Practical Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging

by Easton, Suzanne

• ISBN13: 9780470656488
• ISBN10: 0470656484
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2012-07-23
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

Practical Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging is an essential guide to the various diagnostic imaging modalities that are used in veterinary practice. It moves from basic principles through to discussion of more sophisticated equipment and techniques. Legislation and safety issues are covered looking at the impact these have on the veterinary practice. Presented with clear line diagrams and photographs, revision points and self-assessment questions in each chapter make this book ideal for study.

Author Biography

Suzanne Easton is Senior Lecturer specialising in diagnostic imaging in the Faculty of Health and Life Sciences at the University of the West of England. She also teaches veterinary nurses at Norton Radstock College and Bridgwater College. She holds and MSc in diagnostic imaging based in veterinary radiography, BSc (Hons) Diagnostic Imaging, PG Cert Ed and PG Cert Forensic Radiography.

Table of Contents

Figure Acknowledgements	p. xi
Essential Mathematics and Physics	p. 1
Matter, energy, power and heat	p. 1
Units and prefixes used in radiography	p. 3
Radiological units	p. 4
Useful mathematics	p. 7
Proportions and the inverse square law	p. 7
The Principles of Physics Used in Radiography	p. 11
Electrostatics - the electric charge	p. 12
Conductors and insulators	p. 14
Electricity	p. 14
Measuring electricity	p. 14
Types of current	p. 15
Laws of an electric current	p. 16
Resistance	p. 16
Making a circuit - the options	p. 17
Magnetism	p. 17
The function and composition of a magnet	p. 19
Magnetic laws	p. 20
Electromagnetism - electricity and magnetism in union	p. 21
Laws of electromagnetic induction	p. 22
Further reading	p. 23
Inside the Atom	p. 25
Atoms, elements and other definitions	p. 26
The 'Make-Up' of an atom - atomic structure	p. 27
Shells and energy	p. 28
The periodic table	p. 28
Radioactivity	p. 30
The effects of an electron changing orbits	p. 30
Electromagnetic radiation	p. 31
Frequency and wavelength	p. 32
Further reading	p. 33
The X-ray Tube	p. 35
The tube housing	p. 37
The cathode	p. 39
The anode	p. 42
The line focus principle	p. 44
The anode-heel effect	p. 45
The stator assembly	p. 45
Tube rating	p. 46
How to look after your X-ray tube	p. 47
Further reading	p. 47
Diagnostic Equipment	p. 49
The X-ray circuit	p. 50
What is seen from the outside?	p. 51
High-voltage generators	p. 51
Rectification	p. 51
Mains supply switch	p. 52
Primary circuit	p. 52
Operating console	p. 53
Filament circuit - control of the mA	p. 54
High-tension circuit - provision of kV	p. 55
Making an exposure - switches, timers and interlocks	p. 55
Types of X-ray machines	p. 56
Health and safety requirements	p. 59
Power rating	p. 59
Further reading	p. 59
Production of X-rays	p. 61
Electron production	p. 62
Target interactions	p. 63
X-ray emission spectrum	p. 64
Altering the emission spectrum	p. 65
X-ray quantity	p. 68
X-ray quality	p. 68
Altering exposure factors	p. 68
Exposure charts	p. 70
Further reading	p. 70
The Effects of Radiation	p. 71
The effect of the X-ray beam striking another atom	p. 72
Absorption	p. 75
Attenuation	p. 75
The effects of ionising radiation on the body	p. 76
Luminescence	p. 77
Further reading	p. 78
Control of the Primary Beam and Scatter	p. 79
Light beam diaphragm	p. 80
Factors affecting scattered radiation	p. 81
Function of grids	p. 81
Construction of a grid	p. 82
Types of grid	p. 84
Choosing a grid	p. 85
Problems with using a grid	p. 85
Air gap technique	p. 86
Further reading	p. 86
Radiographic Film	p. 89
Film construction	p. 90
Types of film	p. 93
Formation of the latent image	p. 94
Care and storage of films	p. 95
Film sensitivity	p. 96
Further reading	p. 98
Intensifying Screens and Cassettes	p. 99
The construction of intensifying screens	p. 100
Film-screen combinations	p. 101
Film-screen contact	p. 104
Care of intensifying screens	p. 104
Construction of cassettes	p. 105
Care and use of cassettes	p. 106
Further reading	p. 106
Processing the Radiographic Film	p. 107
The stages of processing	p. 108
Developer	p. 111
Fixer	p. 112
Parts of the automatic processor	p. 114
Replenishment	p. 116
Silver recovery	p. 117
The darkroom	p. 118
Control of substances hazardous to health (COSHH) regulations	p. 121
Other methods of processing	p. 121
Further reading	p. 122
Digital Radiography	p. 125
Computed radiography	p. 127
Care of the imaging plate and cassette	p. 129
Computerised radiography process	p. 129
Digital radiography	p. 131
Image storage	p. 133
Image display	p. 134
Image quality	p. 135
Further reading	p. 135
Radiographic Image Quality	p. 137
Sensitometry	p. 138
densitometry	p. 138
Characteristic curve	p. 139
Latitude	p. 140
Density	p. 141
Contrast	p. 141
Magnification	p. 141
Distortion	p. 144
Movement	p. 145
Producing a high-quality radiograph	p. 146
Commonly seen film faults	p. 147
Further reading	p. 152
Radiation Protection	p. 153
The effects of ionising radiation on the body	p. 154
The basics to remember	p. 154
Ionising Radiation Regulations 1999	p. 155
Radiation safety in the veterinary practice	p. 155
Classifying the areas around an X-ray machine	p. 156
Dose limits	p. 157
Monitoring devices	p. 158
Lead shielding	p. 159
Quality assurance	p. 160
Further reading	p. 161
Radiography Principles	p. 163
General principles	p. 164
Restraint	p. 164
Positioning aids	p. 165
Markers and legends	p. 165
Assessing the radiograph	p. 166
Terminology	p. 166
BVA/KC hip dysplasia and elbow scoring scheme	p. 168
Further reading	p. 169
Contrast Media	p. 171
Negative contrast medium	p. 172
Positive contrast medium	p. 172
Contrast examination procedures	p. 175
Myelography	p. 182
Other contrast examinations	p. 184
Further reading	p. 186
Small Animal Radiography Techniques	p. 189
Chest	p. 189
Abdomen	p. 191
Head and neck	p. 192
Distal extremities	p. 196
Shoulder	p. 198
Pelvis	p. 200
Spine	p. 201
Small mammals	p. 202
Birds	p. 203
Reptiles	p. 204
Large Animal Radiography Techniques	p. 205
Foot	p. 205
Fetlock	p. 207
Metacarpus and metatarsus (cannon and splint)	p. 209
Carpus	p. 209
Elbow	p. 211
Shoulder	p. 212
Tarsus	p. 213
Stifle	p. 214
Head	p. 216
Spine	p. 216
Chest	p. 217
Introduction to Ultrasound	p. 219
Sound waves	p. 220
Ultrasound	p. 220
How ultrasound works	p. 220
Types of ultrasound scan	p. 222
Doppler ultrasound	p. 223
Effects on tissue	p. 224
Ultrasound machines and transducers	p. 224
Patient preparation	p. 225
Areas suitable for examination	p. 225
Further reading	p. 226
Advance Imaging Techniques	p. 227
Fluoroscopy	p. 228
Computerised tomography (CT)	p. 230
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)	p. 232
Nuclear scintigraphy	p. 234
Further reading	p. 238
Index	p. 239
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