Preconcentration Techniques for Natural and Treated Waters: High Sensitivity Determination of Organic and Organometallic Compounds, Cations and Anions

by Crompton; T R

• ISBN13: 9780415268110
• ISBN10: 0415268117
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-12-13
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Equipment used for the analysis of water is frequently insufficiently sensitive to be able to detect low concentrations of organic and inorganic substances present in samples. Applying preconcentration to the sample prior to analysis means the results gained are more accurate and can be used to report trends more effectively. Each chapter ofPreconcentration Techniques for Natural and Treated Watersdiscusses a different method of preconcentration and its application to cations, anions, organic substances, and organometallic compounds. Drawing together the recent world literature available on the subject, this book provides detailed discussion of the need for reducing detection limits in analytical chemistry and ways of achieving this aim. Throughout the book, emphasis is laid on providing practical experimental detail, facilitating further development of procedures. This book will be an invaluable reference for biologists, chemists, agriculturalists, toxicologists, oceanographers, andenvironmentalists dealing with the analysis of water in industry and academia.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxix
Introduction	1	(34)
Purity of reagents and detection limits	1	(5)
Pre-purification of reagents	6	(1)
Effect of pH	7	(2)
Effect of chelating agent--metal ratio	9	(1)
Matrix interference effects	9	(4)
Adsorption efficiency of solid adsorbents	13	(1)
Ion exchange resin theory	14	(6)
Coprecipitation techniques	20	(1)
Preconcentration of organics by direct solvent extraction	21	(9)
Theory of mutual solubility effects	22	(4)
Theory of partition coefficient effects	26	(4)
Preconcentration of organics by static headspace analysis	30	(1)
Preconcentration of organics by purge and trap analysis	31	(4)
References	34	(1)
Organics: Chelation--solvent extraction techniques	35	(3)
Organic compounds	35	(1)
Non saline waters	35	(1)
Amines	35	(1)
Organometallic compounds	35	(1)
Non saline waters	35	(1)
Organolead compounds	35	(1)
Organomercury compounds	36	(1)
Seawater	36	(2)
Organotin compounds	36	(1)
Organomercury compounds	36	(1)
References	37	(1)
Organics: Macroreticular non-polar resins	38	(59)
Organic compounds	38	(1)
XAD--1 resins	38	(1)
Sewage effluents	39	(1)
Chlorophyll, coprostanol	39	(1)
XAD--2 and XAD--4 resins	39	(44)
Non saline waters	39	(1)
General discussion	39	(13)
Applications of XAD resins	52	(1)
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons	52	(6)
Coprostanol	58	(1)
Non ionic surfactants	59	(3)
Organophosphorus insecticides	62	(5)
Organochlorine pesticides PCBs, organophosphorus pesticides, triazine herbicides, chlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicides and phthalate esters	67	(2)
Carbamate insecticides	69	(1)
Sulphur containing insecticides	70	(1)
Polychlorinated biphenyls	70	(1)
Polychlorodibenzo--p--dioxins and furans	70	(1)
Hydrocarbons	70	(1)
Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons	71	(1)
Haloforms	71	(1)
Chlorophenols and chloroamines	71	(1)
Carboxylic acids	71	(1)
Carbanilides	71	(1)
Cytokinins	72	(1)
Seawater	72	(1)
General discussion	72	(1)
Polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated insecticides	72	(2)
Organophosphorus insecticides	74	(1)
Chlorinated aliphatic compounds	74	(1)
Azarenes	74	(1)
Humic and fulvic acids	75	(1)
Sterols	75	(1)
Organosulphur compounds	75	(1)
Waste waters	76	(1)
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons	76	(1)
Potable waters	76	(1)
Haloforms and aliphatic chlorocompounds	76	(1)
