A Practical Guide to the UNIX System

by Sobell, Mark G.

• ISBN13: 9780805375657
• ISBN10: 0805375651
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1994-08-09
• Publisher: Pearson
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Summary

Includes complete chapters on the Korn Shell, the emacs text editor, and the vi editor Contains a new chapter on Networking with coverage of many network structures and commands as well as detailed instruction on accessing the Internet using archie and gopher, how to transfer files using FTP, and a section on World Wide Web and Mosaic Provides a new chapter on Graphical User Interfaces that discusses GUI components, the X Window System, and using and customizing Motif Examines the make, SCCS, RCS, awk, and sed programming tools Features detailed chapters on the Bourne and C shells with explanations of how to write shell programs (shell scripts) Includes an in-depth chapter on the Korn shell that covers writing shell scripts and advanced concepts including recursion and the coprocess Offers a quick overview of the UNIX system in Chapter 1 Provides coverage of text editing, electronic mail, shell programming, and other applications with examples, exercises, sample screens, and review questions incorporated throughout References 75 of the most frequently used UNIX utilities in Part II Includes clearly marked sections of optional advanced material for experienced UNIX users 0805375651B04062001

Author Biography

Mark G. Sobell is president of Sobell Associates Inc., a consulting firm that specializes in UNIX/Linux training, support, and custom software development. He is the author of many best-selling UNIX and Linux books and has more than twenty-five years of experience working with UNIX and Linux.

Table of Contents

Part 1 THE UNIX SYSTEM
The Unix Operating System	3	(16)
What Is an Operating System?	4	(1)
The History of the Unix Operating System	4	(2)
Why Is the Unix System Popular with Manufacturers?	6	(1)
The Unix System is Widely Accepted	7	(1)
The Future of the Unix System	8	(1)
How Can Unix Run On So Many Machines?	8	(2)
The C Programming Language	9	(1)
Overview of the Unix System	10	(4)
Utilities	10	(1)
The Unix System Can Support Many Users	11	(1)
The Unix System Can Support Many Tasks	12	(1)
The Shell	12	(1)
The Unix System Kernel	12	(1)
File Structure	12	(1)
Security---Private and Shared Files	13	(1)
Filename Generation	13	(1)
Device-Independent Input and Output	13	(1)
Interprocess Communication	13	(1)
Additional Features of the Unix System	14	(2)
Job Control	14	(1)
Advanced Electronic Mail	14	(1)
Screen-Oriented Editor	15	(1)
Scrolling Through a File	15	(1)
Networking Utilities	15	(1)
Shell Functions	15	(1)
SunOS	16	(1)
Graphical User Interfaces	16	(1)
What Are the Limitations of the Unix System?	17	(1)
Summary	18	(1)
Review Exercises	18	(1)
Getting Started	19	(20)
Before You Start	20	(3)
Conventions	22	(1)
Using the Unix System	23	(4)
Logging In	24	(1)
Changing Your Password	25	(2)
Logging Out	27	(1)
Correcting Mistakes	27	(1)
Erasing Characters	27	(1)
Deleting an Entire Line	27	(1)
Deleting a Word	28	(1)
Redrawing a Line	28	(1)
Aborting Program Execution	28	(1)
Creating and Editing a File Using vi	28	(6)
Specifying a Terminal	29	(1)
An Editing Session	30	(4)
Listing the Contents of a Directory	34	(1)
Displaying the Contents of a Text File	35	(1)
Deleting a File	35	(1)
Special Characters	36	(1)
Quoting Characters	36	(1)
Summary	36	(1)
Review Exercises	37	(1)
Advanced Review Exercises	37	(2)
An Introduction to the Utilities	39	(26)
About the Utilities in This Chapter	40	(1)
Who Is Using the System?	40	(2)
