The Practice of Social Work: A Comprehensive Worktext

by Zastrow, Charles

• ISBN13: 9780495090847
• ISBN10: 0495090840
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-02-08
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

Now available as a paperback worktext, this comprehensive Introduction to Practice book provides students with theoretical and practical knowledge about social work practice. The text covers generalist practice, as well as more advanced perspectives on counseling theories that inform social work practice with individuals, families, groups, communities, and organizations.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
PART ONE INTRODUCTION
Overview of Social Work Practice	1	(41)
The Purpose of This Chapter	1	(1)
The History of Social Work	1	(2)
A Definition of Social Work	3	(1)
The Relationship Between Social Work and Social Welfare	4	(1)
What Is the Profession of Social Work?	4	(2)
Exercise 1.1: Your Areas of Interest in Social Work	5	(1)
Generalist Social Work Practice	6	(13)
Exercise 1.2: Applying the Problem Solving Approach	9	(2)
The Change Process	11	(2)
A Variety of Roles	13	(5)
Exercise 1.3: Your Interest in Various Social Work Roles	18	(1)
A Systems Perspective	19	(1)
Counseling as a Component of Generalist Practice	19	(1)
Counseling versus Therapy/Psychotherapy	20	(2)
The Medical Model versus the Ecological Model of Human Behavior	22	(4)
The Medical Model	22	(1)
Exercise 1.4: Understanding the Major Mental Disorders	23	(1)
The Ecological Model	23	(3)
Exercise 1.5: Understanding the Medical Model and the Ecological Model	26	(1)
Goals of Social Work Practice	26	(3)
Goal 1: Enhance People's Problem-Solving, Coping, and Developmental Capacities	26	(1)
Goal 2: Link People with Systems That Provide Them with Resources, Services, and Opportunities	26	(1)
Goal 3: Promote the Effective and Humane Operation of Systems That Provide People with Resources and Services	26	(1)
Goal 4: Develop and Improve Social Policy	27	(1)
Goal 5: Enhance Human Well-Being and Alleviate Poverty, Oppression, and Other Forms of Social Injustice	27	(1)
Goal 6: Pursue Policies, Services, and Resources Through Advocacy and Social or Political Actions That Promote Social and Economic Justice	28	(1)
Goal 7: Develop and Use Research, Knowledge, and Skills That Advance Social Work Practice	28	(1)
Goal 8: Develop and Apply Practice in the Context of Diverse Cultures	28	(1)
Exercise 1.6: Your Interest in Achieving the Goals of Social Work	28	(1)
Micro, Mezzo, and Macro Practice	29	(4)
Social Casework	29	(1)
Case Management	30	(1)
Group Work	31	(1)
Group Counseling	31	(1)
Family Counseling	31	(1)
Community Organization	31	(1)
Policy Analysis	31	(1)
Administration	32	(1)
Exercise 1.7: Identifying Your Interest in Various Social Work Activities	32	(1)
The Knowledge, Skills, and Values Needed for Social Work Practice	33	(6)
Knowledge	33	(2)
Core Practice Skills	35	(1)
Values	36	(1)
Goals of Social Work Education	37	(1)
Objectives of Social Work Education	38	(1)
A Greater Focus on Outcomes	39	(2)
Key Objectives	39	(1)
Which Intervention Strategies Should Social Workers Learn?	39	(2)
Summary	41	(1)
Social Work Values	42	(33)
Value Dilemmas	42	(2)
Knowledge and Values	44	(3)
Exercise 2.1: Clarifying My Values	45	(2)
Value Dilemmas of Clients versus Workers	47	(2)
