Practical Data Communications

by Freeman, Roger L.

• ISBN13: 9780471392736
• ISBN10: 0471392731
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-07-02
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

Data communication is the movement of encoded data by electronic means. It is the fastest growing segment of the telecommunications industry and is involved in almost every facet of life today. Written by bestselling telecommunications expert Roger Freeman, this updated edition provides a complete overview of data communications and a comprehensive guide to its practical aspects. Both a tutorial and a practical reference for the design and operation of data networks, this is the most comprehensive and detailed book available on data communications.

Author Biography

ROGER L. FREEMAN is a veteran of more than forty-five years in telecommunication system design and operation. A senior life member of the IEEE, Mr. Freeman is a frequent lecturer and prolific author with more than fifty articles published in international technical journals. His previous Wiley titles include Reference Manual for Telecommunications Engineering, Telecommunication Transmission Handbook, Telecommunication System Engineering, Radio System Design for Telecommunications, and Fundamentals of Telecommunications.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxix
The Enterprise Network Environment	1	(12)
Enterprise Networks	1	(2)
Types of Network Topology	3	(3)
Network Access: An Overview	6	(1)
Initial Network Design Considerations	7	(1)
Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Service	8	(1)
Data Protocols: Key to Network Operation	8	(5)
Introduction	8	(1)
Basic Protocol Functions	9	(2)
References	11	(2)
The OSI Model and the Data-Link Layer	13	(28)
Introduction	13	(1)
Layering	14	(1)
Notation	14	(1)
Basic Structuring Technique	14	(1)
Type and Instance	15	(1)
Possible Sublayers	16	(1)
Data Units	17	(1)
Specific Layers of the OSI Reference Model	18	(1)
Layer Descriptions	19	(14)
Specific Comments on OSI	33	(1)
General	33	(1)
Discussion of OSI Layers 1--4	34	(5)
The Physical Layer (Layer 1)	34	(1)
The Data-Link Layer (Layer 2)	35	(2)
The Network Layer (Layer 3)	37	(1)
Internet Protocol (IP) and Gateway Layer (Layer 3.5)	37	(1)
The Transport Layer (Layer 4)	38	(1)
Procedural Versus Electrical	39	(2)
Narrative	39	(1)
References	39	(2)
High-Level Data-Link Control (HDLC) Typical Data-Link Layer Protocol	41	(16)
Introduction	41	(1)
Stations and Configurations	42	(1)
Modes of Operation Used with HDLC	43	(1)
HDLC Frame Structure	43	(6)
Sequence Numbering in HDLC	45	(2)
The Poll/Final Bit	47	(1)
Supervisory Frames	47	(1)
Unnumbered (U) Frames	48	(1)
Information Field	48	(1)
Frame Check Sequence (FCS) Field	48	(1)
Commands and Responses	49	(3)
Mode-Setting Commands	49	(2)
Miscellaneous Commands	51	(1)
Responses to Unnumbered Commands	51	(1)
Frame Operation	52	(1)
Error Recovery	53	(1)
Other Station Modes	54	(1)
SDLC Variations with HDLC	55	(2)
References	55	(2)
Data Network Operations	57	(16)
Chapter Objective	57	(1)
General Requirements for the Interchange of Data	57	(1)
Discussion of Issues and Requirements	58	(3)
Pathway(s) Exist(s)	58	(1)
Access to the Pathway	59	(1)