Using finger	40	(1)
Using w	41	(1)
Using talk to Communicate with Another User	42	(2)
Using write to Send a Message	44	(1)
Using mesg to Deny or Accept Messages	45	(1)
Using Mail to Send and Receive Electronic Mail	46	(4)
Incoming Mail Notification	49	(1)
Using learn to Learn About Unix	50	(1)
Using man to Display the System Manual	51	(2)
Organization of the System Manual	52	(1)
Searching with Keywords	52	(1)
Using echo to Display Text on the Terminal	53	(1)
Using date to Display the Time and Date	53	(1)
Using cp to Copy a File	54	(1)
Using mv to Change the Name of a File	54	(1)
Using lpr to Print a File	55	(1)
Using grep to Find a String	55	(1)
Using head to Look at the Top of a File	56	(1)
Using tail to Look at the End of a File	57	(1)
Using sort to Display a File In Order	58	(1)
Using uniq to Remove Duplicate Lines in a File	58	(1)
Using whereis and which to Find Utilities	58	(2)
Using diff to Compare Two Files	60	(1)
Using compress to Shrink Files	60	(2)
Summary	62	(1)
Review Exercises	63	(1)
Advanced Review Exercises	64	(1)
The File Structure	65	(24)
The Hierarchical File Structure	66	(1)
Using the Hierarchical File Structure	66	(1)
Directory and Ordinary Files	67	(3)
Filenames	67	(2)
Absolute Pathnames	69	(1)
Directories	70	(7)
The Working Directory	70	(1)
Your Home Directory	71	(1)
Creating a Directory	71	(2)
Changing to Another Working Directory	73	(1)
Deleting a Directory	73	(1)
Relative Pathnames	74	(1)
Using Pathnames	75	(1)
Moving Files from One Directory to Another	75	(1)
Important Standard Directories and Files	76	(1)
Access Permissions	77	(3)
The Is Utility with the -l and -g Options	78	(1)
Changing Access Permissions	78	(1)
Directory Access Permissions	79	(1)
Links	80	(5)
Creating Additional Links	80	(1)
Using In to Create a Link	81	(2)
Removing Links	83	(1)
Symbolic Links	83	(2)
Summary	85	(1)
Review Exercises	86	(1)
Advanced Review Exercises	87	(2)
The Shell	89	(22)
The Command Line	90	(4)
Command Line Syntax	90	(2)
Processing the Command Line	92	(2)
Executing the Command Line	94	(1)
Standard Input and Standard Output	94	(2)
The Terminal As a File	94	(1)
The Terminal As the Standard Input and Output	95	(1)
Redirection	96	(5)
Redirecting the Standard Output	96	(2)
Redirecting the Standard Input	98	(2)
Appending the Standard Output to a File	100	(1)
Pipes	101	(3)
Filters	104	(1)
The tee Utility	104	(1)
Running a Program in the Background	104	(1)
Filename Generation	105	(4)
The ? Special Character	106	(1)
The * Special Character	107	(1)
The [] Special Characters	108	(1)
Summary	109	(1)
Review Exercises	109	(1)
Advanced Review Exercises	110	(1)
Graphical User Interfaces	111	(32)
Why Use a GUI?	112	(1)
What Is a GUI?	112	(7)
Components of a GUI	113	(3)
Screen Layout	116	(1)
Window Manager	117	(1)
Desktop Manager	118	(1)
Workspace Manager	118	(1)
The X Window System	119	(4)
The X Terminal	120	(1)
X Window Managers	121	(2)
Using a Motif Window Manager	123	(8)
Selecting the Current Window	124	(1)
Starting and Ending a Session	124	(1)
Opening a Window	125	(1)
The Motif Window Title Bar	125	(1)
Closing a Window	126	(1)
Moving a Window	126	(1)
Changing Window Size	126	(1)
Raising and Lowering Windows	126	(1)
Using Icons	127	(1)
Copying and Pasting Text	128	(1)
Scrolling Text	129	(2)
Customizing Your X Work Environment	131	(5)
Remapping Mouse Buttons	131	(1)
Customizing X Applications	132	(2)
The .xsession File	134	(1)
The .Xdefaults File	135	(1)
Customizing the Motif Window Manager	136	(1)
The .mwmrc file	136	(1)
Remote Computing and Local Displays	137	(2)
X Applications	139	(2)
Summary	141	(1)
Review Exercises	141	(2)
Networking	143	(36)
