Prescott, Harley, Klein's Microbiology

by Willey, Joanne M.; Sherwood, Linda M.; Woolverton, Christopher J.

• ISBN13: 9780073302089
• ISBN10: 0073302082
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-01-12
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math

Summary

Available with Prescott, Harley, and Klein's Microbiology, Seventh Edition, are more than 150 animations to harness the visual impact of microbiology processes in motion. These animations can be found on the ARIS Presentation Center at aris.mhhe.com. Since you control the action, these 3-D clips make great review and study tools! Each animation includes five questions to test your understanding of the concepts. Instructors can also import the animations into classroom presentations or online course materials! Book jacket.

Table of Contents

About the Authors	p. xi
Preface	p. xii
Introduction to Microbiology
The History and Scope of Microbiology	p. 1
Members of the Microbial World	p. 1
The Discovery of Microorganisms	p. 3
The Conflict over Spontaneous Generation	p. 6
The Golden Age of Microbiology	p. 8
The Scientific Method	p. 10
Koch's Molecular Postulates	p. 11
The Development of Industrial Microbiology and Microbial Ecology	p. 12
The Scope and Relevance of Microbiology	p. 13
The Future of Microbiology	p. 14
The Study of Microbial Structure: Microscopy and Specimen Preparation	p. 17
Lenses and the Bending of Light	p. 17
The Light Microscope	p. 18
Preparation and Staining of Specimens	p. 25
Electron Microscopy	p. 28
Newer Techniques in Microscopy	p. 31
Procaryotic Cell Structure and Function	p. 39
An Overview of Procaryotic Cell Structure	p. 39
Procaryotic Cell Membranes	p. 42
Monstrous Microbes	p. 43
The Cytoplasmic Matrix	p. 48
Living Magnets	p. 51
The Nucleoid	p. 52
Plasmids	p. 53
The Bacterial Cell Wall	p. 55
Archaeal Cell Walls	p. 62
Protein Secretion in Procaryotes	p. 63
Components External to the Cell Wall	p. 65
Chemotaxis	p. 71
The Bacterial Endospore	p. 73
Eucaryotic Cell Structure and Function	p. 79
An Overview of Eucaryotic Cell Structure	p. 79
The Plasma Membrane and Membrane Structure	p. 81
The Cytoplasmic Matrix, Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments, and Microtubules	p. 83
Getting Around	p. 84
Organelles of the Biosynthetic-Secretory and Endocytic Pathways	p. 84
Eucaryotic Ribosomes	p. 88
Mitochondria	p. 88
Chloroplasts	p. 90
The Origin of the Eucaryotic Cell	p. 91
The Nucleus and Cell Division	p. 91
External Cell Coverings	p. 94
Cilia and Flagella	p. 95
Comparison of Procaryotic and Eucaryotic Cells	p. 96
Microbial Nutrition, Growth, and Control
Microbial Nutrition	p. 101
The Common Nutrient Requirements	p. 101
Requirements for Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Electrons	p. 102
Nutritional Types of Microorganisms	p. 102
Requirements for Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur	p. 104
Growth Factors	p. 105
Uptake of Nutrients by the Cell	p. 105
Culture Media	p. 110
The Discovery of Agar as a Solidifying Agent and the Isolation of Pure Cultures	p. 112
Isolation of Pure Cultures	p. 113
The Enrichment and isolation of Pure Cultures	p. 116
Microbial Growth	p. 119
The Procaryotic Cell Cycle	p. 119
The Growth Curve	p. 123
Measurement of Microbial Growth	p. 128
The Continuous Culture of Microorganisms	p. 131
The Influence of Environmental Factors on Growth	p. 132
Life Above 100[degree]C	p. 138
Microbial Growth in Natural Environments	p. 142
Control of Microorganisms by Physical and Chemical Agents	p. 149
Definitions of Frequently Used Terms	p. 149
Safety in the Microbiology Laboratory	p. 150