Directing the Data Messages to Its Intended User(s)	59	(1)
Data Urgency	59	(1)
Maintenance of Data Integrity	60	(1)
Error Detection Schemes	61	(3)
Parity Checks	61	(1)
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)	62	(2)
Error Correction Schemes	64	(3)
Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)	64	(1)
Forward Error Correction (FEC)	65	(2)
Data Switching	67	(6)
Philosophy of ``Data Signaling'' Versus Telephone Signaling	69	(2)
Smart Bridges, Routers, and Switching Hubs	71	(1)
References	71	(2)
Data Transmission I	73	(16)
Electrical Communication of Information	73	(1)
The Bit and Binary Transmission of Information	73	(3)
Binary Codes for Data Communication	76	(3)
Electrical Bit Decisions	79	(3)
Electrical Representation of Binary Data	82	(2)
Neutral and Polar Waveforms	82	(1)
Waveforms and Line Codes	83	(1)
Binary Conventions	84	(1)
Bit-Parallel and Bit-Serial	85	(1)
Baseband	86	(1)
Data Rate	87	(2)
Error Rate	87	(1)
References	88	(1)
Data Transmission II	89	(32)
Interpreting a Serial Stream of Bits	89	(4)
The Problem	89	(1)
Start--Stop Transmission	89	(2)
Synchronous Transmission	91	(2)
Timing Distortion in a Serial Bit Stream	93	(1)
The Transmission of Digital Data	94	(13)
Baseband Transmission	94	(1)
Transmission of Data over Longer Distances	95	(1)
The Voice Channel	95	(1)
Modems	95	(2)
Voice Channel Impairments to Data Transmission	97	(5)
Data Circuit Performance	102	(1)
Introduction to Error Performance	102	(1)
Error Performance from an ITU-T Perspective	103	(4)
Error Performance from a Bellcore Perspective	107	(1)
Interface at the Physical Layer	107	(9)
Introduction	107	(1)
The DTE-DCE Interface	108	(2)
EIA/TIA-232 Electrical Interface	110	(2)
Functional Description of Selected Interchange Circuits	112	(2)
EIA/TIA Interface Standards: EIA/TIA-530, EIA/TIA-422, and EIA/TIA-423	114	(2)
The Question of Bandwidth	116	(5)
Bandwidth Versus Bit Rate	116	(1)
Bandwidth Defined	116	(1)
First and Second Bandwidth Approximations	116	(1)
Shannon	117	(1)
Summary	118	(1)
References	118	(3)
The Telecommunications Network as a Vehicle for Data Transport	121	(34)
The Public Switched Telecommunication Network	121	(2)
Introduction	121	(1)
Access to the PSTN: The Subscriber Network	122	(1)
Introduction to Digital Networks	123	(16)
Rationale	123	(1)
Development of a PCM Signal	123	(8)
The Concept of Frame	131	(3)
The Line Code	134	(1)
Regenerative Repeaters	135	(1)
Higher-Order PCM Multiplex Systems	136	(3)
Line Rates and Codes	139	(1)
Brief Overview of Digital Switching	139	(7)
Advantages and Issues of PCM Switching	139	(1)
Approaches to PCM Switching	140	(1)
Time Switch	140	(2)
Space Switch	142	(2)
Time--Space--Time Switch	144	(2)
Space--Time--Space Switch	146	(1)
Digital Network Structure	146	(1)
Digital Network Impairments and Performance Requirements	147	(2)
Error Performance	147	(1)
Slips	147	(1)
Definition	147	(1)
North American Slip Objectives	148	(1)
CCITT Slip Objectives	148	(1)
Data Transmission on the Digital Network	149	(2)
The Problem	149	(1)
Some Solutions	149	(1)
The North American Digital Data System (DDS)	150	(1)
Bit Integrity in a Time Slot	150	(1)
Interconnects and Bypass	151	(1)
Bypass in Economically Evolving Nations	152	(3)
References	152	(3)
The Transmission of Data over the Analog Voice Channel	155	(48)
