Prestressed Concrete : A Fundamental Approach

by Nawy, Edward G.

• ISBN13: 9780131497597
• ISBN10: 0131497596
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Completely revised to reflect the new ACI 318-05 Building Code and International Building Code, IBC 2000 and its 2002 modifications, this popular book offers a unique approach to examining the design of prestressed concrete members in a logical, step-by-step trial and adjustment procedure. Integrates handy flow charts to help readers better understand the steps needed for design and analysis. Includes a revised chapter containing the latest ACI and AASHTO Provisions on the design of post-tensioned beam end anchorage blocks using the strut-and-tie approach in conformity with ACI 318-05 Code. Offers a new complete section with two extensive design examples using the strut-and-tie approach for the design of corbels and deep beams. Features an addition to the elastic method of design, with comprehensive design examples on LRFD and Standard AASHTO designs of bridge deck members for flexure, shear and torsion, conforming to the latest AASHTO 2003 specifications. Includes a revised chapter on slender columns, including a simplified load-contour biaxial bending method which is easier to apply in desiign, using moments rather than loads in the reciprocal approach. A useful construction reference for engineers.

Author Biography

Edward G. Nawy is a distinguished professor with the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Basic Concepts	1	(30)
Introduction	1	(4)
Comparison with Reinforced Concrete	2	(2)
Economics of Prestressed Concrete	4	(1)
Historical Development of Prestressing	5	(2)
Basic Concepts of Prestressing	7	(12)
Introduction	7	(3)
Basic Concept Method	10	(2)
C-Line Method	12	(3)
Load-Balancing Method	15	(4)
Computation of Fiber Stresses in a Prestressed Beam by the Basic Method	19	(2)
C-Line Computation of Fiber Stresses	21	(1)
Load-Balancing Computation of Fiber Stresses	22	(1)
SI Working Stress Concepts	23	(8)
Selected References	28	(1)
Problems	28	(3)
Materials and Systems for Prestressing	31	(42)
Concrete	31	(5)
Introduction	31	(1)
Parameters Affecting the Quality of Concrete	31	(1)
Properties of Hardened Concrete	32	(4)
Stress-Strain Curve of Concrete	36	(1)
Modulus of Elasticity and Change in Compressive Strength with Time	36	(7)
High-Strength Concrete	38	(1)
Initial Compressive Strength and Modulus	39	(4)
Creep	43	(5)
Effects of Creep	45	(1)
Rheological Models	45	(3)
Shrinkage	48	(2)
Nonprestressing Reinforcement	50	(3)
Prestressing Reinforcement	53	(6)
Types of Reinforcement	53	(1)
Stress-Relieved and Low-Relaxation Wires and Strands	54	(1)
High-Tensile-Strength Prestressing Bars	55	(1)
Steel Relaxation	56	(2)
Corrosion and Deterioration of Strands	58	(1)
ACI Maximum Permissible Stresses in Concrete and Reinforcement	59	(1)
Concrete Stresses in Flexure	59	(1)
Prestressing Steel Stresses	59	(1)
AASHTO Maximum Permissible Stresses in Concrete and Reinforcement	60	(1)
Concrete Stresses before Creep and Shrinkage Losses	60	(1)
Concrete Stresses at Service Load after Losses	60	(1)
Prestressing Steel Stresses	60	(1)
Relative Humidity Values	60	(1)
Prestressing Systems and Anchorages	61	(9)
Pretensioning	61	(1)
Post-Tensioning	62	(1)
Jacking Systems	63	(1)
Grouting of Post-Tensioned Tendons	64	(6)
Circular Prestressing	70	(1)
Ten Principles	70	(3)
Selected References	70	(3)
Partial Loss of Prestress	73	(33)
Introduction	73	(2)
Elastic Shortening of Concrete (ES)	75	(3)
Pretensioned Elements	75	(3)
Post-Tensioned Elements	78	(1)
Steel Stress Relaxation (R)	78	(2)
Relaxation Loss Computation	80	(1)