Miscellaneous waters/miscellaneous organocompounds	76	(7)
Tenax GC	83	(7)
Organic compounds	84	(1)
Non saline waters	84	(1)
Semi-volatile organic compounds	84	(1)
Miscellaneous organic compounds	84	(1)
Seawater	84	(1)
Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine and organo-phosphorus insecticides	84	(2)
Potable water	86	(1)
Triazine herbicides	86	(1)
Waste waters	86	(1)
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons	86	(4)
Organometallic compounds	90	(1)
Tenax GC	90	(7)
Seawater	90	(1)
Organotin compounds	90	(1)
References	91	(6)
Organics: Cation exchange resins	97	(9)
Organic compounds	99	(1)
Non saline and other waters	99	(3)
Amino acids	99	(1)
Miscellaneous organic compounds	99	(3)
Seawater	102	(1)
Amino acids	102	(1)
Waste waters	102	(1)
Phenolic compounds	102	(1)
Chlorolignosulphonic acids	103	(1)
Alkyl ethoxylated sulphates	103	(1)
Organometallic compounds	103	(1)
Non saline waters	103	(1)
Organotin compounds	103	(1)
Seawater	103	(3)
Organoarsenic compounds	103	(1)
References	104	(2)
Organics: Anion exchange resins	106	(6)
Organic compounds	107	(1)
Non saline waters	107	(2)
Carboxylic acids	107	(1)
Nitriloacetic acid	107	(1)
Humic and fulvic acids	107	(2)
Aldicarb insecticide	109	(1)
Organophosphorus insecticides	109	(1)
α, α dichloropropionate 2,3,6 trichloro-benzoate, 2--methoxy 3,6--dichlorobenzoate and 2,4D	109	(1)
Seawater	109	(1)
Organophosphorus insecticides	109	(1)
Surface waters	110	(1)
Nitriloacetic acid	110	(1)
Potable water	110	(1)
Paraquat and Diaquat	110	(1)
Organometallic compounds	110	(1)
Non saline waters	110	(2)
Organomercury compounds	110	(1)
References	110	(2)
Organics: Organic and inorganic solid adsorbents and chelators	112	(16)
Sulphydryl cotton fibre	112	(1)
Non saline waters	112	(1)
Organomercury compounds	112	(1)
Cellulose acetate	113	(1)
Non saline waters	113	(1)
Chlorinated insecticides and PCBs	113	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	113	(1)
Cellulose	113	(1)
Non saline waters	113	(1)
Urea herbicides	113	(1)
Chromosorb W	113	(1)
Non saline waters	113	(1)
Polychlorobiphenyls	113	(1)
Chromosorb 105	113	(1)
Non saline waters	113	(1)
Phenols	113	(1)
Lipidex 5000	114	(1)
Non saline waters	114	(1)
Polychlorophenols	114	(1)
Support bonded silicones	114	(1)
Non saline waters	114	(1)
Organochlorine insecticides	114	(1)
Polytetrafluoroethylene (Chromosorb T)	114	(1)
Non saline waters	114	(1)
Linear alkyl benzene sulphonates	114	(1)
Polyethylene and polypropylene	115	(1)
Non saline waters	115	(1)
Chlorinated insecticides	115	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	115	(1)
Polysorb--1	115	(1)
Mineral waters	115	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	115	(1)
Poropak	116	(1)
Trade effluents	116	(1)
Nitro compounds	116	(1)
Carbopak B	116	(1)
Non saline waters	116	(1)
Volatile organics	116	(1)
Separalyte	116	(1)
Non saline waters	116	(1)
2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin	116	(1)
CN bonded SPE	117	(1)
Non saline waters	117	(1)
Chlorinated insecticides	117	(1)
Dowex in [Co(SCN)4]2- form	117	(1)
Non saline waters	117	(1)
Tween K100 and Tween 20	117	(1)
Glass beads	117	(1)
Non saline waters	117	(1)
Pentachloronitrobenzene and trichloroacetic acid	117	(1)
Graphite fluoride	117	(1)
Non saline waters	117	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	117	(1)
Cyclohexyl bonded phase resin	117	(1)
Groundwater	117	(1)
Creosote and pentachlorophenol	117	(1)
Apiezon L	118	(1)
Non saline waters	118	(1)
Dimethylbenzene	118	(1)
Silicic acid	118	(1)
Non saline waters	118	(1)
Phenols	118	(1)
Surface and coastal waters	118	(1)
Chlorinated insecticides	118	(1)
Potassium aluminium silicate	118	(2)
Non saline waters	118	(1)
Phenyl urea herbicides	118	(1)
Mineral, animal and vegetable oils	119	(1)
Potable waters	119	(1)
