Preparing For The Biology AP EXAM: With Biology

by Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B.

• ISBN13: 9780536731562
• ISBN10: 053673156X
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-01-08
• Publisher: Pearson

Table of Contents

About Your Pearson Text Plus Test AP Guide	vii
Part I: Introduction to the AP Biology Examination	1	(2)
The Advanced Placement Program	3	(4)
Why Take an AP Course?	3	(1)
Taking an AP Examination	4	(1)
AP Biology: Course Goals	5	(2)
Molecules and Cells	5	(1)
Chemistry of Life	5	(1)
Cells	6	(1)
Cellular Energetics	6	(1)
Heredity and Evolution	6	(1)
Heredity	6	(1)
Molecular Genetics	6	(1)
Evolutionary Biology	6	(1)
Organisms and Populations	6	(1)
Diversity of Organisms	6	(1)
Structure and Function of Plants and Animals	6	(1)
Ecology	6	(1)
Understanding the AP Biology Examination	7	(5)
Section I: Multiple-Choice Questions	7	(4)
Factual Questions	7	(1)
``Reverse'' Multiple-Choice Questions	8	(1)
Conceptual-Thematic Questions	9	(1)
Matching Questions	9	(1)
Lab-Based or Experimental Questions	10	(1)
Section II: Free-Response Questions	11	(1)
Grading Procedures for the AP Biology Examination	12	(1)
Section I: Multiple-Choice Questions	12	(1)
Section II: Free-Response Questions	12	(1)
Test-Taking Strategies for the AP Biology Examination	13	(6)
Section I: Strategies for Multiple-Choice Questions	16	(1)
Section II: Strategies for Free-Response Questions	17	(2)
AP Topic Correlation to Campbell and Reece Biology	19	(8)
Part II: Topical Review with Sample Questions and Answers and Explanations	27	(182)
The Chemistry of Life	29	(14)
The Chemical Context of Life: Chemical Elements and Compounds	29	(1)
Atoms and Molecules	29	(1)
Water and the Fitness of the Environment: The Effects of Water's Polarity	30	(1)
The Dissociation of Water Molecules	31	(1)
The Structure and Function of Macromolecules: Polymer Principles	31	(1)
Carbohydrates---Fuel and Building Material	31	(1)
Lipids---Diverse Hydrophobic Molecules	32	(1)
Proteins---Many Structures, Many Functions	33	(1)
Nucleic Acids---Informational Polymers	34	(1)
An Introduction To Metabolism	35	(1)
Metabolism, Energy, and Life	35	(1)
Enzymes	36	(7)
For Additional Review	36	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	37	(2)
Free-Response Question	39	(1)
Answers and Explanations	39	(4)
The Cell	43	(30)
A Tour of the Cell: How We Study Cells	43	(1)
A Panoramic View of the Cell	43	(1)
The Nucleus and Ribosomes, the Endomembrane System, Other Membranous Organelles, and the Cytoskeleton	44	(3)
Membrane Structure and Function	47	(2)
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy	49	(1)
Principles of Energy Harvest	49	(1)
The Process of Cellular Respiration	50	(3)
Oxidative Phosphorylation and Chemiosmosis	53	(1)
Related Metabolic Processes	54	(1)
Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis in Nature	54	(1)
The Pathways of Photosynthesis	55	(1)
The Light Reactions	55	(1)
The Calvin Cycle	56	(3)
The Cell Cycle: The Key Roles of Cell Division	59	(1)
The Mitotic Cell Cycle and Mitosis	59	(2)
Regulation of the Cell Cycle	61	(12)
For Additional Review	61	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	62	(4)
Free-Response Question	66	(1)
Answers and Explanations	66	(7)
Genetics	73	(34)
Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles: An Introduction to Heredity	73	(1)
The Role of Meiosis in Sexual Life Cycles	73	(1)
Meiosis Reduces Chromosome Number from Diploid to Haploid	74	(1)
Origins of Genetic Variation	75	(1)
Mendel and the Gene Idea	76	(1)
Gregor Mendel's Discoveries	76	(3)
Extending Mendelian Genetics	79	(1)
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans	79	(1)