The Pattern of Microbial Death	p. 151
Conditions Influencing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Agents	p. 152
The Use of Physical Methods in Control	p. 153
The Use of Chemical Agents in Control	p. 158
Universal Precautions for Microbiology Laboratories	p. 160
Evaluation of Antimicrobial Agent Effectiveness	p. 164
Microbial Metabolism
Metabolism: Energy, Enzymes, and Regulation	p. 167
An Overview of Metabolism	p. 167
Energy and Work	p. 169
The Laws of Thermodynamics	p. 169
Free Energy and Reactions	p. 170
The Role of ATP in Metabolism	p. 171
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions, Electron Carriers, and Electron Transport Systems	p. 172
Enzymes	p. 174
The Nature and Significance of Metabolic Regulation	p. 180
Metabolic Channeling	p. 180
Control of Enzyme Activity	p. 181
Metabolism: Energy Release and Conservation	p. 191
Chemoorganotrophic Fueling Processes	p. 191
Aerobic Respiration	p. 193
The Breakdown of Glucose to Pyruvate	p. 194
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle	p. 198
Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation	p. 200
Anaerobic Respiration	p. 205
Fermentations	p. 207
Microbiology and World War I	p. 210
Catabolism of Carbohydrates and Intracellular Reserve Polymers	p. 210
Lipid Catabolism	p. 211
Protein and Amino Acid Catabolism	p. 212
Chemolithotrophy	p. 212
Phototrophy	p. 214
Acid Mine Drainage	p. 215
Metabolism: The Use of Energy in Biosynthesis	p. 225
Principles Governing Biosynthesis	p. 226
The Precursor Metabolites	p. 227
The Fixation of CO[subscript 2] by Autotrophs	p. 228
Synthesis of Sugars and Polysaccharides	p. 230
Synthesis of Amino Acids	p. 235
Synthesis of Purines, Pyrimidines, and Nucleotides	p. 241
Lipid Synthesis	p. 242
Microbial Molecular Biology and Genetics
Microbial Genetics: Gene Structure, Replication, and Expression	p. 247
The Elucidation of DNA Structure	p. 248
DNA as Genetic Material	p. 249
The Flow of Genetic Information	p. 251
Nucleic Acid Structure	p. 252
DNA Replication	p. 253
Gene Structure	p. 264
Transcription	p. 268
Catalytic RNA (Ribozymes)	p. 268
The Genetic Code	p. 275
Translation	p. 276
Microbial Genetics: Regulation of Gene Expression	p. 291
Levels of Regulation of Gene Expression	p. 292
Regulation of Transcription Initiation	p. 293
The Discovery of Gene Regulation	p. 294
Regulation of Transcription Elongation	p. 302
Regulation at the Level of Translation	p. 305
Global Regulatory Systems	p. 307
Regulation of Gene Expression in Eucarya and Archaea	p. 313
Microbial Genetics: Mechanisms of Genetic Variation	p. 317
Mutations and Their Chemical Basis	p. 317
Detection and Isolation of Mutants	p. 324
DNA Repair	p. 326
Creating Genetic Variability	p. 329
Transposable Elements	p. 332
Bacterial Plasmids	p. 334
Bacterial Conjugation	p. 337
DNA Transformation	p. 342
Transduction	p. 345
Mapping the Genome	p. 349
Recombination and Genome Mapping in Viruses	p. 350
DNA Technology and Genomics
Recombinant DNA Technology	p. 357
Historical Perspectives	p. 357
Synthetic DNA	p. 361
The Polymerase Chain Reaction	p. 362
Gel Electrophoresis	p. 366
Cloning Vectors and Creating Recombinant DNA	p. 366
Construction of Genomic Libraries	p. 370
Inserting Recombinant DNA into Host Cells	p. 371
Expressing Foreign Genes in Host Cells	p. 371
Visualizing Proteins with Green Fluorescence	p. 374
Applications of Genetic Engineering	p. 375
Plant Tumors and Nature's Genetic Engineer	p. 378
Social Impact of Recombinant DNA Technology	p. 380
Microbial Genomics	p. 383
Introduction	p. 383
Determining DNA Sequences	p. 384
Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing	p. 384
Bioinformatics	p. 388
