What is included with this book?
Figure Acknowledgements | p. xi |
Essential Mathematics and Physics | p. 1 |
Matter, energy, power and heat | p. 1 |
Units and prefixes used in radiography | p. 3 |
Radiological units | p. 4 |
Useful mathematics | p. 7 |
Proportions and the inverse square law | p. 7 |
The Principles of Physics Used in Radiography | p. 11 |
Electrostatics - the electric charge | p. 12 |
Conductors and insulators | p. 14 |
Electricity | p. 14 |
Measuring electricity | p. 14 |
Types of current | p. 15 |
Laws of an electric current | p. 16 |
Resistance | p. 16 |
Making a circuit - the options | p. 17 |
Magnetism | p. 17 |
The function and composition of a magnet | p. 19 |
Magnetic laws | p. 20 |
Electromagnetism - electricity and magnetism in union | p. 21 |
Laws of electromagnetic induction | p. 22 |
Further reading | p. 23 |
Inside the Atom | p. 25 |
Atoms, elements and other definitions | p. 26 |
The 'Make-Up' of an atom - atomic structure | p. 27 |
Shells and energy | p. 28 |
The periodic table | p. 28 |
Radioactivity | p. 30 |
The effects of an electron changing orbits | p. 30 |
Electromagnetic radiation | p. 31 |
Frequency and wavelength | p. 32 |
Further reading | p. 33 |
The X-ray Tube | p. 35 |
The tube housing | p. 37 |
The cathode | p. 39 |
The anode | p. 42 |
The line focus principle | p. 44 |
The anode-heel effect | p. 45 |
The stator assembly | p. 45 |
Tube rating | p. 46 |
How to look after your X-ray tube | p. 47 |
Further reading | p. 47 |
Diagnostic Equipment | p. 49 |
The X-ray circuit | p. 50 |
What is seen from the outside? | p. 51 |
High-voltage generators | p. 51 |
Rectification | p. 51 |
Mains supply switch | p. 52 |
Primary circuit | p. 52 |
Operating console | p. 53 |
Filament circuit - control of the mA | p. 54 |
High-tension circuit - provision of kV | p. 55 |
Making an exposure - switches, timers and interlocks | p. 55 |
Types of X-ray machines | p. 56 |
Health and safety requirements | p. 59 |
Power rating | p. 59 |
Further reading | p. 59 |
Production of X-rays | p. 61 |
Electron production | p. 62 |
Target interactions | p. 63 |
X-ray emission spectrum | p. 64 |
Altering the emission spectrum | p. 65 |
X-ray quantity | p. 68 |
X-ray quality | p. 68 |
Altering exposure factors | p. 68 |
Exposure charts | p. 70 |
Further reading | p. 70 |
The Effects of Radiation | p. 71 |
The effect of the X-ray beam striking another atom | p. 72 |
Absorption | p. 75 |
Attenuation | p. 75 |
The effects of ionising radiation on the body | p. 76 |
Luminescence | p. 77 |
Further reading | p. 78 |
Control of the Primary Beam and Scatter | p. 79 |
Light beam diaphragm | p. 80 |
Factors affecting scattered radiation | p. 81 |
Function of grids | p. 81 |
Construction of a grid | p. 82 |
Types of grid | p. 84 |
Choosing a grid | p. 85 |
Problems with using a grid | p. 85 |
Air gap technique | p. 86 |
Further reading | p. 86 |
Radiographic Film | p. 89 |
Film construction | p. 90 |
Types of film | p. 93 |
Formation of the latent image | p. 94 |
Care and storage of films | p. 95 |
Film sensitivity | p. 96 |
Further reading | p. 98 |
Intensifying Screens and Cassettes | p. 99 |
The construction of intensifying screens | p. 100 |
Film-screen combinations | p. 101 |
Film-screen contact | p. 104 |
Care of intensifying screens | p. 104 |
Construction of cassettes | p. 105 |
Care and use of cassettes | p. 106 |
Further reading | p. 106 |
Processing the Radiographic Film | p. 107 |
The stages of processing | p. 108 |
Developer | p. 111 |
Fixer | p. 112 |
Parts of the automatic processor | p. 114 |
Replenishment | p. 116 |
Silver recovery | p. 117 |
The darkroom | p. 118 |
Control of substances hazardous to health (COSHH) regulations | p. 121 |
Other methods of processing | p. 121 |
Further reading | p. 122 |
Digital Radiography | p. 125 |
Computed radiography | p. 127 |
Care of the imaging plate and cassette | p. 129 |
Computerised radiography process | p. 129 |
Digital radiography | p. 131 |
Image storage | p. 133 |
Image display | p. 134 |
Image quality | p. 135 |
Further reading | p. 135 |
Radiographic Image Quality | p. 137 |
Sensitometry | p. 138 |
densitometry | p. 138 |
Characteristic curve | p. 139 |
Latitude | p. 140 |
Density | p. 141 |
Contrast | p. 141 |
Magnification | p. 141 |
Distortion | p. 144 |
Movement | p. 145 |
Producing a high-quality radiograph | p. 146 |
Commonly seen film faults | p. 147 |
Further reading | p. 152 |
Radiation Protection | p. 153 |
The effects of ionising radiation on the body | p. 154 |
The basics to remember | p. 154 |
Ionising Radiation Regulations 1999 | p. 155 |
Radiation safety in the veterinary practice | p. 155 |
Classifying the areas around an X-ray machine | p. 156 |
Dose limits | p. 157 |
Monitoring devices | p. 158 |
Lead shielding | p. 159 |
Quality assurance | p. 160 |
Further reading | p. 161 |
Radiography Principles | p. 163 |
General principles | p. 164 |
Restraint | p. 164 |
Positioning aids | p. 165 |
Markers and legends | p. 165 |
Assessing the radiograph | p. 166 |
Terminology | p. 166 |
BVA/KC hip dysplasia and elbow scoring scheme | p. 168 |
Further reading | p. 169 |
Contrast Media | p. 171 |
Negative contrast medium | p. 172 |
Positive contrast medium | p. 172 |
Contrast examination procedures | p. 175 |
Myelography | p. 182 |
Other contrast examinations | p. 184 |
Further reading | p. 186 |
Small Animal Radiography Techniques | p. 189 |
Chest | p. 189 |
Abdomen | p. 191 |
Head and neck | p. 192 |
Distal extremities | p. 196 |
Shoulder | p. 198 |
Pelvis | p. 200 |
Spine | p. 201 |
Small mammals | p. 202 |
Birds | p. 203 |
Reptiles | p. 204 |
Large Animal Radiography Techniques | p. 205 |
Foot | p. 205 |
Fetlock | p. 207 |
Metacarpus and metatarsus (cannon and splint) | p. 209 |
Carpus | p. 209 |
Elbow | p. 211 |
Shoulder | p. 212 |
Tarsus | p. 213 |
Stifle | p. 214 |
Head | p. 216 |
Spine | p. 216 |
Chest | p. 217 |
Introduction to Ultrasound | p. 219 |
Sound waves | p. 220 |
Ultrasound | p. 220 |
How ultrasound works | p. 220 |
Types of ultrasound scan | p. 222 |
Doppler ultrasound | p. 223 |
Effects on tissue | p. 224 |
Ultrasound machines and transducers | p. 224 |
Patient preparation | p. 225 |
Areas suitable for examination | p. 225 |
Further reading | p. 226 |
Advance Imaging Techniques | p. 227 |
Fluoroscopy | p. 228 |
Computerised tomography (CT) | p. 230 |
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | p. 232 |
Nuclear scintigraphy | p. 234 |
Further reading | p. 238 |
Index | p. 239 |
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