ACI-ASCE Method of Accounting for Relaxation Loss	80	(1)
Creep Loss (CR)	80	(3)
Computation of Creep Loss	82	(1)
Shrinkage Loss (SH)	83	(2)
Computation of Shrinkage Loss	84	(1)
Losses Due to Friction (F)	85	(3)
Curvature Effect	85	(1)
Wobble Effect	86	(1)
Computation of Friction Loss	87	(1)
Anchorage-Seating Losses (A)	88	(2)
Computation of Anchorage-Seating Loss	89	(1)
Change of Prestress Due to Bending of a Member (ΔfpB)	90	(1)
Step-by-Step Computation of All Time-Dependent Losses in a Pre-Tension Beam	90	(6)
Step-by-Step Computation of All Time-Dependent Losses in a Post-Tension Beam	96	(3)
Lump-Sum Computation of Time-Dependent Losses in Prestress	99	(1)
SI Prestress Loss Expressions	100	(6)
SI Prestress Loss Example	101	(3)
Selected References	104	(1)
Problems	104	(2)
Flexural Design of Prestressed Concrete Elements	106	(117)
Introduction	106	(2)
Selection of Geometrical Properties of Section Components	108	(7)
General Guidelines	108	(1)
Minimum Section Modulus	108	(7)
Service-Load Design Examples	115	(13)
Variable Tendon Eccentricity	115	(7)
Variable Tendon Eccentricity with No Height Limitation	122	(4)
Constant Tendon Eccentricity	126	(2)
Proper Selection of Beam Sections and Properties	128	(11)
General Guidelines	128	(2)
Gross Area, the Transformed Section, and the Presence of Ducts	130	(1)
Envelopes for Tendon Placement	130	(1)
Advantages of Curved or Harped Tendons	131	(1)
Limiting-Eccentricity Envelopes	132	(4)
Prestressing Tendon Envelopes	136	(2)
Reduction of Prestress Force Near Supports	138	(1)
End Blocks at Support Anchorage Zones	139	(19)
Stress Distribution	139	(2)
Development and Transfer Length in Pretensioned Members and Design of Their Anchorage Reinforcement	141	(3)
Post-Tensioned Anchorage Zones: Linear Elastic and Strut-and-Tie Theories	144	(9)
Design of End Anchorage Reinforcement for Post-Tensioned Beams	153	(5)
Flexural Design of Composite Beams	158	(4)
Unshored Slab Case	159	(2)
Fully Shored Slab Case	161	(1)
Effective Flange Width	161	(1)
Summary of Step-by-Step Trial-and-Adjustment Procedure for the Service-Load Design of Prestressed Members	162	(3)
Design of Composite Post-Tensioned Prestressed Simply Supported Section	165	(13)
Ultimate-Strength Flexural Design	178	(3)
Cracking-Load Moment	178	(1)
Partial Prestressing	179	(1)
Cracking Moment Evaluation	180	(1)
Load and Strength Factors	181	(3)
Reliability and Structural Safety of Concrete Components	181	(3)
ACI Load Factors and Safety Margins	184	(4)
General Principles	184	(1)
ACI Load Factors Equations	185	(2)
Design Strength vs. Nominal Strength: Strength-Reduction Factor φ	187	(1)
Limit State in Flexure at Ultimate Load in Bonded Members: Decompression to Ultimate Load	188	(14)
Introduction	188	(1)
The Equivalent Rectangular Block and Nominal Moment Strength	189	(2)
Strain Limits Method for Analysis and Design	191	(2)
Negative Moment Redistribution in Continuous Beams	193	(9)
Preliminary Ultimate-Load Design	202	(2)
Summary Step-by-Step Procedure for Limit at Failure Design of the Prestressed Members	204	(5)
Ultimate Strength Design of Prestressed Simply Supported Beam by Strain Compatibility	209	(3)
Strength Design of Bonded Prestressed Simply Supported Beam Using Approximate Procedures	212	(4)
SI Flexural Design Expression	216	(7)
SI Flexural Design of Prestressed Beams	218	(2)
Selected References	220	(1)
Problems	221	(2)
Shear and Torsional Strength Design	223	(117)
Introduction	223	(1)
Behavior of Homogeneous Beams in Shear	224	(3)
Behavior of Concrete Beams as Nonhomogeneous Sections	227	(1)
Concrete Beams without Diagonal Tension Reinforcement	228	(4)
