Practical Drug Enforcement, Third Edition

by Lyman; Michael D.

• ISBN13: 9780849398087
• ISBN10: 0849398088
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-11-16
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Practical Drug Enforcement, Third Edition, is a guide to the contemporary aspects of covert criminal investigations and the management of the drug enforcement unit itself. It addresses methods of detection, investigation, surveillance, and capture of drug traffickers as well as identifying methods commonly used by criminals to avoid detection. Thoroughly updated and revised, this edition includes new topics such as the surreptitious monitoring of suspects and entrapment; drug courier profiling; high-tech surveillance with GPS and thermal imaging; raid procedures for clandestine labs; undercover work, risks, and stress; and informant management. Designed as an investigative resource, this edition allows for concurrent initiatives across jurisdictions in the apprehension and prosecution of drug offenders.

Table of Contents

Introduction	xxv
1 Initiation of Drug Investigations: Sources of Information	1	(12)
Case Initiation	1	(1)
Target Selection	2	(1)
Receiving Information	3	(1)
Verifying Information	3	(1)
Case Preparation	4	(1)
Budgeting Resources	4	(1)
Other Information Sources	5	(6)
Outside Law Enforcement Agencies	6	(1)
The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)	6	(1)
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)	7	(1)
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS)	7	(1)
Department of Homeland Security	7	(1)
The U.S. Marshal Service	7	(1)
Other Criminal Justice Agencies	7	(1)
Probation and Parole Offices	7	(1)
Court Records	8	(1)
Prosecutor's Records	8	(1)
Public Service Agencies	8	(1)
State Departments of Motor Vehicles	8	(1)
Social Service Agencies	8	(1)
Medical Examiner's Office	8	(1)
City or State Licensing Departments	8	(1)
Tax Departments	9	(1)
Departments of Highways or Roads	9	(1)
Health Departments	9	(1)
Sanitation Departments	9	(1)
Boards of Education	9	(1)
Private Sector Sources	9	(2)
Telephone/Cellular Phone Companies	9	(1)
Public Utility Companies	10	(1)
Banks	10	(1)
Credit Agencies	10	(1)
Telegraph Companies	11	(1)
Other Sources	11	(3)
Undercover Intelligence	11	(1)
Trashing	11	(1)
Summary	11	(1)
Suggested Reading	12	(1)
2 Undercover Operations	13	(34)
Preparing for Undercover Assignments	14	(7)
Personnel	14	(1)
The Roles of Officers	15	(1)
Equipment	15	(6)
Standard-Issue Police Equipment	15	(1)
Special Equipment	16	(1)
Vehicles	17	(1)
Radios	18	(1)
Recording Devices	18	(1)
Undercover Identification	19	(1)
Weapons	20	(1)
Working Undercover	21	(5)
The Cover Story	21	(1)
Protecting the Undercover Officer's Cover	22	(2)
Infiltration	24	(2)
Drug Buy Operations	26	(12)
Preparations	27	(1)
Hazards	28	(1)
The Buy–Walk Procedure	29	(1)
The Buy–Bust Procedure	30	(1)
Location of the Buy	31	(2)
Outdoor Locations	32	(1)
Indoor Locations	32	(1)
Precautions	33	(1)
Planning the Drug Buy	34	(1)
Prebuy Planning	34	(1)
Postbuy Planning	35	(1)
The Flash-Roll	35	(3)
Conspiracy Investigations	38	(3)
Element One: The Agreement	38	(1)
Element Two: The Overt Act	39	(1)
Types of Conspiracies	39	(2)
The Chain Conspiracy	40	(1)
The Wheel Conspiracy	40	(1)
The Enterprise Conspiracy	40	(1)