Background	144	(1)
Network Services	144	(1)
Common Types of Networks	145	(6)
Local Area Networks (LANs)	145	(2)
Wide Area Networks (WANs)	147	(1)
Internetworking Through Gateways and Routers	147	(1)
Network Protocols	148	(2)
Host Addresses	150	(1)
Communicating Over the Network	151	(2)
Using finger to Learn About Remote Users	151	(2)
Sending Mail to a Remote User	153	(1)
Using talk with a Remote User	153	(1)
Networking Utilities	153	(8)
Using rlogin and telnet to Access a Remote Computer	153	(3)
Trusted Hosts and the .rhosts File	156	(1)
Using rcp and ftp to Transfer Files over a Network	156	(2)
Using rsh to Run a Command Remotely	158	(1)
Using ping to Test a Network Connection	159	(1)
Using ruptime to Display Remote Computer Status	160	(1)
Using rwho to List Users on Remote Computers	161	(1)
Distributed Computing	161	(4)
The Client/Server Model	162	(1)
Domain Name Service (DNS)	162	(1)
Network Information Service (NIS)	163	(1)
Network File System (NFS)	164	(1)
Network Services	165	(2)
USENET	167	(1)
Browsing Around the Internet	168	(5)
Archie	169	(2)
Gopher	171	(2)
The World Wide Web	173	(3)
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)	176	(1)
Summary	176	(1)
Review Exercises	177	(2)
The vi Editor	179	(38)
About vi	180	(1)
Introduction to vi	180	(4)
History of vi	180	(1)
Modes of Operation	180	(1)
Correcting Text as You Insert It	181	(1)
Command Case	182	(1)
The Work Buffer	182	(1)
Abnormal Termination of an Editing Session	182	(1)
Recovering Text After a Crash	183	(1)
The Display	184	(1)
The Status Line	184	(1)
Redrawing the Screen	184	(1)
The Tilde (~) Symbol	184	(1)
Command Mode---Moving the Cursor	184	(4)
Moving the Cursor by Characters	185	(1)
Moving the Cursor by Words	186	(1)
Moving the Cursor by Lines	186	(1)
Moving the Cursor by Sentences and Paragraphs	187	(1)
Moving the Cursor Within the Screen	187	(1)
Viewing Different Parts of the Work Buffer	187	(1)
Input Mode	188	(3)
The Insert Commands	189	(1)
The Append Commands	189	(1)
The Open Commands	189	(1)
The Replace Commands	190	(1)
Command Mode---Deleting and Changing Text	191	(3)
The Undo Commands	191	(1)
The Delete Character Command	191	(1)
The Delete Command	191	(1)
The Change Command	192	(2)
Searching for a String	194	(1)
The Search Commands	194	(1)
Substituting One String for Another	195	(2)
Miscellaneous Commands	197	(1)
The Join Command	197	(1)
The Status Command	197	(1)
The Command	198	(1)
The Put, Delete, and Yank Commands	198	(1)
The General-Purpose Buffer	198	(1)
The Named Buffers	199	(1)
Reading and Writing Files	200	(1)
The Read Command	200	(1)
The Write Command	201	(1)
Identifying the Current File	201	(1)
Setting Parameters	202	(3)
Setting Parameters from vi	202	(1)
Setting Parameters in a Startup File	202	(1)
Parameters	202	(3)
Advanced Editing Techniques	205	(3)
Using Markers	205	(1)
Editing Other Files	205	(1)
Executing Shell Commands from vi	206	(2)
Units of Measure	208	(2)
Character	208	(1)
Word	208	(1)
Blank Delimited Word	208	(1)
Line	209	(1)
Sentence	209	(1)
Paragraph	209	(1)
Screen	210	(1)
Repeat Factor	210	(1)
Starting vi	210	(1)
Moving the Cursor by Units of Measure	210	(1)
Viewing Different Parts of the Work Buffer	211	(1)
Adding Text	212	(1)
Deleting and Changing Text	212	(1)
Searching for String	212	(1)
String Substitution	213	(1)
Miscellaneous Commands	213	(1)
Yanking and Putting Text	214	(1)
Advanced Commands	214
Summary	210	(4)
Review Exercises	214	(2)
Advanced Review Exercises	216	(1)
The emacs Editor	217	(58)
About emacs	218	(1)
emacs vs. vi	218	(1)
Getting Started	219	(7)
Starting emacs	219	(2)
Stopping emacs	221	(1)
Inserting Text	221	(1)
Moving the Cursor	222	(2)