Background	155	(1)
Two-Wire Versus Four-Wire Operation	156	(3)
What Is Two-Wire and Four-Wire Operation?	156	(1)
Two-Wire Transmission	156	(1)
Four-Wire Transmission	156	(3)
Echo and Singing: Telecommunication Network Impairments	159	(1)
Amplitude Distortion and Phase Distortion	159	(6)
Introduction	159	(1)
Amplitude Distortion	160	(1)
Phase Distortion	160	(1)
Conditioning and Equalization	161	(4)
Data Modems	165	(38)
Where We Are and Where We Are Going	165	(1)
Getting More Bits per Hertz	165	(3)
Specific High-Speed Modems	168	(6)
Scrambling and Its Rationale	174	(2)
Introduction to Trellis-Coded Modulation (TCM)	176	(2)
The V.34 Modem: 28,8000 bps and 33,600 bps	178	(1)
General	178	(1)
Selected Definitions	179	(1)
An Overview of Selected Key Areas of Modem Operation	179	(4)
Framing	183	(3)
Encoder	186	(1)
The V.90 Modem---Maximum Data Rate: 56 kbps	187	(1)
Principal Characteristics	187	(1)
Definitions	188	(3)
Overview of V.90 Operation	191	(1)
V.90 Encoder	191	(1)
Mapping Parameters	192	(1)
Input Bit Parsing	192	(1)
Modulus Encoder	192	(2)
Mapper	194	(1)
Spectral Shaping	194	(2)
Spectral Shaper	196	(2)
Spectral Shape Filter	198	(1)
Sign Assignment	198	(1)
MUX	198	(1)
Analog Modem	198	(2)
References	200	(3)
Data Communications in the Office Environment, Part 1	203	(86)
Introduction	203	(1)
Distinguishing Characteristics of LANs	204	(2)
How LAN Protocols Relate to OSI	206	(1)
Logical Link Control (LLC)	206	(17)
LLC Sublayer Services and Primitives	208	(1)
Unacknowledged Connectionless-Mode Service	209	(1)
Connection-Mode Service	209	(1)
Type 1 and Type 2 Operation	210	(1)
LLC PDU Structure	211	(1)
Overview	211	(2)
Control Field Formats	213	(1)
Control Field Parameters	214	(2)
Commands and Responses	216	(7)
Medium Access Control (MAC)	223	(9)
Introduction	223	(1)
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)	223	(1)
Introduction to CSMA/CD	223	(1)
MAC Frame Structure for CSMA/CD	223	(6)
CSMA/CD Basic Operation	229	(3)
CSMA/CD---Current Status and Advanced Operation	232	(20)
General	232	(1)
Half-Duplex and Full-Duplex	232	(1)
Compatability Interfaces---Physical Layer	232	(4)
Layer Interface Requirements	236	(1)
Functional Capabilities of MAC Sublayer	236	(2)
Allowable Implementations---Parameterized Values	238	(1)
Definition of Slot Time	239	(1)
CSMA/CD System Designation	239	(1)
Physical Signaling (PLS) and Attachment Unit Interface (AUI)---Selected Discussion	240	(1)
Frame Structure Across the AUI	240	(1)
Signal Characteristics	241	(3)
Medium Attachment Unit (MAU)---10BASES	244	(1)
Broadband CSMA/CD, 10BROAD36---Overview	244	(5)
System Configurations for Multisegment 10-Mbps Baseband Networks	249	(1)
Overview	249	(2)
Shrinkage of the Interpacket Gap (IPG)	251	(1)
Transmission System Model 1	251	(1)
Typical Topologies Applicable to Transmission System Model 1	252	(1)
100-Mbps CSMA/CD Baseband Networks	252	(22)
Overview---Key Points	252	(2)
Reconciliation Sublayer (RS) and Media Independent Interface (MII)---Introduction	254	(1)
Physical Layer Signaling Systems	255	(1)
Repeater	256	(1)
Reconciliation Sublayer (RS) and Media-Independent Interface (MII)---Description Details	256	(4)
MII Frame Structure	260	(1)
100BASE-T4, Its PMA, and PCS	261	(1)
Introduction	261	(1)
