Prandtl's Essentials of Fluid Mechanics

by Oertel, Herbert, Jr.; Bohle, M. (CON); Etling, D. (CON); Muler, U. (CON); Sreenivasan, Katepalli R. (CON); Riedel, U. (CON)

• ISBN13: 9780387404370
• ISBN10: 0387404376
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-03-22
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

This book is an update and extension of the classic textbook by Ludwig Prandtl, Essentials of Fluid Mechanics . It is based on the 10th German edition with additional material included. Chapters on wing aerodynamics, heat transfer, and layered flows have been revised and extended, and there are new chapters on fluid mechanical instabilities and biomedical fluid mechanics. References to the literature have been kept to a minimum, and the extensive historical citations may be found by referring to previous editions. This book is aimed at science and engineering students who wish to attain an overview of the various branches of fluid mechanics. It will also be useful as a reference for researchers working in the field of fluid mechanics.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
1. Introduction	1	(16)
2. Properties of Liquids and Gases	17	(30)
2.1 Properties of Liquids	17	(1)
2.2 State of Stress	18	(3)
2.3 Liquid Pressure	21	(5)
2.4 Properties of Gases	26	(3)
2.5 Gas Pressure	29	(3)
2.6 Interaction Between Gas Pressure and Liquid Pressure	32	(3)
2.7 Equilibrium in Other Force Fields	35	(4)
2.8 Surface Stress (Capillarity)	39	(3)
2.9 Problems	42	(5)
3. Kinematics of Fluid Flow	47	(16)
3.1 Methods of Representation	47	(4)
3.2 Acceleration of a Flow	51	(1)
3.3 Topology of a Flow	52	(7)
3.4 Problems	59	(4)
4. Dynamics of Fluid Flow	63	(154)
4.1 Dynamics of Inviscid Liquids	63	(55)
4.1.1 Continuity and the Bernoulli Equation	63	(4)
4.1.2 Consequences of the Bernoulli Equation	67	(8)
4.1.3 Pressure Measurement	75	(2)
4.1.4 Interfaces and Formation of Vortices	77	(3)
4.1.5 Potential Flow	80	(13)
4.1.6 Wing Lift and the Magnus Effect	93	(2)
4.1.7 Balance of Momentum for Steady Flows	95	(8)
4.1.8 Waves on a Free Liquid Surface	103	(10)
4.1.9 Problems	113	(5)
4.2 Dynamics of Viscous Liquids	118	(68)
4.2.1 Viscosity (Inner Friction), the Navier--Stokes Equation	118	(4)
4.2.2 Mechanical Similarity, Reynolds Number	122	(1)
4.2.3 Laminar Boundary Layers	123	(3)
4.2.4 Onset of Turbulence	126	(10)
4.2.5 Fully Developed Turbulence	136	(8)
4.2.6 Flow Separation and Vortex Formation	144	(7)
4.2.7 Secondary Flows	151	(2)
4.2.8 Flows with Prevailing Viscosity	153	(7)
4.2.9 Flows Through Pipes and Channels	160	(5)
4.2.10 Drag of Bodies in Liquids	165	(10)
4.2.11 Flows in Non-Newtonian Media	175	(5)
4.2.12 Problems	180	(6)
4.3 Dynamics of Gases	186	(31)
4.3.1 Pressure Propagation, Velocity of Sound	186	(4)
4.3.2 Steady Compressible Flows	190	(5)
4.3.3 Conservation of Energy	195	(1)
4.3.4 Theory of Normal Shock Waves	196	(4)
4.3.5 Flows past Corners, Free Jets	200	(3)
4.3.6 Flows with Small Perturbations	203	(4)
4.3.7 Flows past Airfoils	207	(6)
4.3.8 Problems	213	(4)
5. Fundamental Equations of Fluid Mechanics	217	(48)
5.1 Continuity Equation	217	(1)
5.2 Navier-Stokes Equations	218	(12)
5.2.1 Laminar Flows	218	(7)
5.2.2 Reynolds Equations for Turbulent Flows	225	(5)
5.3 Energy Equation	230	(6)
5.3.1 Laminar Flows	230	(4)
5.3.2 Turbulent Flows	234	(2)
5.4 Fundamental Equations as Conservation Laws	236	(17)
5.4.1 Hierarchy of Fundamental Equations	236	(1)
5.4.2 Navier-Stokes Equations	237	(3)
5.4.3 Derived Model Equations	240	(7)