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons	119	(1)
Aldehydes	119	(1)
Molecular sieves	120	(1)
Non saline waters	120	(1)
Mineral, animal and vegetable oils	120	(1)
Carbograph--4	120	(1)
Non saline waters	120	(1)
Polar organic compounds	120	(1)
Potable waters	120	(1)
Urea based herbicides	120	(1)
Thermotrap TA	121	(1)
Non saline waters	121	(1)
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons	121	(1)
Silica gel modified cellulose	121	(1)
Non saline waters	121	(1)
Phenols	121	(1)
C8 reversed phase adsorbent	122	(1)
Non saline waters	122	(1)
Chlorinated insecticides and polychlorobiphenyls	122	(1)
Hydroxygraphite	122	(1)
Non saline waters	122	(1)
Nucleic acids	122	(1)
Silver foil	122	(1)
Non saline waters	122	(1)
Organomercury compounds	122	(1)
Dithiocarbamate resin	122	(1)
Non saline waters	122	(1)
Organomercury compounds	122	(1)
Calcite	123	(1)
Seawater	123	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	123	(1)
Miscellaneous adsorbents	123	(5)
Miscellaneous waters	123	(2)
References	125	(3)
Organics: Preconcentration on polymers and copolymer adsorbents	128	(6)
1,4 di(methacrylolyoxymethyl) naphthalene--divinylbenzene copolymer	128	(1)
Non saline waters	128	(1)
Chlorophenols	128	(1)
Styrene--divinylbenzene copolymer	128	(1)
Non saline waters	128	(1)
Hydrocarbons and phthalate esters	128	(1)
Phenols	129	(1)
Humic acids	129	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	129	(1)
Acrylonitrile--divinylbenzene copolymers	129	(1)
Non saline waters	129	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	129	(1)
Polymethacrylic ester	129	(1)
Non saline waters	129	(1)
Aromatic bases	129	(1)
Vinyl pyridine--2--vinyl benzene copolymer	130	(1)
Non saline waters	130	(1)
Phenols	130	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	130	(1)
N-vinyl--2--pyrrolidone	130	(1)
Non saline water	130	(1)
Phenols	130	(1)
Vinyldithiocarbamate	130	(1)
Non saline waters	130	(1)
Organomercury compounds	130	(1)
Wofatit Y--77	131	(1)
Non saline waters	131	(1)
Miscellaneous insecticides and herbicides	131	(1)
Miscellaneous adsorbents	132	(2)
Non saline waters	132	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	132	(1)
References	132	(2)
Organics: Polyurethane foam adsorbent	134	(9)
Organic compounds	134	(1)
Non saline waters	134	(7)
Aliphatic hydrocarbons	134	(2)
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons	136	(5)
Potable waters	141	(1)
Polychlorobiphenyls	141	(1)
Organometallic compounds	141	(1)
Non saline waters	141	(2)
Organomercury compounds	141	(1)
References	142	(1)
Organics: Covalently bonded octadecyl silica gel adsorbent	143	(9)
Organic compounds	143	(1)
Non saline waters	143	(4)
Aromatic hydrocarbons	143	(1)
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons	143	(1)
Phenols	143	(1)
Surfactants	143	(1)
Volatile organic compounds	144	(1)
Chlorophenols	144	(1)
Aliphatic diamines	144	(1)
Polychlorobiphenyls	144	(1)
Chlorinated insecticides	145	(1)
Miscellaneous insecticides and herbicides	145	(2)
Methylisoborneol	147	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	147	(1)
Ground waters	147	(1)
Organochlorine insecticides	147	(1)
Seawater	147	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	147	(1)
Potable water	147	(1)
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons	147	(1)
2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin	147	(1)
Wastewaters	148	(1)
Phenols	148	(1)
Sewage effluents	148	(1)
Alkylbenzene sulphonates	148	(1)
Trade effluents	148	(1)
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons	148	(1)
Organometallic compounds	149	(1)
Rain	149	(1)
Alkyllead compounds	149	(1)
Non saline waters	149	(1)
Alkyltin compounds	149	(1)
Sewage sludge	149	(3)
Alkyltin compounds	149	(1)
References	149	(3)
Organics: Active carbon adsorbent	152	(11)
Active carbon filters	152	(7)