Objectives	261	(1)
Description	262	(2)
Summary of Physical Medium Attachment (PMA) Specification	264	(1)
Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS) and Physical Medium Attachment (PMA) Sublayer, Type 100BASE-X	264	(1)
Objectives	264	(1)
Functional Requirement	264	(7)
System Considerations for Multisegment 100BASE-T Networks	271	(1)
Physical Size of the Network	271	(1)
Transmission Models	272	(1)
Round-Trip Collision Delay---Key to Network Operation and Maximum Size	273	(1)
1000-Mbps CSMA/CD Networks	274	(15)
Overview	274	(2)
Reconciliation Sublayer (RS) and Gigabit Media-Independent Interface (GMII)	276	(1)
Overview	276	(1)
GMII Data Stream	276	(1)
Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS) and Physical Medium Attachment (PMA) Sublayer, 1000BASE-X	277	(1)
Overview	277	(1)
Objectives	278	(1)
Summary of 1000BASE-X Sublayers	278	(1)
Physical Coding Sublayers (PCS)	279	(4)
System Considerations for Multisegment 1000-Mbps Networks	283	(1)
Overview	283	(1)
Single-Collision-Domain Multisegment Networks	284	(1)
Transmission System Model 1	285	(1)
Transmission System Model 2	285	(3)
References	288	(1)
Data Communications in the Office Environment, Part 2	289	(74)
Medium Access Control---Token-Passing Schemes	289	(46)
Introduction	289	(1)
Token-Passing Bus	290	(1)
Token-Bus Frame Formats	291	(1)
Operational Aspects	292	(1)
Token-Passing Ring	293	(1)
Overview	293	(2)
Token-Ring Frame Formats	295	(6)
Token-Ring Symbol Transmission Characteristics	301	(2)
Symbol Decoder	303	(1)
Latency	303	(2)
Station Organization and Basic PMC Requirements	305	(3)
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)	308	(1)
Introduction and Overview	308	(2)
Ring Transmission	310	(2)
Protocol Data Units	312	(2)
FDDI Timers and Timing Budget	314	(1)
FDDI Ring Operation	314	(2)
Wireless LANs (WLANs)	316	(1)
Introduction	316	(1)
Definitions	316	(2)
Frame Formats	318	(5)
Overview of the WEP	323	(1)
MAC Access	323	(9)
Overview of the Air Interface	332	(3)
Repeaters, Bridges, Routers, and Hubs	335	(1)
Definitions and Interactions	335	(1)
LAN Bridges---Overview	335	(20)
The IEEE 802.1 Bridge	338	(1)
Applications of the 802.1 Bridge	338	(1)
Principles of Operation	338	(6)
The Spanning Tree Algorithm	344	(6)
Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU)	350	(2)
Source Routing Bridges	352	(2)
Remote Bridges	354	(1)
Hubs and Switching Hubs	355	(1)
Rationale and Function	355	(1)
Improvements in Hub Technology	355	(1)
Routers	356	(2)
Addressing with Hierarchical Significance	356	(2)
Subnet Masks	358	(1)
Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs)	358	(1)
Servers and Intranets	359	(4)
Servers	359	(1)
Intranet and Extranet	360	(1)
References	360	(3)
Wide Area Networks (WANs)	363	(70)
Background and Scope	363	(1)
Basic Approaches	364	(3)
Point-to-Point Links	364	(1)
Economy Versus Data Perishability	364	(1)
Dedicated Circuits	365	(1)
Data Multiplexers and Statmultiplexers	366	(1)
Time Division Multiplexing	366	(1)
Statistical Time Division Multiplexing	366	(1)
Packet Networks for Data Communication	367	(19)
Introduction to Packet Data	367	(2)
Packet-Switched and Virtual Connections Based on ITU-T Rec. X.25	369	(1)
Introduction	369	(1)
X.25 Packets Are Contained in LAPB Frames	370	(2)
