warnings Don’t Work

*CHAPTER 19 Should We Stop Eating Meat?
*PETA, Fight the Climate Crisis by Going Vegan
*BJORN LOMBORG, Don’t Let Vegetarian Environmentalists Shame You for Eating Meat—Science Is on Your Side

CHAPTER 20 Should the United States Establish a Universal Basic Income?
CHRISTIAN BOT, A Conservative Case for Universal Basic Income
GEORGE ZARKADAKIS, The Case against Universal Basic Income

CASEBOOKS

*CHAPTER 21 Should All Voters Be Required to Present Identification?
*ACLU, Oppose Voter ID Legislation
*BURGESS OWENS ET AL., Why We Black Leaders Support Voter ID Laws
*MOLLY J. McGRATH, Fighting Voter ID Laws in the Courts Isn’t Enough
*ROSS DOUTHAT, The Myths of Voter ID
*Visual Argument: Vote Here [illustration]

CHAPTER 22 How Should We Solve the Opioid Problem?
*SAM QUINONES, Who Is Responsible for the Opioid Crisis, and Who Ultimately Pays?
*ABDULLAH SHIHIPAR, The Opioid Crisis Isn’t White
*MAIA SZALAVITZ, We’re Overlooking a Major Culprit in the Opioid Crisis
PETER MOORE, The Other Opioid Crisis
Visual Argument: Know Your Source [advertisement]

CHAPTER 23 Should the United States Have Open Borders?
RICHARD D. LAMM AND PHILIP CAFARO, The Liberal Case for Reducing Immigration
JOHN LEE, Secure the U.S.-Mexico Border: Open It
*ANNA O. LAW, The Myth of “Open Borders”
*FIDEL MARTINEZ, The Trouble with the Border “Crisis”
*Visual Argument: Refugees [photograph]

CHAPTER 24 Does It Pay to Study the Humanities?
*SANTIAGO RAMOS, The Humanities May Seem Pointless, But That Is the Point
ANTHONY P. CARNEVALE AND MICHELLE MELTON, Major Differences: Why Undergraduate Majors Matter
*BELINDA PARMAR, I Wasted Four Years of My Life—Don’t Make the Same Mistake
*ALAINA JOBY, Dear Future Scientists: The Humanities Are Not a “Hobby”
*Visual Argument: STEM vs. Humanities [illustration]

CLASSIC ARGUMENTS

CHAPTER 25
PLATO, The Allegory of the Cave
ANDREW MARVELL, To His Coy Mistress
JONATHAN SWIFT, A Modest Proposal
THOMAS JEFFERSON, The Declaration of Independence
ELIZABETH CADY STANTON, Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions
*FREDERICK DOUGLASS, The Destiny of Colored Americans
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, The Gettysburg Address
GEORGE ORWELL, Politics and the English Language
RACHEL CARSON, The Obligation to Endure

*APPENDIX A Combining Argumentative Strategies
ROBERT M. FRANKLIN, RFK’s Still a Leadership Role Model for Youth
APPENDIX B Writing Literary Arguments
What Is a Literary Argument?
Stating an Argumentative Thesis
Choosing Evidence
Writing a Literary Argument
MEGAN McGOVERN, Confessions of a Misunderstood Poem: An Analysis of “The Road Not Taken” [student essay]
LOREN MARTINEZ, Not Just a “Girl” [student essay]
APPENDIX C Documenting Sources: APA
Using In-Text Citations
Preparing a Reference List
Examples of APA References
Periodicals
Books
Internet Sources
Student Essay
APA Paper Guidelines [box]
DENIZ BILGUTAY, The High Cost of Cheap Counterfeit Goods [model APA paper]