5.4.4 Reynolds Equations for Turbulent Flows	247	(1)
5.4.5 Multiphase Flows	248	(3)
5.4.6 Reactive Flows	251	(2)
5.5 Differential Equations of Perturbations	253	(5)
5.6 Problems	258	(7)
6. Aerodynamics	265	(54)
6.1 Fundamentals of Aerodynamics	265	(27)
6.1.1 Bird Flight and Technical Imitations	266	(2)
6.1.2 Airfoils and Wings	268	(8)
6.1.3 Airfoil and Wing Theory	276	(14)
6.1.4 Aerodynamic Facilities	290	(2)
6.2 Transonic Aerodynamics	292	(14)
6.2.1 Swept Wings	294	(3)
6.2.2 Shock-Boundary-Layer Interaction	297	(7)
6.2.3 Flow Separation	304	(2)
6.3 Supersonic Aerodynamics	306	(8)
6.3.1 Delta Wings	307	(7)
6.4 Problems	314	(5)
7. Turbulent Flows	319	(38)
7.1 Fundamentals of Turbulent Flows	319	(1)
7.2 Onset of Turbulence	320	(6)
7.2.1 Linear Stability	321	(2)
7.2.2 Nonlinear Stability	323	(1)
7.2.3 Nonnormal Stability	324	(2)
7.3 Developed Turbulence	326	(5)
7.3.1 The Notion of a Mixing Length	326	(2)
7.3.2 Turbulent Mixing	328	(1)
7.3.3 Energy Relations in Turbulent Flows	329	(2)
7.4 Classes of Turbulent Flows	331	(17)
7.4.1 Free Turbulence	331	(3)
7.4.2 Flow Along a Boundary	334	(3)
7.4.3 Rotating and Stratified Flows, Flows with Curvature Effects	337	(3)
7.4.4 Turbulence in Tunnels	340	(4)
7.4.5 Two-Dimensional Turbulence	344	(4)
7.5 New Developments in Turbulence	348	(9)
7.5.1 Lagrangian Investigations of Turbulence	353	(1)
7.5.2 Field-Theoretic Methods	354	(1)
7.5.3 Outlook	354	(3)
8. Fluid-Mechanical Instabilities	357	(70)
8.1 Fundamentals of Fluid-Mechanical Instabilities	357	(10)
8.1.1 Examples of Fluid-Mechanical Instabilities	357	(6)
8.1.2 Definition of Stability	363	(3)
8.1.3 Local Perturbations	366	(1)
8.2 Stratification Instabilities	367	(21)
8.2.1 Rayleigh-Bénard Convection	367	(12)
8.2.2 Marangoni Convection	379	(3)
8.2.3 Diffusion Convection	382	(6)
8.3 Hydrodynamic Instabilities	388	(7)
8.3.1 Taylor Instability	388	(5)
8.3.2 Görtler Instability	393	(2)
8.4 Shear-Flow Instabilities	395	(32)
8.4.1 Boundary-Layer Flows	396	(7)
8.4.2 Tollmien-Schlichting and Cross-Flow Instabilities	403	(16)
8.4.3 Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability	419	(3)
8.4.4 Wake Flows	422	(5)
9. Convective Heat and Mass Transfer	427	(26)
9.1 Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer	427	(4)
9.1.1 Free and Forced Convection	427	(2)
9.1.2 Heat Conduction and Convection	429	(1)
9.1.3 Diffusion and Convection	430	(1)
9.2 Free Convection	431	(7)
9.2.1 Convection at a Vertical Plate	431	(6)
9.2.2 Convection at a Horizontal Cylinder	437	(1)
9.3 Forced Convection	438	(11)
9.3.1 Pipe Flows	438	(4)
9.3.2 Boundary-Layer Flows	442	(7)
9.3.3 Bodies in Flows	449	(1)
9.4 Heat and Mass Exchange	449	(4)
9.4.1 Mass Exchange at the Flat Plate	450	(3)
10. Multiphase Flows	453	(1)
10.1 Fundamentals of Multiphase Flows	453	(50)
10.1.1 Definitions	454	(3)
10.1.2 Flow Patterns	457	(1)
10.1.3 Flow Pattern Maps	457	(3)
10.2 Flow Models	460	(1)
10.2.1 The One-Dimensional Two-Fluid Model	461	(3)
10.2.2 Mixing Models	464	(2)
10.2.3 The Drift-Flow Model	466	(2)
10.2.4 Bubbles and Drops	468	(3)
10.2.5 Spray Flows	471	(3)
10.3 Pressure Loss and Volume Fraction in Hydraulic Components	474	(1)
10.3.1 Friction Loss in Horizontal Straight Pipes	475	(4)
10.3.2 Acceleration Losses	479	(4)
10.4 Propagation Velocity of Density Waves and Critical Mass Fluxes	483	(1)
10.4.1 Density Waves	483	(3)
10.4.2 Critical Mass Fluxes	486	(7)
10.4.3 Cavitation	493	(4)
10.5 Instabilities in Two-Phase Flows	497	(6)
11. Reactive Flows	503	(1)
11.1 Fundamentals of Reactive Flows	503	(68)