Single-Link and Multilink Procedures	372	(1)
Packet-Level DTE/DCE Interface	373	(4)
A Typical X.25 Packet	377	(4)
Typical X.25 Transmission Exchange of Packets	381	(1)
Addressing in X.25	382	(3)
Assignment of Logical Channels	385	(1)
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)	386	(28)
Background and Application	386	(1)
TCP/IP and Data-Link Layers	387	(3)
The IP Routing Function	390	(1)
Detailed IP Operation	391	(1)
Frame Format of an IP Datagram: Description of Functions	391	(6)
IP Routing	397	(2)
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)	399	(3)
The Transmission Control Protocol	402	(1)
TCP Defined	402	(1)
TCP Mechanisms	403	(1)
ULP Synchronization	404	(1)
ULP Modes	404	(1)
Scenario	405	(3)
TCP Header Format	408	(2)
TCP Entity State Diagram	410	(1)
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)	410	(1)
IPv6 Routing	410	(1)
IPv6 Header	411	(3)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)	414	(1)
UDP Header Format and Fields	414	(1)
The CLNP Protocol Based on ISO 8473	415	(9)
CLNP Frame Formats	416	(1)
Frame Field Description---Fixed Part	416	(7)
Error Report PDU (ER)	423	(1)
Reason for Discard	423	(1)
Networking via VSATs	424	(6)
Rationale of VSAT Networks	424	(1)
Basic Description of a VSAT Network	425	(1)
Disadvantages of a VSAT Network	425	(2)
Important Design Variables	427	(1)
Definitions	428	(1)
Optimizing Bandwidth Usage	428	(2)
Hypothetical Reference Connections for Public Synchronous Data Networks	430	(3)
References	431	(2)
Frame Relay	433	(50)
How Can Networks Be Speeded Up?	433	(3)
The Genesis of Frame Relay	435	(1)
Introduction to Frame Relay	436	(8)
The Frame Structure	437	(4)
Address Field Discussion	441	(1)
Address Field Variables	441	(3)
DL-CORE Parameters (As Defined by ANSI)	444	(1)
Procedures	444	(1)
Traffic and Billing on Frame Relay	445	(1)
PVCs and SVCs	446	(1)
Two Types of Interfaces: UNI and NNI	446	(1)
Congestion Control: A Discussion	447	(6)
Network Response to Congestion	448	(1)
User Response to Congestion	448	(1)
Consolidated Link Layer Management (CLLM) Messages	449	(3)
Action of a Congested Node	452	(1)
Flow Control and Possible Applications of FECN and BECN Bits	453	(2)
FECN Usage	453	(1)
BECN Usage	454	(1)
Policing a Frame Relay Network	455	(3)
Introduction	455	(1)
Definitions	455	(1)
Relationship Among Parameters	456	(2)
Quality of Service Parameters	458	(1)
Network Responsibilities	459	(1)
Frame Relay Signalling Functions	460	(14)
PVC Management Procedures	461	(1)
Message Definition	461	(2)
Description of Operation: Health and Welfare, PVC Link	463	(5)
Signaling Required for SVCs	468	(6)
Compatibility Issues	474	(9)
References	480	(3)
Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDNs)	483	(44)
Introduction	483	(1)
ISDN Structures	483	(2)
ISDN User Channels	483	(1)
Basic and Primary Rate Interfaces	484	(1)
User Access and Interface	485	(3)
General	485	(3)
ISDN Protocols and Protocol Issues	488	(2)
ISDN Networks	490	(3)
ISDN Protocol Structures	493	(12)
ISDN and OSI	493	(1)
Layer 1 Interface, Basic Rate (CCITT)	494	(1)
Primitives Between Layer 1 and Other Entities	495	(1)
Interface Functions	495	(1)
Frame Structure	496	(2)
Line Code	498	(1)
Timing Considerations	498	(1)