Functional Genomics	p. 388
Comparative Genomics	p. 391
Proteomics	p. 393
Insights from Microbial Genomes	p. 395
Environmental Genomics	p. 402
The Viruses
The Viruses: Introduction and General Characteristics	p. 407
Early Development of Virology	p. 407
Disease and the Early Colonization of America	p. 408
General Properties of Viruses	p. 409
The Structure of Viruses	p. 409
Virus Reproduction	p. 417
The Cultivation of Viruses	p. 417
Virus Purification and Assays	p. 419
Principles of Virus Taxonomy	p. 423
The Origin of Viruses	p. 423
The Viruses: Viruses of Bacteria and Archaea	p. 427
Classification of Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses	p. 428
Virulent Double-Stranded DNA Phages	p. 428
Host-Independent Growth of an Archaeal Virus	p. 429
Single-Stranded DNA Phages	p. 436
RNA Phages	p. 437
Temperate Bacteriophages and Lysogeny	p. 438
Bacteriophage Genomes	p. 444
The Viruses: Eucaryotic Viruses and Other Acellular Infectious Agents	p. 447
Taxonomy of Eucaryotic Viruses	p. 447
Reproduction of Vertebrate Viruses	p. 448
SARS: Evolution of a Virus	p. 451
Constructing a Virus	p. 458
Cytocidal Infections and Cell Damage	p. 459
Persistent, Latent, and Slow Virus Infections	p. 461
Viruses and Cancer	p. 461
Plant Viruses	p. 463
Viruses of Fungi and Protists	p. 466
Insect Viruses	p. 466
Viroids and Virusoids	p. 467
Prions	p. 468
The Diversity ofthe Microbial World
Microbial Evolution, Taxonomy, and Diversity	p. 471
Microbial Evolution	p. 471
Introduction to Microbial Classification and Taxonomy	p. 477
Taxonomic Ranks	p. 480
Techniques for Determining Microbial Taxonomy and Phylogeny	p. 481
Assessing Microbial Phylogeny	p. 488
The Major Divisions of Life	p. 489
Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology	p. 493
"Official" Nomenclature Lists-A Letter from Bergey's	p. 494
A Survey of Procaryotic Phylogeny and Diversity	p. 494
The Archaea	p. 503
Introduction to the Archaea	p. 503
Phylum Crenarchaeota	p. 507
Phylum Euryarchaeota	p. 508
Archaeal Phylogeny: More Than Just the Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota?	p. 511
Methanotrophic Archaea	p. 513
Bacteria: The Deinococci and Nonproteobacteria Gram Negatives	p. 519
Aquificae and Thermotogae	p. 519
Deinococcus-Thermus	p. 520
Photosynthetic Bacteria	p. 520
The Mechanism of Gliding Motility	p. 527
Phylum Planctomycetes	p. 530
Phylum Chlamydiae	p. 531
Phylum Spirochaetes	p. 532
Phylum Bacteroidetes	p. 534
Bacteria: The Proteobacteria	p. 539
Class Alphaproteobacteria	p. 540
Class Betaproteobacteria	p. 546
Class Gammaproteobacteria	p. 551
Bacterial Bioluminescence	p. 559
Class Deltaproteobacteria	p. 562
Class Epsilonproteobacteria	p. 567
Bacteria: The Low G + C Gram Positives	p. 571
General Introduction	p. 571
Class Mollicutes (The Mycoplasmas)	p. 571
Peptidoglycan and Endospore Structure	p. 572
Spores in Space	p. 576
Class Clostridia	p. 576
Class Bacilli	p. 578
Bacteria: The High G + C Gram Positives	p. 589
General Properties of the Actinomycetes	p. 589
Suborder Actinomycineae	p. 593
Suborder Micrococcineae	p. 593
Suborder Corynebacterineae	p. 595
Suborder Micromonosporineae	p. 597
Suborder Propionibacterineae	p. 598
Suborder Streptomycineae	p. 598
Suborder Streptosporangineae	p. 602
Suborder Frankineae	p. 602
Order Bifidobacteriales	p. 602
The Protists	p. 605
Distribution	p. 606
Nutrition	p. 606
Morphology	p. 607
Encystment and Excystment	p. 608
Reproduction	p. 608
Protist Classification	p. 609
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)	p. 621
Practical Importance of Diatoms	p. 624
The Fungi (Eumycota)	p. 629
Distribution	p. 630
Importance	p. 630