Exercise 2.2: Applying Loewenberg and Dolgoff's Rank Order of Ethical Priorities	49	(1)
Respect for the Dignity and Uniqueness of the Individual	49	(4)
Exercise 2.3: Clients I Would Be Uncomfortable Working With	50	(1)
Exercise 2.4: Components of My Self-Concept That Contain Remnants from the Past	51	(2)
Exercise 2.5: Labelling Becoming a Self-Fullfilling Prophecy	53	(1)
The Client's Right to Self-Determination	53	(2)
Confidentiality	55	(8)
Exercise 2.6: Do You Violate Confidentiality to Blow the Whistle on Embezzling?	59	(1)
Privacy and Confidentiality in the Era of Modern Computer Technology	59	(1)
Confidentiality and HIPAA Regulations	60	(1)
Privileged Communication	61	(1)
Explaining Confidentiality to Clients	62	(1)
Ethical Dilemmas About AIDS	63	(3)
Exercise 2.7: Do You Have a Duty to Inform a Person-At-Risk of Acquiring HIV?	64	(2)
Other Values	66	(7)
The Institutional Orientation	67	(1)
Exercise 2.8: The Residual View Stigma	67	(1)
Establishing Professional Boundaries with Clients	68	(1)
Exercise 2.9: Dual Relationships in Small Rural Communities	69	(1)
Exercise 2.10: Hugging a Client and Going to Lunch with a Client	70	(1)
Promoting Social and Economic Justice	71	(1)
Focus on Family	71	(1)
Exercise 2.11: When Rights of Family Members' Clash	72	(1)
Accountability	72	(1)
Summary	73	(2)
PART TWO SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE
Assessment	75	(21)
The Strengths Perspective	76	(3)
Exercise 3.1: Assessing on Individual	78	(1)
Sources of Information	79	(3)
The Client's Verbal Report	79	(1)
Assessment Forms	79	(1)
Computer-Assisted Assessment Forms	80	(1)
Collateral Sources	80	(1)
Psychological Tests	80	(1)
Nonverbal Behavior	80	(1)
Interactions with Significant Others and Home Visits	81	(1)
Worker's Conclusions from Direct Interactions	81	(1)
Exercise 3.2: Assessing a Family	82	(1)
Knowledge Used in Making an Assessment	82	(3)
Exercise 3.3: Assessing a Group	84	(1)
Environmental Systems Emphasis	85	(2)
Exercise 3.4: Assessing an Organization	86	(1)
Assessing Problems	87	(7)
Exercise 3.5: Assessing a Community	93	(1)
Summary	94	(2)
Social Work with Individuals: Interviewing	96	(15)
Three Types of Social Work Interviews	96	(3)
Informational or Social History Interviews	96	(2)
Assessment Interviews	98	(1)
Intervention Interviews	99	(1)
The Place of the Interview	99	(1)
Opening the First Interview	100	(2)
When Interviewee-Initiated	100	(1)
Exercise 4.1: Introducing Yourself When the Interview is Interviewee-Initiated	101	(1)
When Interviewer-Initiated	101	(1)
Exercise 4.2: Introducing Yourself When the Interview is Interviewer-Initiated	101	(1)
Closing an Interview	102	(1)
Exercise 4.3: Closing an Interview	102	(1)
Questioning	103	(4)
Exercise 4.4: Phrasing Questions	104	(3)
Note Taking	107	(1)
Exercise 4.5: Explaining Note Taking to a Client	107	(1)
Tape Recording and Videotaping	108	(1)
Videotaping for Training Purposes	108	(2)
Summary	110	(1)
Social Work with Individuals: Counseling	111	(28)
Counseling from the Worker's Perspective	111	(1)
Counseling from the Client's Perspective	112	(18)
Stage 1: Problem Awareness	112	(2)
Exercise 5.1: Stating Goals for Involuntary Clients in Terms of Legal Mandates	114	(1)
Stage II: Relationship to Counselor	114	(1)
Exercise 5.2: Identifying a Client's Concerns About a Counselor	114	(2)
Stage III: Motivation	116	(1)