Non saline waters	152	(1)
Phenols	152	(1)
Alkylbenzene sulphonates	152	(1)
Chlorinated insecticides	153	(2)
Polychlorobiphenyls, polychloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychloro-dibenzofurans and chlorinated insecticides	155	(1)
Chlorophenols	156	(1)
Humic and fulvic acids	156	(1)
Nitrosamines	156	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	156	(1)
Seawater	157	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	157	(1)
Potable water	158	(1)
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons	158	(1)
Chlorinated hydrocarbons	158	(1)
Anionic surfactants	159	(1)
Haloforms	159	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	159	(1)
Graphitised carbon black	159	(4)
Non saline waters	159	(1)
Phenols	159	(1)
Non ionic surfactants	159	(1)
Chlorophenols	160	(1)
Insecticides and herbicides	160	(1)
References	160	(3)
Organics: Coprecipitation techniques	163	(3)
Organic compounds	163	(1)
Ferric hydroxide coprecipitation	163	(1)
Non saline waters	163	(1)
Phenols	163	(1)
Humic acid	163	(1)
Seawater	163	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	163	(1)
Zirconium hydroxide and iron hydroxide coprecipitation	164	(1)
Seawater	164	(1)
Amino acids	164	(1)
Barium sulphate coprecipitation	164	(1)
Organic compounds	164	(1)
Non saline waters	164	(1)
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons	164	(1)
Organometallic compounds	164	(1)
Organolead compounds	164	(1)
Magnesium hydroxide	165	(1)
Non saline waters	165	(1)
Polyaromatic compounds and polychlorobiphenyls	165	(1)
References	165	(1)
Organics: On-line and off-line preconcentration methods	166	(5)
Organic compounds	167	(1)
On-line methods	167	(2)
Non saline waters	167	(1)
Aromatic sulphonates	167	(1)
Aminophenols and chloroanilines	167	(1)
US Environmental Protection Agency priority pollutants	167	(1)
Insecticides and herbicides	167	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	167	(2)
Organometallic compounds	169	(1)
Non saline waters	169	(1)
Organomercury compounds	169	(1)
Off-line methods	169	(2)
Non saline waters	169	(1)
Herbicides	169	(1)
References	169	(2)
Organics: Solvent extraction methods	171	(35)
Non saline waters	171	(22)
Organic compounds	171	(1)
General discussion	171	(8)
Aliphatic hydrocarbons	179	(1)
Aromatic hydrocarbons	179	(1)
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons	180	(1)
Phenols	181	(1)
Anionic surfactants	181	(1)
Carboxylic acids	181	(1)
Chlorinated hydrocarbons	181	(4)
Chlorophenols	185	(1)
Polychlorobiphenyls	186	(3)
Haloforms	189	(1)
Chlorinated insecticides	190	(1)
α Bendo--sulphan	190	(1)
Vapona	190	(1)
Trichlorpyr	190	(1)
Dichlorvos	190	(1)
Dieldrin	190	(1)
Phosphoric acid esters	190	(1)
Organophosphorus insecticides	191	(1)
Carbamate type herbicides	191	(1)
Phenoxyacetic acid type herbicides	191	(1)
Triazine type herbicides	191	(1)
Substituted urea type herbicides	191	(1)
Miscellaneous herbicides	191	(1)
Nitrosamines	191	(1)
Non ionic surfactants	191	(1)
Chloroanisoles	191	(1)
Pyrethrins	192	(1)
Amines	192	(1)
Siloxanes	192	(1)
Vegetable oils	192	(1)
Linear alkylbenzene sulphonates	192	(1)
Geosmin	192	(1)
Squoxin	192	(1)
Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid	192	(1)
Nitrophenols	192	(1)
Volatile organics	192	(1)
Organometallic compounds	192	(1)
Organomercury compounds	192	(1)
Organotin compounds	193	(1)
Organolead compounds	193	(1)
Seawater	193	(5)
Organic compounds	193	(1)
Sampling techniques	193	(2)
Aliphatic hydrocarbons	195	(1)
Halogenated hydrocarbons	196	(1)
Chlorinated insecticides	196	(1)
Aminoacids	196	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	196	(1)
Organometallic compounds	197	(1)
Organomercury compounds	197	(1)
Organotin compounds	198	(1)
Potable waters	198	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	198	(1)
Waste waters	198	(8)
Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons	198	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	198	(1)
References	198	(8)
Organics: Supercritical fluid extraction	206	(6)
Non saline waters	206	(2)
General discussion	206	(1)
Petroleum hydrocarbons	207	(1)
Non ionic surfactants	207	(1)
Polychlorobiphenyls	207	(1)
Polychlorobiphenyls, polychloro dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans	207	(1)
Organochlorine insecticides	208	(1)
Explosives	208	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	208	(1)
Organometallic compounds	208	(1)
Organotin compounds	208	(1)
Soils	208	(1)
General discussion	208	(1)
Gasoline hydrocarbons	209	(1)
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons	209	(1)
Polychlorobiphenyls	209	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	209	(1)
Sediments	209	(1)
Fatty acids	209	(1)
Polychlorobiphenyls	210	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	210	(1)
Sewage	210	(2)
Hydrocarbons and phenols	210	(1)
Cationic surfactants	210	(1)
References	210	(2)
Organics: Static headspace analysis	212	(31)
Non saline waters	213	(14)
Aliphatic hydrocarbons	217	(4)
Aromatic hydrocarbons	221	(2)
Halogenated aliphatic compounds	223	(3)
Tetrahydrothiophen	226	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	227	(1)
Seawater	227	(1)
Aliphatic hydrocarbons	227	(1)
Aromatic hydrocarbons	227	(1)
Trichlorofluoromethane and dichlorodifluoro-methane	227	(1)
Alcohols, ketones and aldehydes	227	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	228	(1)
Rainwater	228	(1)
Haloforms	228	(1)
Trifluoroacetic acid	229	(1)
Haloforms	229	(1)
Groundwater	229	(1)
Chloroaliphatic hydrocarbons and haloforms	229	(1)
Potable water	230	(6)
Haloforms and aliphatic halogen compounds	230	(3)
Miscellaneous organics	233	(3)
Wastewaters	236	(1)
Aliphatic hydrocarbons	236	(1)
Chlorinated hydrocarbons	236	(1)
Miscellaneous volatiles	237	(1)
Trade effluents	237	(1)
Chlorinated hydrocarbons	237	(1)
Haloforms	237	(1)
Soils	237	(1)
Phenols	237	(1)
Miscellaneous volatiles	237	(1)
Closed loop headspace analysis	238	(5)
Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons	238	(1)
Bromoalkanes and chloroalkanes	238	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	239	(1)
References	239	(4)
Organics: Dynamic headspace purge and trap analysis	243	(40)
Non saline waters	243	(23)
General discussion	243	(6)
Aliphatic hydrocarbons	249	(8)
Aromatic hydrocarbons	257	(1)
Alicyclic hydrocarbons	257	(1)
Dioxane, 2--butanone, 4--methyl pentanone and butoxyethanol	257	(1)
Acetic acid	258	(1)
Dioxane	258	(1)
Aldehydes	258	(1)
Odour components (2 methyl isoborneol, 2,3,6 trichloroanisole and geosmin)	258	(1)
Haloforms	258	(1)
Chloroalkanes	259	(4)
Organosulphur compounds	263	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	264	(1)
Organomercury compounds	265	(1)
Seawater	266	(3)
Aliphatic hydrocarbons	266	(1)
Aldehydes and ketones	267	(1)
Aliphatic chloro compounds	267	(1)
Chlorinated insecticides and polychloro-biphenyls	268	(1)
Closed loop analysis	268	(1)
Potable waters	269	(6)
Aldehydes	269	(1)
Chloroaliphatic hydrocarbons	269	(1)
Haloforms	270	(4)
Miscellaneous organics	274	(1)
Ground waters	275	(1)
Chloroaliphatics	275	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	276	(1)
Waste waters	276	(1)
Aliphatic hydrocarbons	276	(1)
Trade effluents	277	(1)
Aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons	277	(1)
Landfill waters	277	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	277	(1)
Soil	277	(1)
Gasoline hydrocarbons	277	(1)
Closed loop dynamic headspace analysis	277	(6)
Miscellaneous organics	277	(1)
References	278	(5)
Organics: Other preconcentration techniques	283	(14)
Organic compounds	283	(1)
Electrolytic methods	283	(1)
Seawater	283	(1)
Hydrocarbons	283	(1)
Cryogenic methods	284	(2)
