Practical Statistics for Educators

by Ravid, Ruth; David, Ruth

• ISBN13: 9780761815945
• ISBN10: 0761815945
• Additional ISBN(s): 9780761831822
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-01-01
• Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield Pub Inc
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Summary

This book teaches basic statistics to educators in a clear, concise format. Using examples related to the school and the classroom, it impels the student to better grasp and appreciate the application of statistics to education. The second edition offers a more comprehensive text for students in statistics courses who have to carry out a research project, or for educators who want to study their own practice. It includes two new chapters-an overview of research designs, and a guide for students as they conduct their own research project. The focus is on understanding concepts, the rationale for applying and using the various statistics, and the interpretation of the results. Practical Statistics for Educators is accompanied by the second edition of Workbook to Accompany Practical Statistics for Educators.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Part One: Introduction
An Overview of Educational Research	1	(34)
Basic (Pure), Applied, and Action Research	1	(2)
Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research	3	(3)
Experimental vs. Nonexperimental Research	6	(22)
Experimental Research	6	(4)
Threats to Internal Validity	10	(3)
Threats to External Validity	13	(1)
Comparing Groups	14	(6)
Comparing Individuals	20	(5)
Nonexperimental Research	25	(3)
Summary	28	(7)
Basic Concepts in Measurement and Sampling	35	(28)
Variables and Measurement Scales	35	(5)
Nominal Scale	37	(1)
Ordinal Scale	37	(1)
Interval Scale	38	(1)
Ratio Scale	38	(1)
Comparing the Four Scales	39	(1)
Populations and Samples	40	(1)
Parameters and Statistics	41	(1)
Methods of Sampling	42	(3)
Simple Random Sample	42	(1)
Systematic Sample	43	(1)
Stratified Sample	44	(1)
Cluster Sample	44	(1)
Incidental (Convenience) Sample	45	(1)
Sample Bias	45	(2)
Size of Sample	47	(1)
Parametric and Nonparametric Statistics	47	(1)
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics	48	(1)
The Process of the Statistical Hypothesis Testing	49	(2)
Probability and Level of Significance	51	(2)
Errors in Decision Making	53	(1)
Degrees of Freedom	53	(1)
``And Finally...''	54	(1)
Summary	54	(9)
Part Two: Descriptive Statistics
Organizing and Graphing Data	63	(28)
Organizing Data	63	(7)
Grouped Distributions	65	(2)
Cumulative Frequency Distributions	67	(3)
Graphing Data	70	(18)
Histogram and Frequency Polygon	70	(5)
Graphing Cumulative Distributions	75	(1)
Pie Graph	76	(2)
Bar Diagram (Bar Graph)	78	(3)
Line Graph	81	(1)
Pictogram	82	(2)
Stem-and-Leaf Diagram	84	(1)
Box Plot	85	(3)
Summary	88	(3)
Measures of Central Tendency	91	(12)
Mode	91	(2)
Median	93	(1)
Mean	94	(2)
Comparing the Mode, Median and Mean	96	(4)
The Mean of Combined Groups	98	(2)
Calculating the Mode, Median and Mean: A Summary of the Steps	100	(1)
Summary	101	(2)
Measures of Variability	103	(12)
The Range	105	(1)
Standard Deviation and Variance	105	(6)
Using the Variance and SD	107	(2)
Factors Affecting the Variance and SD	109	(1)
Comparing the Variance and SD for Populations and Samples	110	(1)
Summary	111	(4)
Part Three: The Normal Curve and Standard Scores
The Normal Curve and Standard Scores	115	(16)
The Normal Curve	115	(4)
Standard Scores	119	(9)
Z Scores	120	(3)
T Scores	123	(1)
Other Converted Scores	124	(1)
The Normal Curve and Percentile Ranks	125	(3)
Summary	128	(3)
Interpreting Test Scores	131	(12)
Norm-Referenced Tests	132	(5)
Percentile Ranks	133	(2)
Stanines	135	(1)
Grade Equivalents	136	(1)
Criterion-Referenced Tests	137	(1)
Summary	138	(5)
Part Four: Measuring Relationships
Correlation	143	(24)