Forfeiture Sanctions	41	(3)
Sharing Provisions of Federal Forfeiture Laws	42	(2)
The Vehicle Indemnity Form	44	(1)
Summary	44	(2)
Suggested Reading	46	(1)
3 Identification of Drug Evidence	47	(38)
Narcotics	47	(2)
Narcotics of Natural Origin	49	(2)
Opium	50	(1)
Morphine	50	(1)
Codeine	50	(1)
Semisynthetic Narcotics	51	(4)
Heroin	51	(2)
Hydromorphone	53	(1)
Oxycodone	53	(1)
Hydrocodone	54	(1)
Synthetic Narcotics	55	(2)
OxyContin	55	(1)
Meperidine	56	(1)
Dextropropoxyphene	56	(1)
Fentanyl	56	(1)
Narcotic Treatment Drugs	57	(1)
Methadone	57	(1)
LAAM	58	(1)
Stimulants	58	(7)
Cocaine	59	(3)
Street Terms: Cocaine	60	(2)
Amphetamines	62	(1)
Methamphetamine	63	(2)
Khat	65	(1)
Depressants	65	(7)
Barbiturates	67	(1)
Benzodiazepines	67	(2)
Rohypnol	69	(1)
Rohypnol and Drug-Facilitated Rape	70	(1)
Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB)	70	(2)
GHB and Drug-Facilitated Rape	72	(1)
Chloral Hydrate	72	(1)
Cannabis	72	(4)
Marijuana	73	(1)
Bongs	74	(1)
Hashish	75	(1)
Hashish Oil	75	(1)
Hallucinogens	76	(4)
LSD	77	(2)
Peyote and Mescaline	79	(1)
New Hallucinogens	80	(4)
MDMA (Ecstasy) and other Phenethylamines	80	(2)
Raves	81	(1)
Phencyclidine and Related Drugs	82	(1)
Ketamine	83	(1)
Suggested Reading	84	(1)
4 Informant Management	85	(24)
Who Becomes an Informant?	87	(2)
Types of Informants	89	(1)
Psychological Motivations of Informants	90	(2)
The Fear Motivation	90	(1)
The Revenge Motivation	90	(1)
The Perverse Motivation	91	(1)
The Mercenary Motivation	91	(1)
The Repentance Motivation	91	(1)
The Egotistical Motivation	91	(1)
The Unwitting Informant	91	(1)
Informant Interviews	92	(1)
Contracting an Informant	93	(4)
Method of Payment	93	(1)
Expenditures of Official Drug Funds	93	(1)
Criminal Activity by the Informant	94	(1)
The Cooperating Individual Agreement	94	(2)
Informant Payments	96	(1)
Use of Female Informants by Male Officers	96	(1)
Statement of Officer–Informant Relationship	96	(1)
Informant Statements	96	(1)
Procedures for Drug Purchases	97	(1)
Inside Drug Buys	97	(1)
Multiple Drug Buys	97	(1)
Controlled Drug Buys (Informant Drug Buys)	97	(1)
Mutual Agreements and Understandings	97	(1)
The Cover Story	97	(1)
Method of Introduction	97	(1)
Negotiating Amounts	98	(1)
Time of Day	98	(1)
Manipulation of Funds	98	(1)
Protection of Informant Identity	98	(2)
Wilson v. United States	100	(1)
Special Informant Problems	100	(2)
The Informant with "Cold Feet"	100	(1)
The Informant and the Target's Right to Counsel	101	(1)
Other Problems with Informants	101	(11)
Officer–Informant Relationships	101	(1)
Informants of the Opposite Sex	101	(1)
Crimes Committed by the Informant	102	(1)
Officers Who "Own" Their Informants	102	(1)
The Informant in the Courtroom	102	(1)
The Controlled Drug Purchase	103	(3)
Summary	106	(1)
Suggested Reading	107	(2)
5 Surveillance Operations	109	(30)
Preparing for the Surveillance	111	(1)
Foot Surveillance	112	(3)
One-Man Surveillance	112	(1)
Two-Man Surveillance	112	(1)
ABC Method	112	(1)
Progressive or "Leapfrog" Method	113	(1)
Difficulties in Surveillance Operations	114	(1)
Vehicle Surveillance	115	(2)
Fixed Surveillance	117	(1)
Electronic Surveillance	118	(4)
Audio Surveillance	118	(2)
Bumper Beepers	119	(1)
Wiretaps	119	(1)
Passive Monitoring	120	(1)
Video and Photo Surveillance	120	(2)