Non saline waters	284	(1)
Miscellaneous organics	284	(2)
Seawater	286	(1)
Organophosphorus compounds	286	(1)
Amino acids	286	(1)
Froth flotation methods	286	(2)
Non saline methods	286	(2)
Evaporation/distillation methods	288	(1)
Non saline waters	288	(1)
Osmosis	288	(5)
Non saline water	288	(5)
Seawater	293	(1)
Dialysis	293	(1)
Non saline waters	293	(1)
Semipermeable membranes	294	(1)
Non saline water	294	(1)
Organometallic compounds	294	(1)
Electrolyte methods	294	(3)
Non saline waters	294	(1)
Organomercury compounds	294	(1)
References	294	(3)
Rationale, preconcentration of organic and organometallic compounds	297	(32)
Detection limits achievable for organic and organometallic compounds	329	(15)
Non saline waters	329	(12)
Methods based on adsorption on non polar macroreticular resins, organic and inorganic solids and solid polymers	329	(10)
Methods based on adsorption on polyurethane foam	339	(1)
Methods based on adsorption on octadecyl silica gel	339	(1)
Methods based on adsorption on active carbon	340	(1)
Adsorption on to cation and anion exchange resins	340	(1)
Solvent extraction methods	340	(1)
Static headspace analysis	340	(1)
Dynamic headspace analysis	340	(1)
Chelation--solvent extraction	341	(1)
Seawater	341	(1)
Adsorption on non polar macroreticular resins, organic and inorganic solids and solid polymers	341	(1)
Solvent extraction	341	(1)
Static headspace analysis	341	(1)
Dynamic headspace analysis	341	(1)
Chelation--solvent extraction	342	(1)
Potable waters	342	(2)
Adsorption on non polar macroreticular resins, organic and inorganic solids and solid polymers	342	(1)
Adsorption on octadecyl--silica gel	342	(1)
Solvent extraction	342	(1)
Static headspace analysis	342	(1)
Dynamic headspace analysis	342	(2)
Cations: Chelation--solvent extraction techniques	344	(63)
Non saline waters	345	(28)
Dithiocarbamic acid derivatives	345	(13)
Dithizone	358	(1)
Diantipyrylmethane	359	(2)
Thenoyltrifluoroacetone	361	(1)
Other chelating agents	361	(6)
Volatile metal chelates suitable for gas chromatography	367	(1)
Comparison of chelating agents	368	(5)
Seawaters	373	(22)
Dithiocarbamaic acid derivatives	374	(13)
Dithizone	387	(1)
8-Hydroxyquinoline	388	(2)
Dimethylglyoxime	390	(1)
4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol	391	(1)
Nitrosophenols	392	(1)
Pyrocatechol violet	392	(1)
Volatile metal chelates suitable for gas chromatography	393	(2)
Estuary waters	395	(1)
Dithiocarbamic acid derivatives	395	(1)
Carboxylated polyethylenemine--polymethylene phenylene isocyanate	396	(1)
Potable waters	396	(3)
Dithiocarbamic acid derivatives	396	(3)
Sewage effluents	399	(1)
Trade effluents	399	(8)
References	399	(8)
Cations: Adsorption on immobilised chelators	407	(21)
Non saline waters	407	(5)
Silica and glass beads	407	(1)
Silica immobilised 8-hydroxy-quinoline	408	(1)
Silica immobilised miscellaneous chelating agents	408	(1)
Immobilised C18 bonded silica	409	(1)
Immobilised glass beads	410	(2)
Other immobilised glass bead chelates	412	(1)
Other immobilised chelators	412	(1)
Seawater	412	(12)
Silica immobilised chelator	412	(4)
Immobilised C18 bonded silica	416	(1)
XAD resin immobilised chelator	417	(3)
Chromosorb immobilised chelator	420	(1)
Polyethylene immobilised chelator	420	(1)
Cellulose immobilised chelator	421	(3)
Miscellaneous immobilised chelators	424	(1)
Groundwaters	424	(1)
Waste waters	424	(4)
References	424	(4)
Cations: Adsorption on solid non chelating adsorbents	428	(15)
Non saline waters	428	(6)
XAD--2 and XAD--4 non polar resins	428	(1)
Polyurethane resins	429	(1)
Cellulose and modified cellulose	430	(3)
C18 bonded silica	433	(1)
Other non chelating solid adsorbents	433	(1)
Seawater	434	(3)
C18 bonded silica	434	(1)
XAD resins	435	(1)
Polyacrylamidoxime resin	436	(1)
Miscellaneous solid non chelating adsorbents	437	(1)