Modes of Failure of Beams without Diagonal Tension Reinforcement	229	(1)
Flexural Failure [F]	229	(1)
Diagonal Tension Failure [Flexural Shear, FS]	229	(2)
Shear Compression Failure [Web Shear, WS]	231	(1)
Shear and Principal Stresses in Prestressed Beams	232	(6)
Flexure-Shear Strength [Vci]	233	(3)
Web-Shear Strength [Vcw]	236	(1)
Controlling Values of Vci and Vcw for the Determination of Web Concrete Strength Vc	237	(1)
Web-Shear Reinforcement	238	(4)
Web Steel Planar Truss Analogy	238	(1)
Web Steel Resistance	238	(3)
Limitation on Size and Spacing of Stirrups	241	(1)
Horizontal Shear Strength in Composite Construction	242	(4)
Service-Load Level	242	(1)
Ultimate-Load Level	243	(2)
Design of Composite-Action Dowel Reinforcement	245	(1)
Web Reinforcement Design Procedure for Shear	246	(3)
Principal Tensile Stresses in Flanged Sections and Design of Dowel-Action Vertical Steel in Composite Sections	249	(1)
Dowel Steel Design for Composite Action	250	(1)
Dowel Reinforcement Design for Composite Action in an Inverted T-Beam	251	(2)
Shear Strength and Web-Shear Steel Design in a Prestressed Beam	253	(3)
Web-Shear Steel Design by Detailed Procedures	256	(3)
Design of Web Reinforcement for a PCI Double T-Beam	259	(4)
Brackets and Corbels	263	(15)
Shear Friction Hypothesis for Shear Transfer in Corbels	264	(2)
Horizontal External Force Effect	266	(3)
Sequence of Corbel Design Steps	269	(1)
Design of a Bracket or Corbel	270	(2)
SI Expressions for Shear in Prestressed Concrete Beams	272	(2)
SI Shear Design of Prestressed Beams	274	(4)
Torsional Behavior and Strength	278	(6)
Introduction	278	(1)
Pure Torsion in Plain Concrete Elements	279	(5)
Torsion in Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Elements	284	(20)
Skew-Bending Theory	285	(2)
Space Truss Analogy Theory	287	(2)
Compression Field Theory	289	(4)
Plasticity Equilibrium Truss Theory	293	(5)
Design of Prestressed Concrete Beams Subjected to Combined Torsion, Shear, and Bending in Accordance with the ACI 318-05 Code	298	(5)
SI-Metric Expressions for Torsion Equations	303	(1)
Design Procedure for Combined Torsion and Shear	304	(4)
Design of Web Reinforcement for Combined Torsion and Shear in Prestressed Beams	308	(9)
Strut-and-Tie Model Analysis and Design of Concrete Elements	317	(14)
Introduction	317	(1)
Strut-and-Tie Mechanism	318	(3)
ACI Design Requirements	321	(3)
Example 5.10: Design of Deep Beam by Strut-and-Tie Method	324	(4)
Example 5.11: Design of Corbel by the Strut-and-Tie Method	328	(3)
SI Combined Torsion and Shear Design of Prestressed Beam	331	(9)
Selected References	335	(1)
Problems	336	(4)
Indeterminate Prestressed Concrete Structures	340	(78)
Introduction	340	(1)
Disadvantages of Continuity in Prestressing	341	(1)
Tendon Layout for Continuous Beams	341	(3)
Elastic Analysis for Prestress Continuity	344	(3)
Introduction	344	(1)
Support Displacement Method	344	(3)
Equivalent Load Method	347	(1)
Examples Involving Continuity	347	(7)
Effect of Continuity on Transformation of C-Line for Draped Tendons	347	(5)
Effect of Continuity on Transformation of C-Line for Harped Tendons	352	(2)
Linear Transformation and Concordance of Tendons	354	(4)
Verification of Tendon Linear Transformation Theorem	355	(3)
Concordance Hypotheses	358	(1)
Ultimate Strength and Limit State at Failure of Continuous Beams	358	(4)
General Considerations	358	(3)
Moment Redistribution	361	(1)
Tendon Profile Envelope and Modifications	362	(1)
Tendon and C-Line Location in Continuous Beams	362	(11)
Tendon Transformation to Utilize Advantages of Continuity	373	(5)
Design for Continuity Using Nonprestressed Steel at Support	378	(1)
Indeterminate Frames and Portals	379	(22)