Graphing Correlation	143	(4)
Pearson Product Moment	147	(8)
Evaluating the Correlation Coefficient	149	(1)
Hypotheses for Correlation	150	(1)
Computing Pearson Correlation	150	(5)
Factors Affecting Correlation	155	(2)
Further Interpretation of the Correlation Coefficient	157	(1)
Intercorrelation Tables	158	(3)
Correlation Tables	161	(1)
Spearman Rank-Order Correlation	162	(3)
Summary	165	(2)
Prediction and Regression	167	(20)
Simple Regression	169	(12)
The Standard Error of Estimate, SE	172	(2)
An Example of Simple Regression	174	(5)
Graphing the Regression Equation	179	(1)
The Coefficient of Determination, r2	180	(1)
Multiple Regression	181	(2)
Summary	183	(4)
Part Five: Inferential Statistics
T-Test	187	(16)
Hypotheses for T-Test	188	(2)
Using the T-Test	190	(11)
T-Test for Independent Samples	191	(4)
T-Test for Paired (Dependent) Samples	195	(3)
T-Test for a Single Sample	198	(3)
Summary	201	(2)
Analysis of Variance	203	(26)
One-Way ANOVA	205	(14)
Hypotheses for One-Way ANOVA	205	(1)
Conceptualizing One-Way ANOVA	205	(2)
Steps in the Computation of ANOVA	207	(4)
Further Interpretation of the F-Ratio	211	(1)
An Example of One-Way ANOVA	212	(3)
The One-Way ANOVA Summary Table	215	(2)
Post Hoc Comparisons	217	(2)
Two-Way ANOVA	219	(1)
Conceptualizing Two-Way ANOVA	219	(8)
Hypotheses for Two-Way ANOVA	220	(1)
Graphing the Interaction	221	(2)
The Two-Way ANOVA Summary Table	223	(1)
An Example of a Two-Way ANOVA	224	(3)
Sumary	227	(2)
Chi Square	229	(20)
Assumptions Required for Chi Square	230	(1)
Using Chi Square	231	(1)
One Variable Chi Square: Goodness of Fit Test	231	(7)
Equal Expected Frequencies	231	(4)
Unequal Expected Frequencies	235	(3)
Chi Square for Two Variables: Test of Independence	238	(3)
Using Percentages in Chi Square	241	(1)
Sample Size	242	(1)
Computation of Expected Frequencies for Chi Square with Two Variables	243	(2)
Summary	245	(4)
Part Six: Reliability and Validity
Reliability	249	(14)
Understanding the Theory of Reliability	250	(1)
Methods of Assessing Reliability	251	(5)
Test-Retest	251	(1)
Alternate Forms	252	(1)
Measures of Internal Consistency	253	(3)
Inter-Scorer Reliability	256	(1)
The Standard Error of Measurement	256	(2)
Factors Affecting Reliability	258	(1)
Heterogeneity	258	(1)
Test Length	258	(1)
Difficulty of Items	259	(1)
Quality of Items	259	(1)
How High Should the Reliability Be?	259	(1)
Summary	260	(3)
Validity	263	(12)
Content Validity	264	(1)
Criterion-Related Validity	265	(2)
Concurrent Validity	265	(1)
Predictive Validity	266	(1)
Construct Validity	267	(1)
Face Validity	268	(1)
Assessing Validity	269	(1)
Test Bias	269	(1)
Summary	270	(5)
Part Seven: Conducting Your Own Research
Planning and Conducting Research Studies	275	(20)
Research Ethics	277	(1)
The Research Proposal	278	(8)
Introduction	280	(2)
Literature Review	282	(1)
Methodology	283	(1)
Data Analysis	283	(2)
References	285	(1)
The Research Report	286	(3)
Results	287	(1)
Discussion	288	(1)
Additional Comments	289	(1)
Summary	290	(5)
Part Eight: Putting It All Together
Simulations and Examples	295	(61)
Introduction	295	(1)
Choosing a Statistical Test: A Decision Flowchart	296	(3)
Sample Passages and a Step-by-Step Explanation of the Answers	299	(2)
Sample Passage 1	299	(1)
Answer	299	(1)
Sample Passage 2	300	(1)
Answer	300	(1)
Simulation Passages	301	(9)
Answers	310	(25)
Appendixes
Appendix Table A: Areas and Ordinates of the Normal Curve in Terms of x/σ	335	(6)
Appendix Table B: Values of the Correlations Coefficient (Pearson's r) for Different Levels of Significance	341	(1)
Appendix Table C: Distribution of t	342	(1)
Appendix Table D: the 5 Percent and 1 Percent Points for the Distribution of F	343	(8)
Appendix Table E: Distribution of Studentized Range Statistic	351	(4)
Appendix Table F: Distribution of Chi Square	355	(1)
Glossary of Symbols	356	(2)
Glossary of Formulas	358	(7)
Index	365