The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance: Relating Mendelism to Chromosomes	80	(7)
Sex Chromosomes	87	(1)
Errors and Exceptions in Chromosomal Inheritance	87
The Molecular Basis of Inheritance: DNA as the Genetic Material	82	(1)
DNA Replication and Repair	83	(2)
From Gene to Protein: The Connection Between Genes and Proteins	85	(1)
The Synthesis and Processing of RNA	85	(1)
The Synthesis of Protein	86	(2)
Mutations	88	(1)
Microbial Models: The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria	88	(1)
The Organization and Control of Eukaryotic Genomes: Eukaryotic Chromatin Structure and Genome Organization at the DNA Level	89	(1)
The Control of Gene Expression	89	(1)
The Molecular Biology of Cancer	90	(1)
DNA Technology and Genomics: DNA Cloning	90	(1)
DNA Analysis and Genomics	91	(1)
Practical Applications of DNA Technology	91	(16)
For Additional Review	92	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	92	(8)
Free-Response Question	100	(1)
Answers and Explanations	100	(7)
Mechanisms of Evolution	107	(16)
Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life: The Historical Context for Evolutionary Theory	107	(1)
The Darwinian Revolution	107	(1)
The Evolution of Populations: Population Genetics	108	(1)
Causes of Microevolution	109	(1)
Genetic Variation, the Substrate for Natural Selection	110	(1)
The Origin of Species: What Is a Species?	110	(1)
Modes of Speciation	111	(1)
From Speciation to Macroevolution	111	(1)
Phylogeny and Systematics: The Fossil Record and Geologic Time	112	(2)
Systematics: Connecting Classification to Phylogeny	114	(9)
For Additional Review	116	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	116	(2)
Free-Response Question	118	(1)
Answers and Explanations	119	(4)
The Evolutionary History of Biological Diversity	123	(26)
Early Earth and the Origin of Life: Introduction to the History of Life	123	(1)
The Origin of Life	124	(1)
The Major Lineages of Life	124	(1)
Prokaryotes and the Origins of Metabolic Diversity: The World of Prokaryotes	125	(1)
The Structure, Function, and Reproduction of Prokaryotes	125	(1)
Nutritional and Metabolic Diversity	125	(1)
A Survey of Prokaryotic Diversity	126	(1)
The Ecological Impact of Prokaryotes	127	(1)
The Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity: Introduction to the Protists	127	(1)
The Origins and Early Diversification of Eukaryotes	127	(1)
A Sample of Protistan Diversity	128	(1)
Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land: An Overview of Land Plant Evolution	128	(1)
Bryophytes	129	(1)
Pteridophytes: Seedless Vascular Plants	129	(1)
Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants: Overview of Seed Plant Evolution	129	(1)
Gymnosperms	130	(1)
Angiosperms	130	(1)
Fungi: Introduction to the Fungi	131	(1)
Diversity of Fungi	132	(1)
Introduction to Animal Evolution: What Is an Animal?	132	(1)
Two Views of Animal Diversity	132	(1)
The Origins of Animal Diversity	133	(1)
Invertebrates	133	(3)
Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity: Invertebrate Chordates and the Origin of Vertebrates	136	(1)
Introduction to the Vertebrates	137	(1)
Jawless Vertebrates	138	(1)
Fishes and Amphibians	138	(1)
Amniotes	138	(1)
Reptiles	138	(1)
Birds	139	(1)
Mammals	139	(1)
Primates and the Evolution of Homo sapiens	139	(10)
For Additional Review	139	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	140	(4)
Free-Response Question	144	(1)
Answers and Explanations	144	(5)
Plant Form and Function	149	(18)
Plant Structure and Growth: The Plant Body	149	(1)
The Process of Plant Growth and Development	150	(1)
Mechanisms of Plant Growth and Development	151	(1)
Transport in Plants: An Overview of Transport Mechanisms in Plants	151	(1)