BRI Differences in the United States	498	(2)
Layer 1 Interface, Primary Rate	500	(1)
Interface at 1.544 Mbps	501	(3)
Interface at 2.048 Mbps	504	(1)
Overview of Layer 2 Interface: Link Access Procedure for the D Channel (LAPD)	505	(9)
Layer 2 Frame Structure for Peer-to-Peer Communication	509	(5)
Overview of Layer 3	514	(6)
Layer 3 Specification	516	(2)
General Message Format and Information Elements Coding	518	(2)
ISDN Packet Mode Review	520	(7)
Introduction	520	(1)
Case A: Configuration When Accessing PSPDN Services	520	(1)
Case B: Configuration for the ISDN Virtual Circuit Service	521	(2)
Service Aspects	523	(1)
Access to PSPDN Services---Case A	523	(1)
Access to the ISDN Virtual Circuit Service---Case B	523	(1)
References	524	(3)
Building and Campus Wiring and Cabling for Data Communications	527	(24)
Background and Objective	527	(1)
Major Elements of Telecommunication Building Layout	528	(1)
Horizontal Cabling	528	(2)
Selection of Media	529	(1)
Backbone Cabling	530	(2)
Topology of Backbone Cabling	530	(1)
Selecting Cable Media	530	(2)
Telecommunication Closets	532	(1)
Cabling Practices	532	(1)
Entrance Facilities	533	(1)
100-Ω Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) Cabling Systems	533	(2)
UTP Category Definitions	533	(1)
Horizontal UTP Cable	534	(1)
Specific Transmission Characteristics	534	(1)
Backbone UTP Cabling	535	(3)
Transmission Performance Requirements	535	(1)
Connecting Hardware for UTP Cable	536	(2)
150-Ω Shielded Twisted-Pair Cabling Systems	538	(1)
Transmission Performance Requirements	538	(1)
Optical Fiber Cabling Systems	539	(2)
Backbone Optical Fiber Cable	540	(1)
Grounding and Bonding Infrastructure for Commercial Buildings	541	(5)
Rationale	541	(1)
The Telecommunications Bonding Backbone (TBB)	542	(1)
The Telecommunications Main Grounding Busbar (TMGB)	543	(1)
The Telecommunications Grounding Busbar (TGB)	544	(1)
Bonding to the Metal Frame of a Building	544	(1)
Telecommunications Entrance Facility (TEF)	545	(1)
Placement of the TMGB	545	(1)
Telecommunications Closets and Equipment Rooms	546	(1)
Customer-Owned Outside Plant (OSP) Infrastructure	546	(5)
OSP Cabling Infrastructure Defined	546	(1)
OSP Topology	546	(2)
Recognized Cable Media and Media Selection	548	(1)
References	549	(2)
Broadband Data Transport Techniques	551	(50)
Chapter Objective	551	(1)
Introduction to Fiber-Optics Transmission	552	(19)
What is So Good About Fiber-Optic Transmission?	552	(1)
Advantages of Optical Fiber	553	(1)
Overview of an Optical Fiber Link	554	(1)
Optical Fiber Transmission	555	(1)
Optical Fiber Composition	555	(3)
Distortion and Dispersion	558	(3)
Attenuation	561	(1)
Types of Optical Fiber	562	(1)
Multimode Fibers	562	(1)
Single-Mode Fiber	562	(1)
Fiber-Optic Cable	563	(1)
Cable Composition	563	(1)
Fiber-Optic Transmitters	564	(1)
Light-Emitting Diodes	565	(1)
Laser Diodes	566	(1)
Receivers	566	(1)
PIN Photodiodes	566	(1)
Avalanche Photodiodes	567	(1)
Noise	567	(1)
Repeaters	568	(1)
Fiber-Optic Amplifiers	568	(1)
The Joining of Fibers: Splices and Connectors	569	(1)
Splices	569	(1)
Connectors	569	(1)
Modulation and Coding	569	(1)
Digital Signals	570	(1)
Optical Line Coding and Transmission Rate	571	(1)
Higher-Order Multiplexing Formats: SONET and SDH	571	(20)
Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)	571	(1)
Introduction	571	(1)
SONET Rates and Formats	571	(1)
STS-1 Frame Structure	572	(4)
STS-N Frame Structure	576	(1)
The Structure of Virtual Tributary	577	(4)
SONET Layers and Transport Functions	581	(2)
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy	583	(1)
SDH Standard Bit Rates	584	(1)
Interface and Frame Structure	584	(4)
Frame Structure	588	(2)
Interconnection of STM-1s	590	(1)
Basic SDH Multiplexing Structure	591	(1)
Line-of-Sight Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Transmission Systems	591	(10)
Broadband Radio Systems	591	(1)
An Overview of Line-of-Sight Microwave	592	(1)
Line of Sight	592	(1)
Typical Line-of-Sight Microwave Installation	593	(3)
Satellite Communications	596	(1)
Concept and Applications	596	(1)
Uplinks and Downlinks	597	(1)
Satellite Orbits	597	(1)
Digital Satellite System Operation and Access	598	(1)
References	599	(2)
Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) and the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)	601	(80)
Where Are We Going?	601	(1)
Introduction to ATM	602	(3)
User-Network Interface (UNI), Configuration, and Architecture	605	(1)
The ATM Cell: Key to Operation	606	(7)
ATM Cell Structure	606	(5)
Header Error Control Sequence Generation	611	(2)
Idle Cells	613	(1)
Cell Delineation and Scrambling	613	(2)
Delineation and Scrambling Objectives	613	(1)
Cell Delineation Algorithm	614	(1)
ATM Layering and B-ISDN	615	(18)
Functions of Individual ATM/B-ISDN Layers	616	(1)
Physical Layer	616	(2)
The ATM Layer	618	(2)
The ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)	620	(1)
Sublayering of the AAL	620	(1)
Service Classification of the AAL	620	(13)
Services: Connection-Oriented and Connectionless	633	(4)
Functional Architecture	633	(2)
CLNAP Protocol Data Unit (PDU) Structure and Encoding	635	(2)
Aspects of a B-ISDN/ATM Network	637	(3)
ATM Routing and Switching	637	(1)
Virtual Channel Level	637	(1)
Virtual Path Level	638	(2)
Signaling Requirements	640	(7)
Setup and Release of VCCs	640	(1)
Signaling Virtual Channels	640	(1)
Requirements for Signaling Virtual Channels	640	(1)
Metasignaling	641	(1)
Metasignaling Functions at the User Access	641	(1)
Relationship Between Metasignaling and User Access Signaling Configuration	641	(1)
Metasignaling Functions in the Network	642	(1)
Metasignaling Requirements	642	(1)
Practical Signaling Considerations	643	(1)
ATM Addressing	644	(1)
Circuit Setup Using ATM Signaling	645	(2)
Quality of Service (QoS)	647	(3)
ATM Service Quality Review	647	(1)
Definitions	647	(1)
Cell Transfer Delay	648	(1)
Cell Delay Variation	648	(1)
Cell Loss Ratio	649	(1)
Mean Cell Transfer Delay	649	(1)
Cell Error Ratio	649	(1)
Severely Errored Cell Block Ratio	650	(1)
Cell Misinsertion Rate	650	(1)
Traffic Control and Congestion Control	650	(9)
Generic Functions	650	(1)
Events, Actions, Time Scales, and Response Times	651	(1)
Quality of Service, Network Performance, and Cell Loss Priority	652	(1)
Traffic Descriptors and Parameters	653	(1)
User--Network Traffic Contract	654	(1)
Operable Conditions	654
Source Traffic Descriptor, Quality of Service, and Cell Loss Priority	652	(2)
Impact of Cell Variation on UPC/NPC and Resource Allocation	654	(2)
