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Accessible reference dealing with (partial discharge) PD measurement in all types of high voltage equipment using modern digital PD detectors
Practical Partial Discharge Measurement on Electrical Equipment is a timely update in the field of partial discharges (PD), covering both holistic concepts and specific modern applications in one volume. The first half of the book educates the reader on what PD is and the general principles of how it is measured and interpreted. The second half of the book is similar to a handbook, with a chapter devoted to PD measurements in each type of high voltage (HV) equipment. These chapters contain specific information of the insulation system design, causes of PD in that equipment, off-line and on-line measurement methods, interpretation methods, and relevant standards.
The work is authored by four well-known experts in the field of PD measurement who have published hundreds of technical papers on the subject and performed thousands of PD measurements on all the different types of HV equipment covered in the book. The authors have also had relationships with PD detector manufacturers, giving them key insights into test instruments and practical measurements.
Sample topics covered in the work include:
For HV equipment OEMs, users of HV equipment, or employees of companies that provide PD testing services to clients, Practical Partial Discharge Measurement on Electrical Equipment is an essential reference to help understand general concepts about the topic and receive expert guidance during specific practical applications.
Greg Stone is an electrical engineer specializing in electrical insulation. In the past, he provided specialized electrical testing on 200 generators and over 1000 motors to evaluate the condition of the rotor and stator windings.
Andrea Cavallini received his Master and PhD degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Bologna. His research focuses on partial discharges detection and identification in diverse types of apparatus (cables, rotating machines, transformers, and GIS) through innovative detection systems.
Glenn Behrmann received a B.S.E.E. from Union College, Schenectady, NY, in 1979. He has authored papers and holds patents in the field, and is active in CIGRE D1 and IEC TC42.
Claudio Serafino is Head of the test and measurement department at Terna SpA. He is an expert in partial discharge measurements on large power and high voltage transformers performed in testing rooms of manufacturers.
0. Preface
Dedication
Author Biographies
Preface
Acknowledgements
Acronyms
1. Introduction
1.1 Why measure PD?
1.2 Partial discharge and Corona
1.3 Categories of PD Tests
1.4 PD Test Standards
1.5 History of PD Testing
1.6 The Future
1.7 Roadmap for the book
1.8 References
2. Electric Fields and Electrical Breakdown
2.1 Electric Fields in High Voltage Equipment
2.2 Electrical Breakdown
2.3 Breakdown in Gases
2.4 Breakdown in Solids
2.5 Breakdown in Liquids
2.6 Dielectric Strength
2.7 References
3. Physics of PD
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Classification of partial discharge
3.3 PD current pulse characteristics
3.4 Effects of PD
3.5 Corona due to non-uniform electric fields around conductors
3.6 Partial discharge in voids
3.7 PD on insulation surfaces
3.8 Effect of ambient conditions and conditioning
3.9 Summary of measured PD quantities
3.10 Understanding the PD Pattern with respect to the AC cycle
3.11 References
4. Other Discharge phenomena
4.1 Introduction
4.2 PD as a Disturbance
4.3 Circuit Breaker Arcing
4.4 Contact Arcing and Intermittent Connections
4.5 Metal Oxide Layer Breakdown
4.6 Dry Band Arcing
4.7 Glow (or Pulseless) Discharge
4.8 References
5. PD Measurement Overview
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Charge-based and electromagnetic measurement methods
5.3 Optical PD Detection
5.4 Acoustic PD Detection
5.5 Chemical Detection
5.6 References
6. Charge-Based PD Detection
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Basic detection circuits using coupling capacitors
6.3 Sensors
6.4 Electrical Detection Models
6.5 Quasi integration for Charge-Based Measuring Systems
6.6 Calibration into Apparent Charge
6.7 References
7. Electromagnetic PD Detection
7.1 Why measure electromagnetic signals from PD
7.2 Electromagnetic Terminology
7.3 Basic electrical detection circuits
7.4 Types of RF sensor/
7.5 Measuring Instruments
7.6 Performance and sensitivity checks