Exercise 5.3: Understanding Lack of Motivation	116	(2)
Stage IV: Conceptualizing the Problem	118	(1)
Exercise 5.4: Understanding the Tendency to Awfulize	118	(2)
Exercise 5.5: Reflecting Feelings and Meanings	120	(2)
Exercise 5.6: Exploring a Socially Unacceptable Topic with Tact	122	(1)
Stage V: Exploration of Resolution Strategies	123	(1)
Exercise 5.7: Generating Options and Resolution Strategies	124	(1)
Stage VI: Selection of a Strategy	124	(1)
Stage VII: Implementation	125	(1)
Exercise 5.8: Contracting	125	(3)
Stage VIII: Termination and Evaluation	128	(1)
Exercise 5.9: Terminating and Encouraging Clients to Share Their Ending Feelings	129	(1)
Clients' Reactions to Having a Personal Problem	130	(7)
Kubler-Ross's Five Stages of Dying	130	(3)
Kubler-Ross's Five Stages as Emotional Reactions	133	(3)
Exercise 5.10: Understanding the Emotional Reactions of Clients to Having a Problem	136	(1)
Summary	137	(2)
Social Work with Groups: Types of Groups and Guidelines for Leading Them	139	(31)
Types of Groups	139	(18)
Recreation Groups	140	(1)
Recreation-Skill Groups	140	(1)
Educational Groups	140	(1)
Exercise 6.1: My Most Rewarding, and Least Rewarding, Educational Group	140	(2)
Task Groups	142	(1)
Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Groups	142	(3)
Exercise 6.2: My Groupthink Experience	145	(2)
Focus Groups	147	(1)
Self-Help Groups	147	(3)
Exercise 6.3: Merits and Shortcomings of a Self-Help Group	150	(2)
Socialization Groups	152	(1)
Counseling Groups	153	(1)
Encounter Groups	154	(3)
How to Start, Lead, Evaluate and Terminate Groups	157	(11)
Homework	157	(1)
Exercise 6.4: My Concerns About Joining a Group	157	(2)
Session Planning	159	(1)
Relaxing Before a Meeting	160	(1)
Cues on Entering the Meeting Room	160	(1)
Seating Arrangements	161	(1)
Introductions	161	(1)
Role Clarification	162	(1)
Agenda	162	(1)
Additional Guidelines for Leading a Group	162	(1)
Terminating a Group	163	(1)
Exercise 6.5: Successful and Unsuccessful Group Experiences	164	(2)
Evaluating a Group	166	(2)
Summary	168	(2)
Social Work with Groups: Concepts and Skills	170	(41)
Membership and Reference Groups	170	(1)
Exercise 7.1: Understanding Membership and Reference Groups	171	(1)
Group Development	171	(3)
Garland, Jones, and Kolodny Model	171	(2)
Exercise 7.2: The Garland, Jones and Kolodny Model	173	(1)
Tuckman Model	173	(1)
Exercise 7.3: The Tuckman Model	173	(1)
Bales Model	174	(1)
Task and Maintenance Roles	174	(2)
Exercise 7.4: Your Task and Maintenance Contributions to a Group	176	(1)
Leadership Theory	176	(6)
The Trait Approach	176	(1)
Exercise 7.5: The Charismatic Leader	177	(1)
Exercise 7.6: Machiavellian Leaders	178	(1)
The Position Approach	179	(1)
The Style Approach	179	(1)
Exercise 7.7: Authoritarian, Democratic, and Laissez-Faire Lenders	180	(1)
The Distributed Functions Approach	180	(1)
Exercise 7.8: Applying the Distributed-Functions Approach	181	(1)
Social Power Bases in Groups	182	(2)
Exercise 7.9: The Power Bases in This Class	183	(1)
Personal Goals and Group Goals	184	(2)
Exercise 7.10: Group Goals, Personal Goals, and Hidden Agendas in This Class	185	(1)
Group Norms	186	(1)
Exercise 7.11: Group Norms in This Class	187	(1)
Conformity	187	(3)
Exercise 7.12: Your Yielding to Group Pressure	189	(1)
Idiosyncratic Credits	190	(1)
Competitive and Cooperative Groups	190	(1)