Undercover Apartments	122	(1)
Surveillance of Undercover Personnel	123	(1)
Stakeouts	124	(7)
Preparation	124	(1)
Personnel Selection	124	(1)
Equipment	125	(1)
Briefings	126	(1)
Assignment of Duties	126	(1)
Team Planning	126	(1)
Training	127	(1)
Communications	127	(1)
Deployment	128	(3)
Stakeout Postevent Procedures	131	(1)
Foot Pursuits	131	(1)
Satellite-Assisted Surveillance	132	(2)
Thermal Imaging	134	(2)
The Mechanics of Thermal Imaging	135	(1)
Thermal Imaging Applications	136	(2)
Structure Profiles	136	(1)
Disturbed Services/Hidden Compartments	136	(1)
Legal Limitations of Thermal Imaging	137	(1)
Summary	138	(1)
Suggested Reading	138	(1)
6 Serving High-Risk Warrants	139	(30)
Classifying High-Risk Warrants	140	(1)
Step One: Planning	140	(3)
Step Two: Briefing	143	(2)
Step Three: Execution	145	(1)
Step Four: Critique	146	(1)
Booby Traps	147	(1)
Exterior Booby Traps	148	(5)
Safety Precautions	149	(1)
Types of Traps	149	(4)
The Punji Pit	149	(1)
The Foot Breaker	150	(2)
The Trot Line	152	(1)
The Mousetrap	153	(1)
Interior Booby Traps	153	(2)
Safety Precautions	153	(1)
Types of Traps	154	(1)
Magazine Bomb	154	(1)
Hot Light	155	(1)
Armstrong's Mixture	155	(1)
Other Weapons	155	(1)
Drug Raid Procedures	155	(4)
Checklist for Raid Preparation	156	(1)
The Raid Leader	157	(1)
Tactical Considerations	158	(1)
External Control Methods	159	(3)
Immediate Reaction Maneuver	159	(1)
L-Shaped Clearance Maneuver	160	(1)
L-Shaped Sweep Maneuver	161	(1)
Internal Control Methods	162	(3)
The Wraparound Entry Method	163	(1)
The Crisscross Entry Method	164	(1)
The High-Risk Entry Method	164	(1)
The Final Raid Report	165	(1)
Summary	166	(3)
7 Drug Enforcement and the Patrol Officer	169	(24)
Patrol Enforcement of Drug Violations	169	(1)
Intelligence Gathering	170	(1)
Street Observations	171	(1)
Unrelated Arrests	172	(1)
Open-Air Drug Markets and Police Patrol	173	(2)
Open-Air Drug Markets	175	(1)
Drug Dealer Profiles	175	(1)
The Jamaican Drug Operation Case Study	176	(1)
Patrol Response to Open-Air Markets	177	(1)
The Coordinated Response	178	(1)
Conducting Area and Vehicle Searches	179	(1)
Interdicting Drugs in Transit	180	(1)
Major Transportation Routes	181	(1)
Identifying Drug Couriers	181	(2)
Observing the Behavior of Drug Couriers	183	(2)
Investigative Stops Using Drug Courier Profiles	185	(1)
Profiling: The Legal Environment	185	(7)
Suggested Reading	192	(1)
8 Clandestine Laboratories	193	(18)
Safety Considerations	195	(1)
Identifying Laboratory Operations	196	(2)
Investigation Techniques	198	(2)
Seizure and Forfeiture	200	(2)
Health and Safety Regulations	202	(1)
Chemicals Found in Laboratories	203	(1)
Hazardous Chemicals	203	(1)
Conducting a Laboratory Raid	203	(2)
Contamination Prevention and Decontamination	205	(1)
Controlling Precursor Chemicals	206	(3)
Suggested Reading	209	(2)
9 Pharmaceutical Diversion	211	(24)
Drug Control Legislation	212	(1)
Drug Types and Regulations	213	(3)
Diversion Tactics	216	(2)
Physician Investigations	218	(3)
Doctors Who Divert Drugs	218	(2)
Nurses Who Divert Drugs	220	(1)
Drug Theft	221	(1)
Substituting Drugs	221	(1)
Undercover "Patients"	222	(1)
Medical License Control	223	(1)
Prescription Clinics	224	(1)
Stress and Pain Clinics	225	(1)
Pharmacy Investigations	226	(4)
Prescription Forgeries	228	(1)
Punishment of Violators	229	(1)