General Properties	379	(3)
Forces and Moments in Portal Frames	382	(4)
Application to Prestressed Concrete Frames	386	(3)
Design of Prestressed Concrete Bonded Frame	389	(12)
Limit Design (Analysis) of Indeterminate Beams and Frames	401	(17)
Method of Imposed Rotations	402	(3)
Determination of Plastic Hinge Rotations in Continuous Beams	405	(3)
Rotational Capacity of Plastic Hinges	408	(3)
Calculation of Available Rotational Capacity	411	(1)
Check for Plastic Rotation Serviceability	412	(1)
Transverse Confining Reinforcement for Seismic Design	413	(1)
Selection of Confining Reinforcement	414	(1)
Selected References	415	(2)
Problems	417	(1)
Camber, Deflection, and Crack Control	418	(82)
Introduction	418	(1)
Basic Assumptions in Deflection Calculations	419	(1)
Short-Term (Instantaneous) Deflection of Uncracked and Cracked Members	420	(13)
Load-Deflection Relationship	420	(3)
Uncracked Sections	423	(4)
Cracked Sections	427	(6)
Short-Term Deflection at Service Load	433	(6)
Example 7.3 Non-Composite Uncracked Double T-Beam Deflection	433	(6)
Short-Term Deflection of Cracked Prestressed Beams	439	(1)
Short-Term Deflection of the Beam in Example 4.3 if Cracked	439	(1)
Construction of Moment-Curvature Diagram	440	(6)
Long-Term Effects on Deflection and Camber	446	(7)
PCI Multipliers Method	446	(2)
Incremental Time-Steps Method	448	(2)
Approximate Time-Steps Method	450	(2)
Computer Methods for Deflection Evaluation	452	(1)
Deflection of Composite Beams	452	(1)
Permissible Limits of Calculated Deflection	453	(1)
Long-Term Camber and Deflection Calculation by the PCI Multipliers Method	454	(4)
Long-Term Camber and Deflection Calculation by the Incremental Time-Steps Method	458	(11)
Long-Term Camber and Deflection Computation by the Approximate Time-Steps Method	469	(3)
Long-Term Deflection of Composite Double-T Cracked Beam	472	(7)
Cracking Behavior and Crack Control in Prestressed Beams	479	(6)
Introduction	479	(1)
Mathematical Model Formulation for Serviceability Evaluation	479	(1)
Expressions for Pretensioned Beams	480	(1)
Expressions for Post-Tensioned Beams	481	(2)
ACI New Code Provisions	483	(1)
Long-Term Effects on Crack-Width Development	484	(1)
Tolerable Crack Widths	485	(1)
Crack Width and Spacing Evaluation in Pretensioned T-Beam Without Mild Steel	485	(1)
Crack Width and Spacing Evaluation in Pretensioned T-Beam Containing Nonprestressed Steel	486	(1)
Crack Width and Spacing Evaluation in Pretensioned I-Beam Containing Nonprestressed Mild Steel	487	(1)
Crack Width and Spacing Evaluation for Post-tensioned T-Beam Containing Nonprestressed Steel	488	(2)
Crack Control by ACI Code Provisions	490	(1)
SI Deflection and Cracking Expressions	490	(1)
SI Deflection Control	491	(5)
SI Crack Control	496	(4)
Selected References	496	(1)
Problems	497	(3)
Prestressed Compression and Tension Members	500	(54)
Introduction	500	(1)
Prestressed Compression Members: Load-Moment Interaction in Columns and Piles	501	(6)
Strength Reduction Factor φ	507	(1)
Operational Procedure for the Design of Nonslender Prestressed Compression Members	508	(1)
Construction of Nominal Load-Moment (Pn-Mn) and Design (Pu-Mu) Interaction Diagrams	509	(6)
Limit State at Buckling Failure of Slender (Long) Prestressed Columns	515	(5)
Buckling Considerations	519	(1)
Moment Magnification Method: First-Order Analysis	520	(3)
Moment Magnification in Non-Sway Frames	521	(1)
Moment Magnification in Sway Frames	522	(1)
Second-Order Frame Analysis and P -- Δ Effects	523	(2)
Operational Procedure and Flowchart for the Design of Slender Columns	525	(1)
Design of Slender (Long) Prestressed Column	525	(6)