Estuary waters	437	(2)
Chelex--100	437	(2)
Potable waters	439	(1)
Polystyrene supported poly(maleic anhydride) resin	439	(1)
8--quinolinol supported on poly(chloro-trifluoroethylene) resin	439	(1)
Chitosan	440	(1)
Effluents	440	(1)
Ground and surface waters	440	(3)
References	440	(3)
Cations: Adsorption on active carbon	443	(6)
Non saline waters	443	(2)
Atomic adsorption spectrometry	443	(1)
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry	444	(1)
Neutron activation analysis	444	(1)
X-ray fluorescence spectrometry	444	(1)
Seawater	445	(4)
Neutron activation analysis	445	(3)
References	448	(1)
Cations: Adsorption on anion exchange resins	449	(17)
Introduction	449	(4)
Non saline waters	453	(1)
Atomic absorption spectrometry	453	(1)
Other analytical finishes	454	(1)
Seawater	454	(8)
Spectrophotometric methods	454	(5)
Atomic absorption spectrometry	459	(1)
Neutron activation analysis	460	(2)
Potable water	462	(1)
Atomic absorption spectrometry	462	(1)
Sewage effluents	463	(3)
References	463	(3)
Cations: Adsorption on cation exchange resins	466	(28)
Introduction	466	(2)
Non saline waters	468	(9)
Miscellaneous cation exchange resins	468	(1)
Atomic absorption spectrometry	468	(2)
Neutron activation analysis	470	(1)
X-ray fluorescence spectrometry	470	(1)
Other analytical finishes	471	(1)
Aminodiacetate resins, Chelex--100	471	(1)
Atomic absorption spectrometry	471	(4)
Neutron activation analysis	475	(1)
X-ray fluorescence spectrometry	475	(1)
Anodic scanning voltammetry	475	(1)
Macroreticular polyacrylic acid and SM--7 ester resin	475	(2)
Seawater	477	(12)
Miscellaneous	477	(1)
Imido diacetate resins, Chelex--100	478	(1)
Atomic absorption spectrometry	479	(4)
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry	483	(1)
Stable isotope dilution spark source mass spectrometry	483	(2)
Flame photometry	485	(1)
Neutron activation analysis	486	(1)
γ ray spectrometry	486	(2)
Anodic stripping voltammetry	488	(1)
Potable water	489	(1)
Sewage effluents	490	(4)
References	491	(3)
Cations: Adsorption on metal oxides and metals	494	(8)
Non saline waters	494	(2)
Manganese dioxide	494	(1)
Titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, alumina and hydrated ferric oxide	495	(1)
Gold, silver and copper	495	(1)
Lead sulphide	496	(1)
Magnesium oxide	496	(1)
Seawater	496	(4)
Manganese dioxide	496	(1)
Manganese dioxide fibres	497	(1)
Barium sulphate	498	(1)
Gold	499	(1)
Potable water	500	(1)
Gold	500	(1)
Ground water	500	(2)
Manganese dioxide fibres	500	(1)
References	500	(2)
Cations: Inorganic coprecipitation techniques	502	(21)
Non saline waters	502	(5)
Ferric hydroxide	502	(3)
Zirconium hydroxide	505	(1)
Hafnium hydroxide	505	(2)
Lead phosphate and lead sulphate	507	(1)
Barium sulphate	507	(1)
Miscellaneous inorganic coprecipitating agents	507	(1)
Seawater	507	(10)
Ferric hydroxide	507	(6)
Indium hydroxide	513	(1)
Zirconium hydroxide	513	(1)
Calcium carbonate	514	(1)
Caesium chloride	514	(1)
Gallium hydroxide	515	(1)
Lead phosphate and sulphate	515	(2)
Other inorganic coprecipitating agents	517	(1)
Estuary waters	517	(1)
Potable waters	517	(6)
References	519	(4)
Cations: Organic coprecipitation techniques	523	(10)
Non saline waters	523	(6)
Dithiocarbamic acid derivatives	523	(4)
8-hydroxyquinoline	527	(2)
Other organic coprecipitants	529	(1)
Seawater	529	(2)
Dithiocarbamic acid derivatives	529	(1)
1,10 phenanthroline/tetraphenylboron	529	(2)
1(--2-pyridylazo)--2 naphthol	531	(1)
5,7-dibromo--8-hydroxyquinoline	531	(1)
Potable water	531	(2)
Tri(pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate cobalt(III))	531	(1)
References	531	(2)
Cations: Miscellaneous preconcentration methods	533	(31)
Non saline waters	533	(17)
Electrolytic methods	533	(5)
Dialysis and osmosis	538	(1)
Solvent sublation	539	(3)
Direct evaporation	542	(4)