Editing at the Cursor Position	224	(1)
Saving and Retrieving the Buffer	225	(1)
Basic Editing Commands	226	(6)
Keys: Notation and Use	227	(1)
Key Sequences and Commands	228	(1)
Running a Command Without a Key Binding: META-X	228	(1)
Numeric Arguments	228	(1)
Point and the Cursor	229	(1)
Scrolling Through a Buffer	229	(1)
Erasing Text	230	(1)
Searching	230	(2)
On-Line Help	232	(3)
Advanced Editing Topics	235	(13)
Undoing Changes	235	(1)
Mark and Region	236	(2)
Cutting and Pasting: Yanking Killed Text	238	(2)
Inserting Special Characters	240	(1)
Global Buffer Commands	240	(2)
Working with Files	242	(2)
Working with Buffers	244	(1)
Working with Windows	245	(2)
Foreground Shell Commands	247	(1)
Background Shell Commands	247	(1)
Language-Sensitive Editing	248	(10)
Selecting a Major Mode	248	(1)
Human-Language Modes	249	(3)
C Mode	252	(5)
Special-Purpose Modes	257	(1)
Customizing emacs	258	(5)
The .emacs, Startup File	259	(1)
Remapping Keys	260	(2)
A Sample .emacs File	262	(1)
Resources for emacs	263	(2)
Usenet emacs FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)	264	(1)
Access to emacs	264	(1)
Summary	265	(7)
Review Exercises	272	(1)
Advanced Review Exercises	273	(2)
The Bourne Shell	275	(66)
Background	276	(1)
Creating a Simple Shell Script	276	(2)
Making a File Executable	277	(1)
Command Separation and Grouping	278	(3)
The NEWLINE and; Characters	278	(1)
The \ Character	279	(1)
The ! and & Characters	279	(1)
Command Grouping	280	(1)
Redirecting the Standard Error	281	(2)
Processes	283	(3)
Process Structure	283	(1)
Executing a Command	284	(1)
Process Identification	284	(1)
Invoking a Shell Script	285	(1)
Variables	286	(15)
User-Created Variables	287	(5)
Keyword Shell Variables	292	(4)
Readonly Shell Variables	296	(5)
Control Flow Commands	301	(32)
If Then	301	(3)
If Then Else	304	(1)
If Then Elif	305	(6)
For In	311	(2)
For	313	(1)
While	314	(3)
Until	317	(3)
The Break and Continue Commands	320	(1)
Case	320	(7)
The Here Document	327	(2)
The exec Command	329	(1)
The trap Command	330	(3)
Functions	333	(1)
Summary	334	(4)
Review Exercises	338	(1)
Advanced Review Exercises	339	(2)
The C Shell	341	(40)
Background	342	(1)
Entering and Leaving the C Shell	342	(1)
History	343	(5)
Reexecuting Events	344	(2)
Modifying Previous Events	346	(2)
Alias	348	(2)
Argument Substitution	350	(1)
Job Control	350	(2)
Redirecting the Standard Error	352	(1)
Filename Generation	352	(1)
Filename Completion	353	(1)
Directory Stack Manipulation	354	(2)
Variables	356	(9)
Variable Substitution	356	(1)
String Variables	356	(1)
Arrays of String Variables	357	(1)
Numeric Variables	358	(3)
Braces	361	(1)
Special Forms of User Variables	361	(1)
Shell Variables	361	(1)
Shell Variables That Take On Values	362	(1)
Shell Variables That Act As Switches	363	(2)
C Shell Scripts	365	(1)
Executing a C Shell Script	365	(1)
Automatically Executed Shell Scripts	365	(1)
Control Structures	366	(8)
If	366	(1)
Goto	367	(1)
Interrupt Handling	368	(1)
If Then Else	368	(2)
Foreach	370	(1)
Break and Continue	371	(1)
While	372	(1)
Switch	372	(1)
Reading User Input	373	(1)
Built-in Commands	374	(4)
Control Structures	377	(1)
Summary	378	(1)
Review Exercises	378	(1)
Advanced Review Exercises	379	(2)
The Korn Shell and Advanced Shell Programming	381	(76)
Background	382	(1)
Korn Shell Basics	382	(1)
Startup Files	383	(7)
Running Korn Shell Scripts	384	(1)
Customizing Your Environment	385	(5)
Using Korn Shell Variables	390	(12)
Variable Attributes	391	(2)
Built-in Variables	393	(3)
Expanding Shell Variables	396	(3)
Extended Pattern Matching Operators	399	(2)
Arrays and Compound Variables	401	(1)