Structure	p. 631
Nutrition and Metabolism	p. 632
Reproduction	p. 632
Characteristics of the Fungal Divisions	p. 635
Ecology and Symbiosis
Biogeochemical Cycling and Introductory Microbial Ecology	p. 643
Foundations in Microbial Diversity and Ecology	p. 643
Microbial Ecology Versus Environmental Microbiology	p. 644
Biogeochemical Cycling	p. 644
The Physical Environment	p. 653
Microbial Ecology and Its Methods: An Overview	p. 659
Thermophilic Microorganisms and Modern Biotechnology	p. 660
Microorganisms in Marine and Freshwater Environments	p. 667
Marine and Freshwater Environments	p. 667
New Agents in Medicine-The Sea as the New Frontier	p. 668
Microbial Adaptations to Marine and Freshwater Environments	p. 671
Microorganisms in Marine Environments	p. 673
Microorganisms in Freshwater Environments	p. 682
Microorganisms in Terrestrial Environments	p. 687
Soils as an Environment for Microorganisms	p. 687
Soils, Plants, and Nutrients	p. 689
An Unintended Global-Scale Nitrogen Experiment	p. 691
Microorganisms in the Soil Environment	p. 692
Microorganisms and the Formation of Different Soils	p. 693
Microorganism Associations with Vascular Plants	p. 696
Mycorrhizae and the Evolution of Vascular Plants	p. 697
Soil Microorganisms and the Atmosphere	p. 708
Soils, Termites, Intestinal Microbes, and Atmospheric Methane	p. 709
Keeping Inside Air Fresh with Soil Microorganisms	p. 710
The Subsurface Biosphere	p. 711
Soil Microorganisms and Human Health	p. 713
Microbial Interactions	p. 717
Microbial Interactions	p. 717
Wolbachia pipientis: The World's Most Infectious Microbe? 720
Coevolution of Animals and Their Gut Microbial Communities	p. 725
Human-Microbe Interactions	p. 734
Normal Microbiota of the Human Body	p. 735
Probiotics for Humans and Animals	p. 739
Nonspecific (Innate) Resistance and the Immune Response
Nonspecific (Innate) Host Resistance	p. 743
Overview of Host Resistance	p. 743
Cells, Tissues, and Organs of the Immune System	p. 744
Phagocytosis	p. 752
Inflammation	p. 756
Physical Barriers in Nonspecific (Innate) Resistance	p. 758
Chemical Mediators in Nonspecific (Innate) Resistance	p. 762
Specific (Adaptive) Immunity	p. 773
Overview of Specific (Adaptive) Immunity	p. 774
Antigens	p. 774
Types of Specific (Adaptive) Immunity	p. 776
Recognition of Foreignness	p. 778
Donor Selection for Tissue or Organ Transplants	p. 779
T Cell Biology	p. 781
B Cell Biology	p. 786
Antibodies	p. 789
Action of Antibodies	p. 799
Monoclonal Antibody Technology	p. 800
Summary: The Role of Antibodies and Lymphocytes in Immune Defense	p. 802
Acquired Immune Tolerance	p. 802
Immune Disorders	p. 803
Microbial Diseases and Their Control
Pathogenicity of Microorganisms	p. 815
Host-Parasite Relationships	p. 815
Pathogenesis of Viral Diseases	p. 818
Overview of Bacterial Pathogenesis	p. 820
Toxigenicity	p. 824
Detection and Removal of Endotoxins	p. 830
Host Defense Against Microbial Invasion	p. 830
Microbial Mechanisms for Escaping Host Defenses	p. 832
Antimicrobial Chemotherapy	p. 835
The Development of Chemotherapy	p. 835
The Use of Antibiotics in Microbiological Research	p. 837
General Characteristics of Antimicrobial Drugs	p. 837
Determining the Level of Antimicrobial Activity	p. 840
Antibacterial Drugs	p. 841
Factors Influencing Antimicrobial Drug Effectiveness	p. 849
Drug Resistance	p. 849
Antibiotic Misuse and Drug Resistance	p. 850
Antifungal Drugs	p. 854
Antiviral Drugs	p. 855
Antiprotozoan Drugs	p. 856
Clinical Microbiology and Immunology	p. 859
Specimens	p. 859
Standard Microbial Practices	p. 861
Identification of Microorganisms from Specimens	p. 864
Biosensors: The Future Is Now	p. 871
