Practical Data Acquisition for Instrumentation and Control Systems

by Park; Mackay

• ISBN13: 9780750657969
• ISBN10: 0750657960
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-07-28
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

* Covers all aspects of the data acquisition system from design and specification to programming, installation and configuration * Gives both the novice and experienced user a solid understanding of interfacing the PC and standalone instruments to real-world signals from the laboratory to the industrial plant * Provides a thorough grasp of PC data acquisition systems and the ability to design, specify, install and configure and program data acquisition systems quickly and effectively This book focuses on data acquisition and control using the PC and standalone instruments. The PC has made a dramatic impact in the ease with which the technician, scientist and engineer today can set up their own test and measurement system at a remarkably low cost. And this book aims to show you how easy it is with plenty of carefully researched information. The popular IEEE 488 interface is also covered. All aspects of the data acquisition system are included from design and specification to programming, installation and configuration. This book gives both the novice and experienced user a solid grasp of the principles and practical implementation of interfacing the PC and standalone instruments to real-world signals from the laboratory to the industrial plant. Once you have read the book, you will have a thorough grasp of PC data acquisition systems and will be able to design, specify, install and configure and program data acquisition systems quickly and effectively.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Introduction	1	(12)
Definition of data acquisition and control	1	(1)
Fundamentals of data acquisition	2	(4)
Transducers and sensors	3	(1)
Field wiring and communications cabling	3	(1)
Signal conditioning	3	(1)
Data acquisition hardware	4	(1)
Data acquisition software	5	(1)
Host computer	5	(1)
Data acquisition and control system configuration	6	(7)
Computer plug-in I/O	7	(1)
Distributed I/O	8	(1)
Stand-alone or distributed loggers/controllers	9	(2)
IEEE 488 (GPIB) remote programmable instruments	11	(2)
Analog and digital signals	13	(23)
Classification of signals	13	(4)
Digital signals binary signals	14	(1)
Analog signals	15	(2)
Sensors and transducers	17	(1)
Transducer characteristics	17	(2)
Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs)	19	(3)
Characteristics of RTDs	19	(1)
Linearity of RTDs	19	(1)
Measurement circuits and considerations for RTDs	20	(2)
Thermistors	22	(1)
Thermocouples	22	(6)
Reference junction compensation	23	(1)
Isothermal block and compensation cables	24	(1)
Thermocouple linearization	24	(1)
Thermocouple types and standards	25	(1)
Thermocouple construction	26	(1)
Measurement errors	26	(1)
Wiring configurations	27	(1)
Strain gauges	28	(1)
Wheatstone bridges	29	(7)
General characteristics	29	(1)
Quarter bridge configuration	30	(1)
Half bridge configuration	31	(1)
Full bridge configuration	32	(1)
Wiring connections	32	(2)
Temperature considerations	34	(1)
Measurement errors	34	(2)
Signal conditioning	36	(31)
Introduction	36	(1)
Types of signal conditioning	37	(7)
Amplification	37	(1)
Isolation	37	(1)
Filtering	38	(6)
Linearization	44	(1)
Classes of signal conditioning	44	(4)
Plug-in board signal conditioning	44	(1)
Direct connect modular -- two-wire transmitters	45	(1)
Distributed I/O -- digital transmitters	46	(2)
Field wiring and signal measurement	48	(8)
Grounded signal sources	49	(1)
Floating signal sources	49	(1)
Single-ended measurement	50	(1)
Differential measurement	50	(1)
Common mode voltages and CMRR	50	(2)
Measuring grounded signal sources	52	(1)
Ground loops	53	(1)
Signal circuit isolation	53	(1)
Measuring ungrounded signal sources	54	(1)
System isolation	55	(1)
Noise and interference	56	(5)
Definition of noise and interference	56	(1)
Sources and types of noise	56	(5)
Minimizing noise	61	(3)