Absorption of Water and Minerals by Roots	151	(1)
Transport of Xylem Sap	152	(1)
The Control of Transpiration	152	(1)
Translocation of Phloem Sap	152	(1)
Plant Nutrition: Nutritional Requirements of Plants	152	(1)
The Role of Soil in Plant Nutrition	152	(1)
The Special Case of Nitrogen as a Plant Nutrient	153	(1)
Nutritional Adaptations: Parasitism and Predation by Plants	153	(1)
Plant Reproduction and Biotechnology: Sexual Reproduction	153	(3)
Asexual Reproduction	156	(1)
Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals: Plant Responses to Hormones	156	(1)
Plant Responses to Light	157	(1)
Plant Responses to Environmental Stimuli Other than Light	158	(1)
Plant Defense: Responses to Herbivores and Pathogens	158	(9)
For Additional Review	158	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	159	(3)
Free-Response Question	162	(1)
Answers and Explanations	162	(5)
Animal Form and Function	167	(30)
An Introduction to Animal Structure and Function: Functional Anatomy: An Overview	167	(1)
Regulating the Internal Environment	167	(1)
Introduction to the Bioenergetics of Animals	167	(1)
Animal Nutrition: Nutritional Requirements	168	(1)
Food Types and Feeding Mechanisms	168	(1)
Overview of Food Processing	168	(1)
The Mammalian Digestive System	169	(2)
Circulation and Gas Exchange: Circulation in Animals	171	(2)
Regulation of the Heartbeat	173	(1)
The Lymphatic System and Blood	173	(1)
Gas Exchange in Animals	173	(1)
The Body's Defenses: Nonspecific Defenses Against Infection	174	(1)
How Specific Immunity Arises	174	(1)
Regulating the Internal Environment: An Overview of Homeostasis	175	(1)
Water Balance and Waste Disposal	175	(1)
Excretory Systems	176	(1)
Chemical Signals in Animals	177	(1)
An Introduction to Regulatory Systems	178	(1)
Chemical Signals and Their Modes of Action	178	(1)
The Vertebrate Endocrine System	178	(1)
Animal Reproduction: Overview of Animal Reproduction	178	(1)
Mechanisms of Sexual Reproduction	179	(1)
Mammalian Reproduction	179	(1)
Animal Development: The Stages of Early Embryonic Development	180	(1)
Nervous Systems: An Overview of Nervous Systems	181	(1)
The Nature of Nerve Signals	181	(1)
Vertebrate Nervous Systems	182	(1)
Sensory and Motor Mechanisms: Introduction to Sensory Reception	182	(1)
Photoreceptors and Vision	182	(1)
Hearing and Equilibrium	183	(1)
Chemoreception---Taste and Smell	183	(1)
Movement and Locomotion	183	(14)
For Additional Review	184	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	184	(5)
Free-Response Question	189	(1)
Answers and Explanations	189	(8)
Ecology	197	(12)
An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere: The Scope of Ecology	197	(1)
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms	197	(1)
Aquatic and Terrestrial Biomes	197	(2)
Behavioral Biology: Introduction to Behavior and Behavioral Ecology	199	(1)
Learning	199	(1)
Animal Cognition	199	(1)
Social Behavior and Sociobiology	199	(1)
Population Ecology: Characteristics of Populations	200	(1)
Population Growth and Population-Limiting Factors	200	(1)
Community Ecology: What Is a Community?	200	(1)
Interspecific Interactions and Community Structure	200	(1)
Disturbance and Community Structure	201	(1)
Biogeographic Factors Affecting the Biodiversity of Communities	201	(1)
Ecosystems: The Ecosystem Approach to Ecology	201	(1)
The Cycling of Chemical Elements in Ecosystems	201	(1)
Human Impact on Ecosystems and the Biosphere	202	(7)
For Additional Review	202	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	202	(3)
Free-Response Question	205	(1)
Answers and Explanations	205	(4)
Part III: Sample Tests with Answers and Explanations	209
Sample Test One	211
Sample Test Two	245