Cell Conformance and Connection Compliance	656	(1)
Generic Cell Rate Algorithm (GCRA)	657	(2)
Traffic Contract Parameter Specification	659	(1)
Transporting ATM Cells	659	(8)
In the DS3 Frame	659	(1)
DS1 Mapping	660	(2)
E1 Mapping	662	(3)
Mapping ATM Cells into SDH	665	(1)
At STM-1 (155.520 Mbps)	665	(1)
At STM-4 (622.080 Mbps)	665	(1)
Mapping ATM Cells into SONET	666	(1)
Cell Rates for Various Typical Connections	666	(1)
ATM Operation, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM)	667	(14)
OAM Levels in the B-ISDN	667	(1)
Mechanisms to Provide OAM Flows	668	(1)
Physical Layer Mechanisms	668	(1)
ATM Layer Mechanism: F4 and F5 Flows	669	(1)
F4 Flow Mechanism	669	(1)
F5 Flow Mechanism	670	(1)
OAM Functions of the Physical Layer	671	(1)
OAM Functions	671	(1)
OAM Functions of the ATM Layer	671	(1)
VP-AIS and VP-FERF Alarms	671	(6)
OAM Functions for the VCC (F5 Flows)	677	(1)
ATM Layer OAM Cell Format	677	(1)
Common OAM Cell Fields	677	(1)
References	678	(3)
Last-Mile Data Distribution Systems	681	(46)
New Approaches to Outside Plant Distribution	681	(1)
Introducing Last-Mile Distribution Systems	682	(5)
Introduction to CATV	687	(29)
The Essentials of TV Signal Distribution on a CATV System	688	(2)
Extending CATV Coverage Area	690	(2)
The DOCSIS Specification	692	(2)
RF Channel Assumptions	694	(2)
Communication Protocols	696	(4)
Logical Link Control	700	(1)
Link-Layer Security Sublayer	700	(1)
MAC Sublayer	700	(1)
Downstream Transmission Convergence Sublayer	701	(1)
PMD Sublayer Overview	701	(1)
Interface Points	702	(1)
Physical-Media-Dependent Sublayer Specification	702	(2)
Modulation Formats and Rates	704	(1)
Symbol Mapping	704	(5)
Burst Profiles	709	(7)
Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS)	716	(8)
Frequency Reuse	718	(6)
Other Methods to breach the Last Mile	724	(3)
Remote Wireless (Radio) Bridges	724	(1)
In-Building Wireless Telephone Systems	725	(1)
References	725	(2)
Network Management for Enterprise Networks	727	(30)
What is Network Management?	727	(1)
The Bigger Picture	727	(1)
Traditional Breakout by Tasks	728	(1)
Fault Management	728	(1)
Configuration Management	728	(1)
Performance Management	729	(1)
Security Management	729	(1)
Accounting Management	729	(1)
Survivability---Where Network Management Really Pays	729	(1)
Availability Enhancement---Rapid Troubleshooting	730	(4)
Troubleshooting	731	(3)
System Depth---A Network Management Problem	734	(5)
Aids in Network Management Provisioning	735	(4)
Communication Channels for the Network Management System	739	(1)
An Introduction to Network Management Protocols	739	(10)
Two Network Management Protocols	739	(1)
An Overview of SNMP	740	(6)
SNMP Version 2	746	(1)
Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP)	747	(2)
Telecommunications Management Network (TMN)	749	(8)
Objective and Scope	749	(2)
Network Management Functions Carried Out in Upper OSI Layers	751	(4)
References	755	(2)
Appendix I Addressing Conventions	757	(6)
I.1 Transforming Decimal Numbers to Binary Numbers and Transforming Binary Numbers to Decimal Numbering	757	(2)
I.2 Decimal Digit Representation in IP Addresses	759	(2)
I.3 Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Numbers	761	(2)
Appendix II Acronyms and Abbreviations	763	(16)
Index	779