Korn Shell Arithmetic	402	(3)
Built-in Commands	405	(16)
Control Flow Commands	405	(4)
Option Processing	409	(3)
Input and Output	412	(7)
Job Control	419	(1)
Other Built-in Commands	420	(1)
Command Line Editing	421	(8)
Using the Build-in vi Editor	422	(2)
Using the Built-in emacs Editor	424	(1)
History	425	(1)
Using the fc Command	426	(3)
Command Processing	429	(6)
Token Splitting	430	(2)
Alias Substitution	432	(1)
Tilde Substitution	432	(1)
Command Substitution	432	(1)
Parameter Expansion	433	(1)
Wildcard Expansion	433	(1)
Processing Quotation Marks	434	(1)
I/O Redirection and the Coprocess	434	(1)
Korn Shell Programs	435	(14)
Program Structures	436	(3)
A Programming Problem: makesccs	439	(4)
Another Programming Problem: quiz	443	(6)
Korn Shell Options	449	(1)
Commands for Built-in vi Editor	451	(2)
Commands for Built-in emacs Editor	453
Summary	450	(4)
Review Exercises	454	(1)
Advanced Review Exercises	455	(2)
Programming Tools	457	(34)
Background	458	(1)
Programming In C	458	(10)
Writing a C Program	458	(3)
Compiling a Program	461	(2)
Debugging C Programs	463	(5)
System Calls	468	(1)
Controlling Processes	468	(1)
Accessing the Filesystem	468	(1)
The make Utility	469	(6)
Implied Dependencies	470	(5)
Source Code Management	475	(9)
Evolution of an SCCS File	476	(1)
Creating an SCCS File	477	(2)
Retrieving an SCCS File	479	(1)
Recording Changes to an SCCS File	480	(3)
Obtaining the History of an SCCS File	483	(1)
Restricting Access to SCCS Files	483	(1)
The Revision Control System (RCS)	484	(4)
Creating an RCS File	484	(1)
Retrieving and Recording Changes to an RCS File	485	(1)
Obtaining the History of an RCS File	486	(2)
Restricting Access to RCS Files	488	(1)
Summary	488	(1)
Review Exercises	489	(1)
Advanced Review Exercises	489	(2)
System Administration	491	(244)
Background	492	(1)
The System Administrator and the Superuser	492	(2)
System Administration Tools	493	(1)
Detailed Description of System Operation	494	(4)
Bringing Up (Booting) the System	494	(2)
Multiuser Mode	496	(1)
Bringing the System Down	497	(1)
Crashes	497	(1)
Important Files and Directories	498	(4)
Types of Files	502	(4)
Ordinary Versus Directory Files	502	(1)
Symbolic Links	503	(1)
Special Files	503	(3)
Day-to-Day System Administration Functions	506	(4)
Backing Up Files	506	(1)
Adding and Removing Users	507	(2)
Checking Your Mail and Log Files	509	(1)
Scheduling Routine Tasks	509	(1)
Installing New Software and Upgrades	509	(1)
Problems	510	(3)
When a User Cannot Log In	510	(1)
Keeping a Machine Log	511	(1)
Keeping the System Secure	511	(1)
Monitoring Disk Usage	512	(1)
Getting Information to Users	513	(1)
Summary	514	(1)
Review Exercises	515	(8)
Part II THE UNIX UTILITY PROGRAMS
Create an SCCS file or change the characteristics of an SCCS file	523	(4)
Execute a shell script at a time you specify	527	(3)
Search for and process a pattern in a file	530	(24)
Display a calendar	554	(1)
Present reminders	555	(1)
Join or display files	556	(2)
C compiler	558	(2)
Change to another working directory	560	(1)
Change the group that is associated with a file	561	(1)
Change the access mode of a file	562	(4)
Change the owner of a file	566	(1)
Create or record changes in an RCS file	567	(2)
Retrieve an unencoded version of an RCS file	569	(2)
Compare sorted files	571	(2)
Copy one or more files	573	(2)
Store and retrieve files in an archive format	575	(3)
Specify jobs to run at regularly scheduled times	578	(2)
Display or set the time and date	580	(2)
Record changes in an SCCS-encoded file	582	(2)
Display the amount of available disk space	584	(1)
Display the differences between two files	585	(7)