Cable shielding and shield earthing	61	(1)
Grounding cable shields	62	(2)
Shielded and twisted-pair cable	64	(3)
Twisted-pair cables	65	(1)
Coaxial cables	66	(1)
The PC for real time work	67	(52)
Introduction	67	(1)
Operating systems	67	(5)
DOS	68	(1)
Microsoft Windows 3.1, 95, 98, 2000 and NT	69	(2)
UNIX	71	(1)
Operation of interrupts	72	(5)
Hardware interrupts	73	(1)
Non-maskable interrupts	73	(1)
Maskable interrupts	73	(1)
Programmable interrupt controller(s)	73	(2)
Initialization required for interrupts	75	(1)
I/O devices requesting interrupt service	75	(1)
Interrupt service routines	76	(1)
Sharing interrupts	77	(1)
Operation of direct memory access (DMA)	77	(6)
DMA controllers	78	(1)
Initialization required for DMA control	79	(1)
I/O devices requesting DMA	79	(1)
Terminal count signal	80	(1)
DMA modes	81	(2)
Repeat string instructions (REP INSW)	83	(1)
Polled data transfer	84	(12)
Data transfer speed (polled I/O, interrupt I/O, DMA)	96	(1)
Memory	97	(2)
Base memory	97	(1)
Expanded memory system (EMS)	98	(1)
Extended memory (XMS)	99	(1)
Expansion memory hardware	99	(1)
Expansion bus standards (ISA, EISA, PCI, and PXI bus)	99	(13)
ISA bus	99	(9)
Microchannel bus	108	(1)
EISA bus	108	(1)
The PCI, compactPCI and PXI bus	109	(3)
Serial communications	112	(1)
Standard settings	112	(1)
Intelligent serial ports	112	(1)
Interfacing techniques to the IBM PC	113	(6)
Hardware considerations	114	(1)
Address decoding	115	(1)
Timing requirements	116	(3)
Plug-in data acquisition boards	119	(57)
Introduction	119	(1)
A/D Boards	120	(18)
Multiplexers	120	(1)
Input signal amplifier	121	(2)
Channel-gain arrays	123	(1)
Sample and hold circuits	123	(1)
A/D converters	124	(12)
Memory (FIFO) buffer	136	(1)
Timing circuitry	136	(1)
Expansion bus interface	137	(1)
Single ended vs differential signals	138	(3)
Single ended inputs	138	(1)
Pseudo-differential configuration	139	(1)
Differential inputs	140	(1)
Resolution, dynamic range and accuracy of A/D boards	141	(2)
Dynamic range	141	(1)
Resolution	141	(1)
System accuracy	142	(1)
Sampling rate and the Nyquist theorem	143	(8)
Nyquist's theorem	143	(1)
Aliasing	143	(3)
Preventing aliasing	146	(2)
Practical examples	148	(3)
Sampling techniques	151	(5)
Continuous channel scanning	151	(2)
Simultaneous sampling	153	(1)
Block mode operations	154	(2)
Speed vs throughput	156	(1)
D/A boards	157	(7)
Digital to analog converters	158	(2)
Parameters of D/A converters	160	(2)
Functional characteristics of D/A boards	162	(1)
Memory (FIFO) buffer	162	(1)
Timing circuitry	163	(1)
Output amplifier buffer	163	(1)
Expansion bus interface	163	(1)
Digital I/O boards	164	(2)
Interfacing digital inputs/outputs	166	(4)
Switch sensing	166	(1)
AC/DC voltage sensing	167	(1)
Driving an LED indicator	168	(1)
Driving relays	168	(2)
Counter/timer I/O boards	170	(6)
Serial data communications	176	(28)
Definitions and basic principles	176	(6)
Transmission modes -- simplex and duplex	177	(1)
Coding of messages	178	(3)
Format of data communications messages	181	(1)
Data transmission speed	182	(1)
RS-232-C interface standard	182	(9)
Electrical signal characteristics	183	(3)
Interface mechanical characteristics	186	(1)
Functional description of the interchange circuits	187	(1)
The sequence of operation of the EIA-232 interface	188	(2)
Examples of RS-232 interfaces	190	(1)
Main features of the RS-232 Interface Standard	190	(1)
RS-485 interface standard	191	(2)
RS-485 repeaters	192	(1)
Comparison of the RS-232 and RS-485 standards	193	(1)
The 20 mA current loop	194	(1)
Serial interface converters	194	(1)
Protocols	195	(3)
Flow control protocols	196	(1)
ASCII-based protocols	196	(2)
Error detection	198	(2)
Character redundancy checks	199	(1)
Block redundancy checks	199	(1)
Cyclic redundancy Checks	199	(1)
Troubleshooting & testing serial data communication circuits	200	(4)
The breakout box	201	(1)
Null modem	201	(1)
Loop back plug	202	(1)
Protocol analyzer	202	(1)
The PC as a protocol analyzer	202	(2)
Distributed and stand-alone loggers/controllers	204	(30)
Introduction	204	(1)
Methods of operation	204	(5)