Professional Patients (the "Scammer")	230	(2)
The Fat Lady Scam	230	(1)
The Breast Cancer Scam	231	(1)
The Toothache Scam	231	(1)
The Altered Scrip Scam	231	(1)
The Phantom Refill Scam	231	(1)
The Drug Audit	232	(1)
Problems in Diversion Investigations	232	(3)
10 Special Enforcement Operations	235	(20)
Marijuana Cultivation	235	(4)
Growing Marijuana	236	(1)
Commercial Grade	236	(1)
Sinsemilla	237	(1)
Indoor Growing Operations	237	(1)
Cloning	238	(1)
Hydroponics	238	(1)
Evidence of Marijuana Cultivation	238	(1)
Domestic Eradication	239	(1)
Smuggling Investigations	240	(1)
Air Smuggling	241	(5)
Aircraft for Smuggling	242	(2)
Aircraft Data Plates	244	(1)
Search of a Typical Light Plane	244	(2)
Search of Commercial Aircraft	246	(1)
The Pilots	246	(1)
Ground Smuggling	246	(2)
Search of a Typical Automobile	247	(1)
Reverse Sting Operations	248	(2)
Planning the Reverse Sting	248	(1)
Manpower Considerations	248	(2)
Conducting the Sting	250	(3)
Summary	253	(1)
Suggested Reading	253	(2)
11 Legal Considerations in Drug Enforcement Operations	255	(28)
Surreptitious Monitoring of Suspects' Conversations	255	(6)
Types of Surreptitiously Monitored Statements	256	(1)
Fourth Amendment Challenges	257	(1)
Fifth Amendment Challenges	258	(1)
Sixth Amendment Challenges	259	(2)
Sixth Amendment Right to Counsel in Police Car and in Interrogation Room Monitoring Scenarios	260	(1)
Sixth Amendment Right to Counsel in Jail Monitoring Scenarios	260	(1)
Sixth Amendment Right to Counsel and the "Unrelated Charge"	260	(1)
Monitoring of Suspects in Sixth Amendment Situations: "Elicitation" vs. "Listening Post"	261	(1)
Summary of Sixth Amendment	261	(1)
Monitoring under Federal and State Statutes	261	(1)
Federal Law: The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act	261	(1)
State Law	262	(1)
Entrapment	262	(7)
Sorrels v. United States	263	(2)
Sherman v. United States	265	(1)
Confusion	266	(1)
United States v. Russell	267	(1)
Hampton v. United States	268	(1)
Jacobson v. United States	269	(1)
Predisposition	269	(4)
Definition of "Predisposition"	270	(1)
Factors in Predisposition	271	(2)
Possession with Intent to Distribute Drugs	273	(3)
Possession	274	(1)
Actual Possession	274	(1)
Constructive Possession	274	(1)
Joint Possession	275	(1)
Lookouts, Brokers, and Other Participants	276	(1)
Possession with Intent to Distribute	276	(5)
Quantity	277	(1)
Quality	277	(1)
Packaging	278	(1)
Location	278	(1)
Large Amounts of Cash	278	(1)
Weapons	278	(1)
Addiction of the Possessor	278	(1)
Presence of Paraphernalia	279	(1)
Traffic	280	(1)
Association with Known Dealers, Gang Membership	281	(1)
Summary	281	(1)
Suggested Reading	281	(2)
12 Searching and Seizing Drug Evidence	283	(16)
Searching the Suspect's Premises	283	(2)
Searching the Suspect's Vehicle	285	(4)
The Front-End	286	(1)
The Interior	286	(2)
The Rear Area	288	(1)
The Underside	288	(1)
Searching Pickup Trucks and Work Vehicles	289	(1)
Other Vehicles	290	(1)
Consent Searches	290	(1)
Dwelling Searches	291	(3)
Handling Drug Evidence	294	(1)
Counting and Weighing Evidence	295	(2)
Sealing and Labeling Evidence	297	(1)
Suggested Reading	298	(1)
Appendix I: Drug Scheduling	299	(12)
Appendix II	311	(4)
Appendix III: Code of Federal Regulations: Section 1310.02 — Substances Covered	315	(4)
Index	319