Conflict and Creativity	191	(1)
Exercise 7.13: My Tolerance for Conflicts	191	(1)
Strategies for Resolving Conflicts	192	(1)
Win-Lose Approach	192	(1)
No-Lose Problem Solving	192	(4)
Role Reversal	193	(1)
Empathy	194	(1)
Inquiry	194	(1)
I-Messages	195	(1)
Disarming	195	(1)
Stroking	195	(1)
Mediation	195	(1)
Law of Requisite Variety	196	(1)
Exercise 7.14: Resolving Your Conflicts Effectively	196	(1)
Handling Disruptive Behavior	197	(3)
Exercise 7.15: Handling Disruptive Behavior of a Group Member	200	(1)
Group Size	200	(1)
Starting, Leading, and Ending Counseling Groups	201	(7)
Building Rapport	201	(1)
Exploring Problems in Depth	202	(2)
Exploring Alternative Solutions	204	(1)
Ending a Session	205	(1)
Ending a Group	206	(2)
Co-Facilitating Groups	208	(1)
Legal Safeguards for Group Facilitators	209	(1)
Summary	210	(1)
Social Work with Families	211	(35)
Diversity of Family Forms	211	(2)
Exercise 8.1: Description of My Family	213	(1)
Societal Functions of Families	213	(1)
Family Problems and the Nature of Social Work	214	(2)
Family Assessment	216	(7)
The Eco-Map	216	(4)
The Genogram	220	(3)
Family Counseling in Systems Perspective	223	(2)
Two Approaches to Family Counseling	225	(6)
Virginia Satir	225	(3)
Exercise 8.2: Analyzing My Family Through Satir's Concepts	228	(1)
Salvador Minuchin	228	(2)
Exercise 8.3: Analyzing My Family Through Minuchin's Concepts	230	(1)
Family Work in the Twenty-First Century	231	(1)
Problem-Solving Stages	232	(12)
Beginning the Counseling Process	233	(3)
Continuing the Counseling Process	236	(3)
Restructuring the Family System	239	(5)
Maintenance of Gains and Termination of Counseling	244	(1)
Summary	244	(2)
Social Work with Organizations	246	(18)
Exercise 9.1: Appreciating Organizations	247	(1)
Models of Organizational Behavior	247	(10)
The Autocratic Model	248	(1)
Exercise 9.2: Working in an Autocratic Organization	248	(1)
The Custodial Model	248	(1)
The Scientific Management Model	249	(1)
The Human Relations Model	249	(1)
Theory X and Theory Y	250	(1)
Exercise 9.3: Theory X versus Theory Y Managers	251	(1)
The Collegial Model	252	(1)
Theory Z	252	(1)
Exercise 9.4: Understanding Theory Z	253	(1)
Management by Objectives	253	(1)
Exercise 9.5: Understanding Management by Objectives	254	(1)
Total Quality Management	254	(1)
Summary Comments About Models of Organizational Behavior	255	(1)
Value Orientations in Organizational Decision Making	256	(1)
Exercise 9.6: Understanding Six Value Orientations	257	(1)
Liberalism versus Conservatism	257	(1)
Exercise 9.7: Understanding and Applying Liberalism and Conservatism	258	(1)
Surviving in a Bureaucracy	258	(4)
Exercise 9.8: Understanding the Orientations of Bureaucratic Systems	262	(1)
Summary	262	(2)
Social Work Community Practice	264	(34)
Exercise 10.1: The Devolution Revolution	265	(1)
Models of Community Practice	266	(4)
Locality-Development Model	266	(1)
Exercise 10.2: Analyzing the Locality-Development Model	266	(2)
Social-Planning Model	268	(1)
Exercise 10.3: Analyzing the Social Planning Model	269	(1)
Social-Action Model	269	(1)
Exercise 10.4: Analyzing the Social Action Model	270	(1)
Generalist-Practice Skills and Macropractice	270	(2)
Knowledge for Macropractice	272	(6)
Know Your Community	272	(1)
Know the Organizations	273	(3)
Exercise 10.5: Know Your Home Community	276	(1)