11.1.1 Rate Laws and Reaction Orders	503	(1)
11.1.2 Relation Between Forward and Reverse Reactions	504	(1)
11.1.3 Elementary Reactions and Reaction Molecularity	505	(3)
11.1.4 Temperature Dependence of Rate Coefficients	508	(2)
11.1.5 Pressure Dependence of Rate Coefficients	510	(2)
11.1.6 Characteristics of Reaction Mechanisms	512	(5)
11.2 Laminar Reactive Flows	517	(1)
11.2.1 Structure of Premixed Flames	517	(3)
11.2.2 Flame Velocity of Premixed Flames	520	(1)
11.2.3 Sensitivity Analysis	521	(2)
11.2.4 Nonpremixed Counterflow Flames	523	(2)
11.2.5 Nonpremixed Jet Flames	525	(1)
11.2.6 Nonpremixed Flames with Fast Chemistry	526	(1)
11.2.7 Exhaust Gas Cleaning with Plasma Sources	527	(3)
11.2.8 Flows in Etching Reactors	530	(1)
11.2.9 Heterogeneous Catalysis	531	(1)
11.3 Turbulent Reactive Flows	532	(1)
11.3.1 Overview and Concepts	532	(1)
11.3.2 Direct Numerical Simulation	533	(2)
11.3.3 Turbulence Models	535	(1)
11.3.4 Mean Reaction Rates	536	(6)
11.3.5 Eddy-Break-Up Models	542	(1)
11.3.6 Large-Eddy Simulation (LES)	542	(1)
11.3.7 Turbulent Nonpremixed Flames	543	(11)
11.3.8 Turbulent Prernixed Flames	554	(6)
11.4 Hypersonic Flows	560	(1)
11.4.1 Physical-Chemical Phenomena in Reentry Flight	560	(1)
11.4.2 Chemical Nonequilibrium	561	(3)
11.4.3 Thermal Nonequilibrium	564	(3)
11.4.4 Surface Reactions on Reentry Vehicles	567	(4)
12. Flows in the Atmosphere and in the Ocean	571	(1)
12.1 Fundamentals of Flows in the Atmosphere and in the Ocean	571	(44)
12.1.1 Introduction	571	(1)
12.1.2 Fundamental Equations in Rotating Systems	571	(3)
12.1.3 Geostrophic Flow	574	(2)
12.1.4 Vorticity	576	(3)
12.1.5 Ekman Layer	579	(3)
12.1.6 Prandtl Layer	582	(2)
12.2 Flows in the Atmosphere	584	(1)
12.2.1 Thermal Wind Systems	584	(4)
12.2.2 Thermal Convection	588	(2)
12.2.3 Gravity Waves	590	(2)
12.2.4 Vortices	592	(6)
12.2.5 Global Atmospheric Circulation	598	(2)
12.3 Flows in the Ocean	600	(1)
12.3.1 Wind-Driven Flows	601	(2)
12.3.2 Water Waves	603	(3)
12.4 Application to Atmospheric and Oceanic Flows	606	(1)
12.4.1 Weather Forecast	606	(2)
12.4.2 Greenhouse Effect and Climate Prediction	608	(4)
12.4.3 Ozone Hole	612	(3)
13. Biofluid Mechanics of Blood Circulation	615	(1)
13.1 Fundamentals of Biofluid Mechanics	615	(40)
13.1.1 Respiratory System	618	(2)
13.1.2 Blood Circulation	620	(5)
13.1.3 Rheology of the Blood	625	(1)
13.2 Flow in the Heart	626	(1)
13.2.1 Physiology and Anatomy of the Heart	627	(3)
13.2.2 Structure of the Heart	630	(4)
13.2.3 Excitation Physiology of the Heart	634	(3)
13.2.4 Flow in the Heart	637	(5)
13.2.5 Cardiac Valves	642	(3)
13.3 Flow in Blood Vessels	645	(4)
13.3.1 Unsteady Pipe Flow	649	(1)
13.3.2 Unsteady Arterial Flow	650	(3)
13.3.3 Arterial Branches	653	(2)
14. Thermal Turbomachinery	655	(1)
14.1 Fundamentals of Thermal Turbomachinery	655	(4)
14.2 Axial Compressor	659	(28)
14.2.1 Flow Coefficient, Pressure Coefficient, and Degree of Reaction	659	(4)
14.2.2 Method of Design	663	(3)
14.2.3 Subsonic Compressor	666	(2)
14.2.4 Transonic Compressor	668	(4)
14.3 Centrifugal Compressor	672	(1)
14.3.1 Flow Physics of the Centrifugal Compressor	672	(4)
14.3.2 Flow Coefficient, Pressure Coefficient, and Efficiency	676	(2)
14.3.3 Slip Factor	678	(1)
14.4 Combustion Chamber	679	(1)
14.4.1 Flow with Heat Transfer	679	(2)
14.4.2 Geometry of the Combustion Chamber	681	(1)
14.5 Turbine	682	(1)
14.5.1 Basics	682	(1)
14.5.2 Efficiency, Flow Coefficient, Work Coefficient, and Degree of Reaction	683	(1)
14.5.3 Impulse and Reaction Stage	684	(3)
Selected Bibliography	687	(28)
Index	715