Clinical Immunology	p. 875
History and Importance of Serotyping	p. 876
Susceptibility Testing	p. 882
Computers in Clinical Microbiology	p. 882
The Epidemiology of Infectious Disease	p. 885
Epidemiological Terminology	p. 886
John Snow-The First Epidemiologist	p. 886
Measuring Frequency: The Epidemiologist's Tools	p. 887
Recognition of an Infectious Disease in a Population	p. 888
"Typhoid Mary"	p. 889
Recognition of an Epidemic	p. 889
The Infectious Disease Cycle: Story of a Disease	p. 891
The First Indications of Person-to-Person Spread of an Infectious Disease	p. 896
Virulence and the Mode of Transmission	p. 897
Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases and Pathogens	p. 897
Control of Epidemics	p. 900
The First Immunizations	p. 902
Bioterrorism Preparedness	p. 905
1346-The First Recorded Biological Warfare Attack	p. 905
Global Travel and Health Considerations	p. 907
Nosocomial Infections	p. 908
Human Diseases Caused by Viruses and Prions	p. 913
Airborne Diseases	p. 914
Reye's and Guillain-Barre Syndromes	p. 918
Arthropod-Borne Diseases	p. 922
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers-A Microbial History Lesson	p. 923
Direct Contact Diseases	p. 925
Food-Borne and Waterborne Diseases	p. 939
A Brief History of Polio	p. 941
Zoonotic Diseases	p. 941
Prion Diseases	p. 944
Human Diseases Caused by Bacteria	p. 947
Airborne Diseases	p. 948
Arthropod-Borne Diseases	p. 960
The Hazards of Microbiological Research	p. 960
Direct Contact Diseases	p. 964
Biofilms	p. 969
Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococci	p. 972
A Brief History of Syphilis	p. 974
Food-Borne and Waterborne Diseases	p. 979
Clostridial Toxins as Therapeutic Agents-Benefits of Nature's Most Toxic Proteins	p. 983
Sepsis and Septic Shock	p. 987
Zoonotic Diseases	p. 987
Dental Infections	p. 991
Human Diseases Caused by Fungi and Protists	p. 997
Pathogenic Fungi and Protists	p. 997
Airborne Diseases	p. 999
Arthropod-Borne Diseases	p. 1001
A Brief History of Malaria	p. 1002
Direct Contact Diseases	p. 1008
Food-Borne and Waterborne Diseases	p. 1012
Opportunistic Diseases	p. 1016
The Emergence of Candidiasis	p. 1018
Food and Industrial Microbiology
Microbiology of Food	p. 1023
Microorganism Growth in Foods	p. 1024
Microbial Growth and Food Spoilage	p. 1026
Controlling Food Spoilage	p. 1028
An Army Travels on Its Stomach	p. 1030
Food-Borne Diseases	p. 1032
Typhoid Fever and Canned Meat	p. 1033
Detection of Food-Borne Pathogens	p. 1035
Microbiology of Fermented Foods	p. 1036
Chocolate: The Sweet Side of Fermentation	p. 1037
Starter Cultures, Bacteriophage Infections, and Plasmids	p. 1039
Microorganisms as Foods and Food Amendments	p. 1046
Applied and Industrial Microbiology	p. 1049
Water Purification and Sanitary Analysis	p. 1050
Waterborne Diseases, Water Supplies, and Slow Sand Filtration	p. 1051
Wastewater Treatment	p. 1054
Microorganisms Used in Industrial Microbiology	p. 1060
The Potential of Thermophilic Archaea in Biotechnology	p. 1061
Microorganism Growth in Controlled Environments	p. 1064
Major Products of Industrial Microbiology	p. 1070
Biodegradation and Bioremediation by Natural Communities	p. 1075
Methanogens-A New Role for a Unique Microbial Group	p. 1078
Bioaugmentation	p. 1080
A Fungus with a Voracious Appetite	p. 1081
Microbes As Products	p. 1082
Streptavidin-Biotin Binding and Biotechnology	p. 1084
Impacts of Microbial Biotechnology	p. 1086
A Review of the Chemistry of Biological Molecules	p. A-1
Common Metabolic Pathways	p. A-13
Glossary	p. G-1
Credits	p. C-1
Index	p. I-1
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