Know Funding Sources and Funding Cycles	277	(1)
Skills for Macropractice --- Group Decision-Making Techniques	278	(5)
Brainstorming	278	(1)
Nominal-Group Technique	279	(1)
Needs Assessment	279	(3)
Exercise 10.6: Participating in a Needs Assessment	282	(1)
PR Skills	283	(2)
Know Your Media	283	(1)
Use Media Skillfully	284	(1)
Fund-Raising	285	(1)
Political Activity and Lobbying	286	(2)
Exercise 10.7: Getting Involved in Political Activity	287	(1)
Community Practice---A Problem-Solving Process	288	(4)
Preplanning Questions to Ask	289	(1)
Planning: Plans to Make	290	(2)
Impact: Steps to Take	292	(1)
Values and Macropractice	292	(2)
A Focus on Assets	294	(3)
Exercise 10.8: The Assets of My Home Community	297	(1)
Summary	297	(1)
Evaluating Social Work Practice	298	(26)
What Is Evaluation?	298	(2)
Exercise 11.1: Understanding and Applying Outcome Evaluation	298	(2)
The Single-System Evaluation Approach	300	(14)
Specify the Goal	301	(1)
Select Suitable Measures	301	(4)
Record Baseline Data	305	(1)
Select an Intervention	306	(2)
Implement the Intervention and Continue Monitoring	308	(1)
Assess Change	308	(4)
Infer Effectiveness	312	(1)
Assess Threats to Validity	313	(1)
Exercise 11.2: Applying the Single System Evaluation Approach to a Problematic Behavior	313	(1)
Single-System Designs	314	(1)
The Basic AB Design	314	(1)
Withdrawal Designs	314	(1)
Evaluating Programs	315	(2)
Evaluation in a Managed Care Environment	317	(1)
The Ethics of Evaluation	317	(1)
Information Technology in Social Work Practice	318	(5)
Assessment and Testing	319	(1)
Computerized Clinical Records	319	(1)
Practice Management and Billing	320	(1)
Managed Care Applications	320	(1)
Expert Systems	320	(1)
Computer-Based Interventions	321	(1)
Graphing Packages	321	(1)
Internet and Online Services	321	(1)
Exercise 11.3: Assessing Counseling Over the Internet	322	(1)
Summary	323	(1)
Social Work Practice with Diverse Groups	324	(41)
Stereotyping and Multiculturalism: A Perspective	324	(2)
Problems and Barriers	326	(8)
First Nations People Clients	327	(1)
African American Clients	328	(1)
Latino Clients	328	(1)
Exercise 12.1: Some of My Stereotypes	328	(2)
Gay and Lesbian Clients	330	(1)
Exercise 12.2: Questionnaire About Gays and Lesbians	331	(1)
Feminist Social Work	332	(1)
Other Examples	333	(1)
Knowledge You Will Need for Cross-Cultural Work	334	(3)
Knowledge of Self	334	(1)
Knowledge of Differences	334	(3)
Applying Your Knowledge: Techniques of Intervention	337	(16)
African American Client---White Worker	338	(1)
Exercise 12.3: Victimized in Syria	339	(1)
Latino Client---Non--Latino Worker	340	(2)
Native American Client---Non--Native American Worker	342	(3)
Female Client---Male Worker	345	(1)
Exercise 12.4: Roles of Men and Women in Your Family	346	(3)
Exercise 12.5: Feminist Intervention	349	(1)
Gay and Lesbian Clients	349	(2)
Exercise 12.6: Should Same-Sex Marriages Be Legalized?	351	(1)
Rural Settings	351	(1)
Other Differences Affecting Practice	352	(1)
Ethnic-Sensitive Practice	353	(1)
Exercise 12.7: The Strengths Perspective Applied to a Homeless Family	354	(1)
Some General Observations	354	(1)
Macro Strategies to Promote Social and Economic Justice	355	(9)
Social Programs	355	(1)
Mass Media Appeals	356	(1)
Civil Rights Laws	357	(1)
Activism	357	(1)
School Busing	358	(2)
Affirmative Action Programs	360	(1)