7.7 PD source location
7.8 references
8. PD Measurement System Instrumentation and Software
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Frequency Range Selection
8.3 PD Detector Hardware Configurations
8.4 Hardware-Based Disturbance Suppression and PD Source Identification
8.5 PD Calibrator Hardware
8.6 Special Hardware Requirements for Continuous Monitors
8.7 PD System Output Charts
8.8 PD Activity Indicators
8.9 Post Processing Software for Interference Suppression and PD Analysis
8.10 References
9. Suppression of External Electrical Interference
9.1 Impact of External Electrical Interference
9.2 Typical Sources of Noise and External Interference
9.3 Interference Suppression for Off-line PD Testing
9.4 On-Line Interference Suppression
9.5 References
10 General Principles of PD Interpretation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 PDIV/PDEV Measurement
10.3 PD Magnitude and PRPD Test Procedure
10.4 Interpretation of PD magnitude
10.5 PRPD Pattern Interpretation
10.6 PD Root Cause Identification Using Changes in Ambient and Operating Conditions
10.7 References
11 PD testing of lumped capacitive test objects
11.1 Lumped capacitive objects
11.2 Test Procedures
11.3 Measures to suppress electrical interference
11.4 Sensitivity check
11.5 References
12 PD Measurement in Power cables
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Cable system structure
12.3 Cable system failure mechanisms
12.4 Cable PD test standards
12.5 PD test sensors
12.6 PD pulse propagation and detector bandwidth
12.7 Factory quality assurance (QA) testing of power cable
12.8 Energizing cables in off-line/on-site tests
12.9 off-line/on-site testing
12.10 Pros and cons of off-line versus on-lin PD measurements for condition assessment
12.11 On-line monitoring
12.12 Interference suppression
12.13 PRPD patterns
12.14 PD source localization
12.15 References
13 PD Measurement in GIS and GITL
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Relevant Standards and Technical Guidance
13.3 The GIS Insulation System
13.4 Typical PD Sources in GIS and Their Failure Modes
13.5 Detection of PD in GIS
13.6 Charge-based PD measurement in GIS
13.7 Application of acoustic techniques for PD measurement on GIS
13.8 Radio-frequency PD measurement on GIS: the UHF method
13.9 GIS routine factory test
13.10 PD measurement during on-site acceptance tests
13.11 On-Line continuous PD monitoring (PDM) of GIS
13.12. GIS PD signal examples and PRPD patterns
13.13 HVDC GIS: Special considerations
13.14 References
14 Air Insulated switchgear and isolated phase bus
14.1 Introduction
14.2 AIS Insulation Systems
14.3 Insulation Failure Processes
14.4 PD Sensors
14.5 Commissioning and Off-Line/On-Site Testing
14.6 On-line PD Monitoring
14.7 PD Interpretation for AIS
14.8 PD Measurement in Isolated Phase Bus
14.9 References
15 Power transformers
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Transformer Insulation System
15.3 Typical causes of PD in dry-type (cast resin) transformers
15.4 Typical causes of PD in liquid-filled transformers
15.5 Relevant Standards
15.6 PD pulses propagation and PD detection
15.7 Sensors for PD detection
15.8 AC Supply for off-line testing
5.9 Precautions for background noise and Interference
15.10 Factory acceptance testing
15.11 On-site Off-line Testing
15.12 On-line PD monitoring
15.13 PRPD Patterns
15.14 References
16. Rotating Machine stator windings
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Relevant Standards
16.3 Stator Winding Insulation Systems
16.4 Stator Winding Insulation Failure Processes
16.5 PD pulse propagation in windings
16.6 PD sensors
16.7 Factory Acceptance Tests
16.8 On-Site/Offline tests
16.9 On-line testing and monitoring
16.10 Differences between on-line and off-line tests
16.11 Interpretation
16.12 Root cause identification
16.13 Locating PD Sites
16.14 References
17 PD Detection in DC Equipment
17.1 Why is HVDC so popular now
17.2 Insulation system design with DC
17.3 The reasons for testing using DC
17.4 Off-line PD testing with DC excitation
17.5 Interpretation of PD measurements under DC excitation
17.6 Perspectives
17.7 References
18 PD Detection under voltage impulses
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Insulation failure due to short risetime impulse voltages
18.3 Electrical PD detection
18.4 Non-electrical sensors
18.6 Sensitivity and interference check
18.7 Test procedures
18.8 Interpretation
18.9 References
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