Freeze drying	546	(1)
Aspiration methods	547	(1)
Cocrystallisation	547	(1)
Reductive precipitation	547	(1)
Flotation methods	547	(1)
Gas evolution methods	548	(2)
Seawater	550	(10)
Electrolytic methods	550	(6)
Freeze drying	556	(1)
Flotation methods	557	(1)
Gas evolution methods	558	(2)
Potable water	560	(1)
Ground water	560	(1)
Freeze drying	560	(1)
Waste water	560	(1)
Electrolytic methods	560	(1)
Sewage effluents	561	(3)
Dialysis	561	(1)
References	561	(3)
Preconcentration of multication mixtures	564	(37)
References	594	(7)
Cations: On-line preconcentration techniques	601	(13)
Flow injection analysis methods	601	(11)
Seawater	601	(9)
Non saline waters	610	(1)
Potable water	610	(2)
On-line adsorption on solids and desorption	612	(1)
Miscellaneous on-line methods	612	(2)
References	612	(2)
Rationale, preconcentration of cations	614	(33)
Detection limits achievable for cations	647	(11)
Preconcentration methods	647	(1)
Analytical finishes	648	(10)
Atomic absorption spectrometry	648	(1)
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry	648	(1)
X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy	648	(7)
Neutron activation analysis	655	(3)
Anions: Chelation-solvent extraction techniques	658	(11)
Non saline waters	658	(9)
Antimonate, trivalent antimony, arsenate and trivalent arsenic	658	(1)
Chromate and dichromate	659	(1)
Halides	659	(1)
Orthophosphate	660	(7)
Silicate	667	(1)
Seawater	667	(1)
Antimonate, trivalent antimony, arsenate, arsenite and trivalent arsenic	667	(1)
Halides	667	(1)
Trade effluents	667	(2)
Thiosulphate	667	(1)
References	667	(2)
Anions: Adsorption on solids	669	(4)
Sephadex C18 bonded silica	669	(1)
Non saline waters	669	(1)
Borate	669	(1)
Chromate	669	(1)
Polyurethane foam	669	(1)
Non saline waters	669	(1)
Chromate	669	(1)
Iodide	670	(1)
Phosphate	670	(1)
Active carbon	670	(1)
Non saline waters	670	(1)
Phosphate	670	(1)
Selenate and selenite	670	(1)
Cellulose derivatives	671	(1)
Non saline water	671	(1)
Phosphate	671	(1)
Selenate and selenite	671	(1)
Immobilised diphenyl carbazone	671	(2)
Seawater	671	(1)
Chromate	671	(1)
References	672	(1)
Anions: Adsorption on ion exchange resins	673	(4)
Anion exchange resins	673	(3)
Non saline waters	673	(1)
Borate	673	(1)
Chromate	673	(1)
Halides	674	(1)
Molybdate	674	(1)
Phosphate	674	(1)
Selenite	675	(1)
Sulphide	675	(1)
Seawater	675	(1)
Molybdate	675	(1)
Rhenate	675	(1)
Cation exchange resins	676	(1)
Non saline waters	676	(1)
Selenate, arsenate, molybdate, vanadate, tungstate and chromate	676	(1)
References	676	(1)
Anions: Adsorption on metal oxides	677	(2)
Alumina	677	(1)
Non saline waters	677	(1)
Chromate	677	(1)
Mercapto modified silica gel	677	(1)
Non saline waters	677	(1)
Arsenite	677	(1)
Cadmium exchanged zeolites	678	(1)
Non saline water	678	(1)
Sulphide	678	(1)
References	678	(1)
Anions: Coprecipitation procedures	679	(6)
Ferric hydroxide	679	(2)
Non saline waters	679	(1)
Chromate	679	(1)
Phosphate and arsenate	679	(1)
Seawater	680	(1)
Chromate	680	(1)
Alumina	681	(1)
Non saline waters	681	(1)
Phosphate	681	(1)
Barium sulphate	681	(1)
Non saline waters	681	(1)
Chromate and dichromate	681	(1)
Bismuth oxide	681	(4)
Seawater	681	(1)
Chromate	681	(2)
Molybdate	683	(1)
References	683	(2)
Anions: Miscellaneous preconcentration procedures	685	(3)
Electrochemical method	685	(1)
Non saline waters	685	(1)
Sulphide	685	(1)
Solvent sublation	685	(1)
Non saline waters	685	(1)
Iodide	685	(1)
Ion flotation	685	(1)
Non saline water	685	(1)
Chromate	685	(1)
Phosphate	686	(1)
Colloid flotation	686	(1)
Non saline waters	686	(1)
Molybdate	686	(1)
Gas diffusion methods	687	(1)
Non saline waters	687	(1)
Sulphide	687	(1)
Miscellaneous	687	(1)
Potable waters	687	(1)
Chromate	687	(1)
References	687	(1)
Rationale, preconcentration of anions	688	(5)
Appendix	693	(2)
Index	695