Exercise 12.8: Your Thoughts on Affirmative Action Programs	361	(1)
Confrontation of Jokes and Discriminatory Actions	362	(1)
Grassroots Approaches to Improving Deteriorating Neighborhoods	362	(2)
Summary	364	(1)
Spirituality and Religion in Social Work Practice	365	(13)
Spirituality and Religion	365	(1)
Rationale for the Use of Spirituality and Religion in Social Work Practice	366	(4)
Exercise 13.1: Understanding Your Religious Beliefs	369	(1)
Spiritual and Religious Assessments of Clients	370	(2)
Exercise 13.2: A Religious/Spiritual Assessment	371	(1)
Spiritual and Religious Interventions with Clients	372	(2)
Social Work and Religion in Limited Partnership	374	(3)
Exercise 13.3: Benefits and Dangers of the Religious Community Being a Major Provider of Social Services	376	(1)
Summary	377	(1)
PART THREE TAKING CARE OF SELF
Surviving and Enjoying Social Work	378	(33)
Students' Common Concerns	378	(6)
Will I Be Able to Make It in Field Placement?	378	(1)
Will I Conduct a Satisfactory Interview with My First Client?	379	(1)
My Supervisor Interviews Much Better Than I---Will I Ever Be Able to Do That Well?	380	(1)
How Do I Separate the Roles of Counselor and Friend?	380	(1)
How Do I Avoid Becoming Too Emotionally Involved?	381	(1)
Do I Really Want a Career in Social Work?	382	(2)
Exercise 14.1: My Concerns About Majoring in Social Work	384	(1)
Safety Guidelines for Social Workers	384	(5)
Environmental Signals of Danger	384	(1)
Client Signals of Danger	385	(1)
Worker Signals of Danger	385	(1)
Assault Cycle	385	(2)
Preventing Violence	387	(1)
Safeguards in the Workplace	388	(1)
Response Planning	388	(1)
Home Visits	388	(1)
Burnout	389	(11)
Definitions and Symptoms of Burnout	389	(1)
Burnout Is a Reaction to High Stress	390	(1)
Exercise 14.2: Events and Self-Talk as Stressors	391	(1)
Exercise 14.3: My Physiological Reactions to High Levels of Stress	392	(1)
Structural Causes of Stress That May Lead to Burnout	393	(1)
Exercise 14.4: A Time When I Burned Out	394	(1)
Approaches to Manager Stress and Prevent Burnout	395	(1)
Exercise 14.5: My High Value Goals and Tasks	395	(1)
Exercise 14.6: Learning to Relax with Relaxation Techniques	396	(3)
Exercise 14.7: Stress Management Techniques for Me	399	(1)
Enjoying Social Work and Your Life	400	(9)
Become a Positive Thinker	401	(1)
Develop an Identity	402	(2)
Exercise 14.8: Arriving at a Better Sense of Who You Are	404	(1)
Use Rational Challenges to Develop a Success Identity	404	(5)
Exercise 14.9: Changing a Failure Identity into a Success Identity	409	(1)
Summary	409	(2)
COUNSELING THEORIES RESOURCE MANUAL (CTRM)	411	(2)
MODULE ONE Rational Therapy	413	(21)
Albert Ellis	413	(1)
Self-Talk Determines Our Feelings and Actions	413	(2)
Exercise M1.1: Our Self-Talk Causes Our Emotions	414	(1)
Additional Aspects of Self-Talk	415	(2)
Exercise M1.2: Understanding Layfring Changing Unwanted Emotions	417	(1)
Meaningful Activity	417	(1)
Exercise M1.3: Using Meaningful Activities to Change Unwanted Emotions	417	(1)
Changing Self-Talk	418	(4)
Exercise M1.4: Changing Unwanted Emotions with a Rational Self-Analysis	419	(3)
Changing the Distressing Event	422	(1)
Exercise M1.5: Changing Unwanted Emotions by Changing Events	422	(1)
Destructive Ways of Dealing with Unwanted Emotions	422	(1)
Exercise M1.6: Changing Unwanted Emotions by Abusing the Use of Alcohol, Other Drugs, or Food	423	(1)