Programming and logging data using PCMCIA cards	205	(1)
Stand-alone operation	206	(1)
Direct connection to the host PC	206	(2)
Remote connection to the host PC	208	(1)
Stand-alone logger/controller hardware	209	(8)
Microprocessors	210	(1)
Memory	210	(1)
Real time clock	211	(1)
Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART)	212	(1)
Power supply	213	(1)
Power management circuitry	214	(1)
Analog inputs and digital I/O	215	(2)
Expansion modules	217	(1)
Communications hardware interface	217	(3)
RS-232 interface	217	(2)
RS-485 standard	219	(1)
Communication bottlenecks and system performance	219	(1)
Using Ethernet to connect data loggers	220	(1)
Stand-alone logger/controller firmware	220	(1)
Stand-alone logger/controller software design	221	(9)
ASCII based command formats	222	(1)
ASCII based data formats	223	(1)
Error reporting	223	(1)
System commands	224	(1)
Channel commands	224	(2)
Schedules	226	(3)
Alarms	229	(1)
Data logging and retrieval	229	(1)
Host software	230	(1)
Considerations in using standalone logger/controllers	231	(1)
Stand-alone logger/controllers vs internal systems	232	(2)
Advantages	232	(1)
Disadvantages	232	(2)
IEEE 488 Standard	234	(18)
Introduction	234	(1)
Electrical and mechanical characteristics	235	(1)
Physical connection configurations	236	(1)
Device types	237	(1)
Bus structure	238	(2)
Data lines	239	(1)
Interface management lines	239	(1)
Handshake lines	240	(1)
GPIB handshaking	240	(1)
Device communication	241	(2)
GPIB addressing	242	(1)
Un-addressing devices	242	(1)
Terminating data messages	242	(1)
Sending and receiving data	243	(1)
IEEE 488.2	243	(5)
Requirements of IEEE 488.2 controllers	243	(1)
IEEE 488.2 control sequences	244	(1)
IEEE 488.2 protocols	244	(2)
Device interface capabilities	246	(1)
Status reporting model	246	(1)
Common command set	247	(1)
Standard commands for programmable instruments (SCPI)	248	(4)
IEEE 488.2 common commands required by the SCPI	248	(1)
SCPI required commands	249	(1)
The SCPI programming command model	249	(2)
SCPI hierarchical command structure	251	(1)
Ethernet & LAN systems	252	(19)
Ethernet and fieldbuses for data acquisition	252	(1)
Physical layer	253	(7)
10Base5 systems	253	(3)
10Base2 systems	256	(1)
10BaseT	257	(1)
10BaseF	258	(1)
100 Base-T (100 Base-TX, T4, FX, T2)	258	(2)
Medium access control	260	(3)
MAC frame format	263	(1)
Difference between 802.3 and Ethernet	264	(1)
Reducing collisions	265	(1)
Ethernet design rules	265	(3)
Length of the cable segment	265	(1)
Maximum transceiver cable length	266	(1)
Node placement rules	266	(1)
Maximum transmission path	266	(1)
Maximum network size	267	(1)
Repeater rules	267	(1)
Cable system grounding	268	(1)
Fieldbuses	268	(3)
The universal serial bus (USB)	271	(14)
Introduction	271	(1)
USB overall structure	271	(6)
Topology	272	(1)
Host hubs	273	(1)
The connectors (Type A and B)	274	(1)
Low-speed cables and high-speed cables	274	(1)
External hubs	274	(1)
USB devices	275	(1)
Host hub controller hardware and driver	275	(1)
USB software driver	276	(1)
Device drivers	276	(1)
Communication flow	276	(1)
The physical layer	277	(4)
Connectors	278	(1)
Cables	278	(1)
Signaling	279	(1)
NRZI and bit stuffing	280	(1)
Power distribution	280	(1)
Datalink layer	281	(2)
Transfer types	282	(1)
Packets and frames	282	(1)
Application layer (user layer)	283	(1)
Conclusion	283	(2)
Acknowledgements	284	(1)
Specific techniques	285	(7)
Open and closed loop control	285	(5)
Definitions	285	(1)
Fluid level closed loop control system	286	(1)
PID control algorithms	286	(2)
Transient performance -- step response	288	(1)
Deadband	289	(1)
Output limiting	289	(1)
Manual control -- bumpless transfer	289	(1)
Capturing high speed transient data	290	(2)
A/D board operation and memory requirements	290	(1)
Trigger modes (pre- and post-triggering)	290	(1)
Trigger source and level	290	(2)
The PCMCIA Card	292	(13)
Introduction	292	(1)
History	293	(1)
Features	293	(2)
Size and Versatility	293	(1)
16-Bit	294	(1)
Direct memory access (DMA)	294	(1)
Multi-functional and transparent	294	(1)
Low voltage	294	(1)
Plug and play	294	(1)
