A Practical Guide to Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

by Butcher, David J.; Sneddon, Joseph

• ISBN13: 9780471125532
• ISBN10: 0471125539
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-03-23
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

Jacket Design/Illustration: Keithley & Associates Inc.

Author Biography

DAVID J. BUTCHER, PhD, is Associate Professor of Chemistry at Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, North Carolina.<br> <br> SNEDDON, PhD, is Professor of Chemistry at McNeese State University, Lake Charles, Louisiana.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix	(2)
Acknowledgments	xi	(2)
Cumulative Listing of Volumes in Series	xiii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION	1	(2)
CHAPTER 2 THEORY	3	(28)
2.1 Spectroscopy	3	(1)
2.2 Introduction to Atomic Spectroscopy	4	(2)
2.3 Quantitative Considerations of Transitions	6	(2)
2.3.1 Population of Atoms in a State: The Boltzmann Distribution	6	(1)
2.3.2 Einstein Coefficients	7	(1)
2.4 Electronic States of Atoms	8	(4)
2.4.1 Quantum Numbers for Electrons	9	(1)
2.4.2 Coupling Schemes, Term Symbols, and Selection Rules	10	(1)
2.4.3 Atomic Spectra	11	(1)
2.5 Measures of Transition Strengths: Transition Probabilities and Oscillator Strengths	12	(1)
2.6 Spectral Profiles of Absorption Lines	13	(2)
2.7 GFAAS Analytical Signal: Absorbance	15	(2)
2.8 Intensity of Absorbance in Terms of Fundamental Parameters	17	(2)
2.9 Nature of the Transient GFAAS Signal: Mechanism of Atom Formation in a Graphite Furnace	19	(7)
2.9.1 Surface Processes	20	(1)
2.9.2 Heterogeneous Solid-Gas Interactions	21	(2)
2.9.3 Gas-Phase Chemistry	23	(1)
2.9.4 Processes by Which Analyte Is Lost from the Tube	24	(1)
2.9.5 Monte Carlo Simulations of Atomization Processes	25	(1)
References	26	(5)
CHAPTER 3 QUANTITATIVE GFAAS: CALIBRATION	31	(8)
3.1 General Analytical Methodology	31	(1)
3.2 Calibration Graphs	32	(3)
3.3 Method of Standard Additions	35	(1)
3.4 Method of Internal Standardization	36	(1)
3.5 Absolute Analysis	37	(1)
References	38	(1)
CHAPTER 4 INSTRUMENTATION	39	(66)
4.1 Light Sources	39	(6)
4.1.1 Hollow Cathode Lamps	40	(3)
4.1.2 Electrodeless Discharge Lamps	43	(1)
4.1.3 Xenon Arc Lamps	43	(1)
4.1.4 Semiconductor Diode Lasers	44	(1)
4.2 Graphite Furnace	45	(12)
4.2.1 Graphite Tube Material and Design	46	(3)
4.2.2 Furnace Heating Cycle	49	(5)
4.2.3 Methods of Atomization	54	(3)
4.3 Wavelength Selectors	57	(3)
4.3.1 Monochromators	59	(1)
4.3.2 Echelle Monochromators	60	(1)
4.4 Detectors	60	(2)
4.5 Signal Processing, Readout, and Instrument Control	62	(2)
4.6 Background Correction	64	(26)
4.6.1 Nearby Line (Two-Line) Method	64	(2)
4.6.2 Continuum Source Method	66	(3)
4.6.3 Self-Reversal (Smith-Hieftje) Method	69	(4)
4.6.4 Zeeman Effect Method	73	(11)
4.6.4.1 Inverse Longitudinal ac Zeeman	77	(6)
4.6.4.2 Inverse Transverse ac Zeeman	83	(1)
4.6.4.3 Inverse Transverse dc Zeeman	84	(1)
4.6.5 Comparison of Background Correction Systems	84	(6)
4.7 Graphite Furnace Atomic Emission Spectrometry	90	(2)
4.8 Spectrometer Designs	92	(7)
4.8.1 Single-Element Instruments	93	(1)
4.8.2 Multielement Instruments	94	(5)
References	99	(6)
CHAPTER 5 INTERFERENCE-FREE ANALYSIS	105	(14)
5.1 Spectral Interferences	105	(8)
5.1.1 Spectral Overlaps	105	(2)
5.1.2 Background Attenuation	107	(6)
5.2 Chemical Interferences	113	(3)
5.3 Physical Interferences	116	(1)
References	117	(2)
CHAPTER 6 SAMPLE PREPARATION AND INTRODUCTION	119	(56)
6.1 Liquids	119	(3)
6.2 Gases	122	(3)
6.3 Solids	125	(18)
6.3.1 Wet Decomposition	125	(8)
6.3.2 Combustion	133	(1)
6.3.3 Fusion	133	(1)
6.3.4 Summary of Digestion Procedures	134	(1)
6.3.5 Solids Analysis with Slurry Sampling	134	(5)
6.3.6 Direct Solid Sampling	139	(3)
6.3.7 Laser Ablation	142	(1)
6.4 Preconcentration/Separation Methods	143	(18)
6.4.1 Extraction	144	(2)
6.4.2 Chromatography	146	(3)
6.4.3 Flow Injection Analysis	149	(10)
6.4.4 Other Preconcentration/Separation Methods	159	(2)
6.5 Metal Speciation	161	(5)
References	166	(9)
CHAPTER 7 PRACTICAL HINTS ON THE DETERMINATION OF ELEMENTS BY GFAAS	175	(22)
7.1 Applicability	175	(1)
7.2 Sampling, Sample Storage, and Sample Preparation	176	(7)
7.3 Quality Control Procedures	183	(2)
7.4 Development of GFAAS Methods	185	(3)
7.5 Troubleshooting	188	(7)
References	195	(2)
CHAPTER 8 COMMERCIAL GFAAS INSTRUMENTATION: TYPES, COSTS, AND TRAINING	197	(6)
8.1 Types and Costs of GFAAS Instrumentation	197	(3)
8.2 Consumables	200	(1)
8.3 Service and Maintenance	200	(1)
8.4 Training	201	(2)
CHAPTER 9 FUTURE OF GFAAS	203	(2)
APPENDIX A HISTORICAL BACKGROUND	205	(4)
A.1 Early Work in Atomic Spectroscopy (Before 1955)	205	(1)
A.2 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry	205	(1)
A.3 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry	205	(2)
References	207	(2)
APPENDIX B GFAAS LITERATURE	209	(6)
B.1 Books	209	(1)
B.2 Periodicals	210	(1)
B.3 Reviews	210	(1)
B.4 Internet Resources	211	(1)
B.5 Applications of GFAAS	211	(1)
References	212	(3)
APPENDIX C CONDITIONS FOR GFAAS	215	(12)
APPENDIX D GLOSSARY	227	(14)
Index	241