Assessing and Changing Dysfunctional Behavior	423	(3)
Exercise M1.7: Our Actions are Determined by Our Thoughts	424	(2)
Rational Therapy Is an Educational Process	426	(1)
An Eclectic Approach	426	(2)
Common Irrational Beliefs	428	(1)
Exercise M1.8: Changing My Irrational Beliefs	428	(1)
What Really Causes Change?	428	(1)
What Causes Disturbing Emotions and Ineffective Actions?	429	(1)
Restructuring Thinking: Is This the Key Therapeutic Agent?	429	(1)
Exercise M1.9: Is Restructuring Thinking the Key Therapeutic Agent?	430	(1)
Evaluation	430	(2)
Summary	432	(2)
MODULE TWO Behavior Therapy	434	(23)
Founders	434	(1)
Types of Learning Processes	434	(3)
Operant Conditioning	435	(1)
Exercise M2.1: Operant Conditioning	435	(1)
Respondent Conditioning	436	(1)
Exercise M2.2: Respondent Conditioning	436	(1)
Modeling	437	(1)
Exercise M2.3: Modeling	437	(1)
Theory of Counseling	437	(1)
Assertiveness Training	438	(5)
Overview of Assertiveness Training	438	(2)
Steps in Assertiveness Training	440	(1)
Helping Others Become More Assertive	441	(1)
Exercise M2.4: Becoming Assertive	441	(2)
Behavior Rehearsal	443	(1)
Token Economies	444	(1)
Exercise M2.5: Token Economy	445	(1)
Contingency Contracting	445	(2)
Exercise M2.6: Contingency Contracting	446	(1)
In Vivo Desensitization	447	(1)
Exposure Therapy	447	(1)
Aversive Techniques	448	(1)
Cognitive Behavior-Modification Techniques	449	(6)
Thought Stopping and Covert Assertion	450	(1)
Exercise M2.7: Applying Thought Stopping and Covert Assertion	450	(1)
Diversion Techniques	451	(1)
Exercise M2.8: Applying the Diversion Technique	451	(1)
Reframing	452	(2)
Exercise M2.9: Applying Reframing	454	(1)
Evaluation	455	(1)
Summary	456	(1)
MODULE THREE Reality Therapy	457	(17)
William Glasser	457	(1)
Choice Theory	457	(1)
Axioms of Choice Theory	458	(13)
Exercise M3.1: Seeking to Change Someone, and Being Controlled by Someone	459	(2)
Exercise M3.2: The Creativity in Our Brains	461	(1)
Exercise M3.3: The Effects of Nagging and Preaching	461	(1)
Exercise M3.4: Improving an Unhappy Relationship	462	(1)
Exercise M3.5: Lefting Go of Grudges	463	(1)
Exercise M3.6: Expressing Our Negative Emotions in Terms of Verbs	464	(1)
Exercise M3.7: Changing Our Feelings and Improving Somatic Problems	465	(5)
Exercise M3.8: The Use of Psychotropic Drugs	470	(1)
Exercise M3.9: A Mentally Healthy Person	470	(1)
Principles of Reality Therapy	471	(2)
Exercise M3.10: The Solving Circle	472	(1)
Exercise M3.11: Symptoms as a Cry for Help	472	(1)
Evaluation	473	(1)
Summary	473	(1)
MODULE FOUR Prominent Specific Intervention Techniques	474	(20)
Milieu Therapy	474	(1)
Psychodrama	475	(1)
Exercise M4.1: Psychodrama in My Childhood	476	(1)
Play Therapy	476	(2)
Exercise M4.2: The Beneficial Effects of Playing for Me	478	(1)
Parental Education: Parent Effectiveness Training	478	(8)
Parents are People, Not Gods	479	(1)
Who Owns the Problem?	479	(1)
PET Techniques	479	(2)
Exercise M4.3: I Messages and You Messages	481	(2)
Exercise M4.4: My Win-Lose Struggles with My Parents	483	(1)
Exercise M4.5: No-Lose Problem Solving	484	(2)
Crisis Intervention	486	(2)
Exercise M4.6: Crisis Intervention in My Past	488	(1)
Task-Centered Practice	488	(1)
Solution-Focused Therapy	489	(2)
Mediation	491	(2)
Summary	493	(1)
References	494	(11)
Index	505