Execute in place	295	(1)
Problems	295	(1)
Products	295	(2)
Memory cards	295	(1)
Disk drives	295	(1)
Pagers	296	(1)
Local area networks	296	(1)
Modems	296	(1)
Cellular telephone	296	(1)
Data acquisition	296	(1)
Digital multimeter	296	(1)
GPS systems	297	(1)
Pocket organizer	297	(1)
Stand-alone products	297	(1)
Full size computers	297	(1)
Construction	297	(1)
Size and types	298	(1)
Extended types	298	(1)
Hardware	298	(4)
Power	299	(1)
Pin assignments	299	(1)
Memory only cards	299	(1)
I/O Cards	300	(1)
I/O with direct memory access	300	(1)
ATA interface (AT attachment)	301	(1)
AIMS interface (auto-indexing mass storage)	302	(1)
Software	302	(1)
PC Card environment	303	(1)
PC Card enablers and support software	303	(1)
Future	304	(1)
Magazine list and PCMCIA address	304	(1)
Personal Computer Memory Card International Association	304	(1)
Appendix A Glossary	305	(27)
Appendix B IBM PC bus specifications	332	(17)
B.1 Hardware interrupts	332	(1)
B.2 DMA channels	333	(1)
B.3 8237 DMA channels	333	(1)
Refresh (AT) 08F	334	(1)
B.4 8259 interrupt controller	334	(2)
B.5 8253 / 8254 counter/timer	336	(8)
B.6 Bus signal information	344	(2)
B.7 Card dimensions	346	(1)
B.8 Centronics interface standard	347	(2)
Appendix C Review of the Intel 8255 PPI chip	349	(15)
C.1 DIO0CTRL -- control register of the 8255	351	(1)
C.2 DIOA -- port A of the 8255 (offset 0, read/write)	352	(1)
C.3 DIOB -- port B of the 8255 (offset 1, read/write)	353	(1)
C.4 DIOC -- port C of the 8255 (offset 2, read/write)	353	(2)
C.5 Mode 0: simple I/O	355	(1)
C.6 Mode 0 programming	355	(1)
C.7 Mode 1: strobed I/O	355	(1)
C.8 Mode 1 programming	356	(2)
C.9 Mode 2: strobed bi-directional bus I/O	358	(1)
C.10 Mode 2 programming	359	(2)
C.11 Single-bit set/reset	361	(1)
C.12 Mixed mode programming	361	(1)
C.13 8255-2 mode 1 and 2 timing diagrams	362	(2)
Appendix D Review of the Intel 8254 timer-counter chip	364	(13)
D.1 8254 architecture	364	(2)
Count register (CR)	366	(1)
Counting element (CE)	366	(1)
Output latch (OL)	366	(1)
D.2 8254 registers	366	(3)
TCCTRL timer/counter control register (offset 3, write only)	366	(1)
Configuration mode	367	(1)
Read-back command	368	(1)
Counter latch command	368	(1)
TCO - timer/counter 0 (offset 0, read/write)	369	(1)
TC1 - timer/counter 1 (offset 1, read/write)	369	(1)
TC2 - timer/counter 2 (offset 2, read/write)	369	(1)
D.3 Programming a counter	369	(1)
Data transfer format	370	(1)
Clock pulse input	370	(1)
Gate input	370	(1)
D.4 Read operations	370	(3)
Simple read operation	371	(1)
Counter latch command	371	(1)
Read-back command	371	(1)
Multiple counter latch	372	(1)
Counter status information	372	(1)
Latching both status and current count	373	(1)
D.5 Counter mode definitions	373	(3)
Mode 0: interrupt on terminal count	373	(1)
Mode 1: hardware re-triggerable one-shot	374	(1)
Mode 2: rate generator	374	(1)
Mode 3: square wave generator	374	(1)
Mode 4: software-triggered strobe	375	(1)
Mode 5: hardware-triggered strobe	375	(1)
D.6 Interrupt handling	376	(1)
Appendix E Thermocouple tables	377	(12)
Type B thermocouple	377	(1)
Type BP thermocouple	378	(1)
Type BN thermocouple	378	(1)
Type E thermocouple	379	(1)
Type J thermocouples	380	(1)
Type JP thermocouples	380	(1)
Type JN thermocouples	381	(1)
Type K thermocouples	381	(1)
Type KP thermocouple	382	(1)
Type KN thermocouple	383	(1)
Type R thermocouple	384	(1)
Type S thermocouple	385	(1)
Type T thermocouple	386	(1)
Type TP thermocouple	387	(1)
Type TN thermocouple	388	(1)
Appendix F Number systems	389	(9)
F.1 Introduction	389	(1)
F.2 A generalized number system	389	(1)
F.3 Binary numbers	390	(2)
F.3.1 Conversion between decimal and binary numbers	391	(1)
F.4 Hexadecimal numbers	392	(1)
F.4.1 Conversion between binary and hexadecimal	393	(1)
F.5 Octal	393	(1)
F.6 Binary coded decimal	394	(1)
F.7 FBinary coded octal systems	394	(1)
F.8 Internal representation of information	395	(1)
F.8.1Numeric data	395	(1)
F.8.2 Alphanumeric data representation	396	(1)
F.9 Binary arithmetic	396	(2)
Appendix G GPIB (IEEE-488) mnemonics & their definitions	398	(5)
Index	403