Display information on disk usage	592	(1)
Display a message	593	(2)
Evaluate an expression	595	(4)
Display file classification	599	(1)
Find files	600	(6)
Displays detailed information on users	606	(3)
Check and repair a filesystem	609	(3)
Transfer files over a network connection	612	(3)
Create an unencoded version of an SCCS file	615	(4)
Search for a pattern in files	619	(4)
Display the beginning (head) of a file	623	(1)
Terminate a process	624	(2)
Make a link to a file	626	(2)
Print files	628	(3)
Display information about one or more files	631	(7)
Send or receive electronic mail	638	(7)
Keep a set of programs current	645	(2)
Enable/disable reception of messages	647	(1)
Make a directory	648	(1)
Display a file, one screenful at a time	649	(3)
Move (rename) a file	652	(2)
Change the priority of a command	654	(1)
Run a command that will keep running after you log out	655	(1)
Dump the contents of a file	656	(2)
Paginate a file for printing	658	(2)
Print a summary of the history of an SCCS file	660	(3)
Display process status	663	(3)
Copy one or more files to or from a remote computer	666	(2)
Create or change the characteristics of an RCS file	668	(3)
Print a summary of the history of an RCS file	671	(2)
Log in on a remote computer	673	(1)
Remove a file (delete a link)	674	(2)
Remove a delta from an SCCS file	676	(1)
Remove a directory	677	(1)
Display status of computers attached to a network	678	(1)
Display names of users on computers attached to a network	679	(1)
Edit a file (noninteractively)	680	(12)
Create a process that sleeps for a specified interval	692	(1)
Sort and/or merge files	693	(10)
Check a file for spelling errors	703	(2)
Display or set terminal parameters	705	(4)
Display the last part (tail) of a file	709	(3)
Store or retrieve files from an archive file	712	(4)
Copy the standard input to the standard output and one or more files	716	(1)
Connect to a remote computer over a network	717	(2)
Evaluate an expression	719	(3)
Update a file's modification time	722	(1)
Replace specified characters	723	(2)
Display the terminal pathname	725	(1)
Establish file-creation permissions mask	726	(1)
Display lines of a file that are unique	727	(2)
Displays information on system users	729	(2)
Display the number of lines, words, and characters in a file	731	(1)
Display names of users	732	(1)
Send a message to another user	733	(2)
Appendix A Regular Expressions	735	(8)
Characters	736	(1)
Delimiters	736	(1)
Simple Strings	736	(1)
Special Characters	736	(2)
Period	736	(1)
Square Brackets	737	(1)
Asterisk	737	(1)
Caret and Dollar Sign	738	(1)
Quoting Special Characters	738	(1)
Rules	738	(1)
Longest Match Possible	738	(1)
Empty Regular Expressions	739	(1)
Bracketing Expressions	739	(1)
The Replacement String	740	(1)
Ampersand	740	(1)
Quoted Digit	740	(1)
Full Regular Expressions	741	(1)
Summary	741	(2)
Appendix B DEC Ultrix	743	(4)
Background	744	(1)
Logging In	745	(1)
User Utilities	745	(1)
Graphical User Interface	745	(1)
Programming Tools	746	(1)
System Administration	746	(1)
Appendix C The POSIX Standards	747	(20)
Background	748	(1)
POSIX.1	748	(2)
The POSIX.1 FIPS	749	(1)
POSIX.2	750	(10)
Localization	750	(2)
The POSIX Shell	752	(2)
Utilities for Portable Shell Applications	754	(5)
The User Portability Utilities Option (UPE)	759	(1)
Software Development Utilities	760	(1)
POSIX.3	760	(1)
POSIX.4	760	(1)
POSIX.5	761	(1)
POSIX.9	762	(1)
Draft POSIX Standards	762	(3)
Security	762	(2)
System Administration	764	(1)
Networks	764	(1)
User Interfaces	765	(1)
Profiles and POSIX Standards	765	(1)
Summary	766	(1)
Glossary	767	(16)
Index	765	(1)
Summary	766	(1)
Glossary	767	(16)
Index	783