Compression Members in Biaxial Bending	531	(6)
Exact Method of Analysis	531	(1)
Load Contour Method of Analysis	532	(3)
Step-by-Step Operational Procedure for the Design of Biaxially Loaded Columns	535	(2)
Practical Design Considerations	537	(3)
Longitudinal or Main Reinforcement	537	(1)
Lateral Reinforcement for Columns	537	(3)
Reciprocal Load Method for Biaxial Bending	540	(2)
Modified Load Contour Method for Biaxial Bending	542	(2)
Design of Biaxially Loaded Prestressed Concrete Column by the Modified Load Contour Method	542	(2)
Prestressed Tension Members	544	(4)
Service-Load Stresses	544	(2)
Deformation Behavior	546	(1)
Decompression and Cracking	547	(1)
Limit State at Failure and Safety Factors	547	(1)
Suggested Step-by-Step Procedure for the Design of Tension Members	548	(1)
Design of Linear Tension Members	548	(6)
Selected References	551	(1)
Problems	552	(2)
Two-Way Prestressed Concrete Floor Systems	554	(78)
Introduction: Review of Methods	554	(4)
The Semielastic ACI Code Approach	557	(1)
The Yield-Line Theory	557	(1)
The Limit Theory of Plates	557	(1)
The Strip Method	557	(1)
Summary	558	(1)
Flexural Behavior of Two-Way Slabs and Plates	558	(1)
Two-Way Action	558	(1)
Relative Stiffness Effects	558	(1)
The Equivalent Frame Method	559	(8)
Introduction	559	(1)
Limitations of the Direct Design Method	560	(1)
Determination of the Statical Moment Mo	561	(2)
Equivalent Frame Analysis	563	(3)
Pattern Loading of Spans	566	(1)
Two-Directional Load Balancing	567	(2)
Flexural Strength of Prestressed Plates	569	(3)
Design Moments Mu	569	(3)
Banding of Prestressing Tendons and Limiting Concrete Stresses	572	(5)
Distribution of Prestressing Tendons	572	(1)
Limiting Concrete Tensile Stresses at Service Load	573	(4)
Load-Balancing Design of a Single-Panel Two-Way Floor Slab	577	(5)
One-Way Slab Systems	582	(1)
Shear-Moment Transfer to Columns Supporting Flat Plates	583	(4)
Shear Strength	583	(1)
Shear-Moment Transfer	583	(3)
Deflection Requirements for Minimum Thickness: An Indirect Approach	586	(1)
Step-by-Step Trial-and-Adjustment Procedure for the Design of a Two-Way Prestressed Slab and Plate System	587	(5)
Design of Prestressed Post-Tensioned Flat-Plate Floor System	592	(18)
Direct Method of Deflection Evaluation	610	(3)
The Equivalent Frame Approach	610	(1)
Column and Middle Strip Deflections	611	(2)
Deflection Evaluation of Two-Way Prestressed Concrete Floor Slabs	613	(3)
Yield-Line Theory for Two-Way-Action Plates	616	(12)
Fundamental Concepts of Hinge-Field Failure Mechanisms in Flexure	617	(5)
Failure Mechanisms and Moment Capacities of Slabs of Various Shapes Subjected to Distributed or Concentrated Loads	622	(6)
Yield-Line Moment Strength of a Two-Way Prestressed Concrete Plate	628	(4)
Selected References	629	(1)
Problems	630	(2)
Connections for Prestressed Concrete Elements	632	(28)
Introduction	632	(1)
Tolerances	633	(1)
Composite Members	633	(1)
Reinforced Concrete Bearing in Composite Members	634	(6)
Reinforced Bearing Design	638	(2)
Dapped-End Beam Connections	640	(7)
Determination of Reinforcement to Resist Failure	641	(3)
Dapped-End Beam Connection Design	644	(3)
Reinforced Concrete Brackets and Corbels	647	(1)
Concrete Beam Ledges	647	(4)
Design of Ledge Beam Connection	649	(2)
Selected Connection Details	651	(9)
Selected References	659	(1)
Problems	659	(1)
Prestressed Concrete Circular Storage Tanks and Steel Roofs	660	(82)
Introduction	660	(1)
Design Principles and Procedures	661	(13)
Internal Loads	661	(3)
Restraining Moment Mo and Radial Shear Force Qo at Freely Sliding Wall Base Due to Liquid Pressure	664	(5)
General Equations of Forces and Displacements	669	(4)
Ring Shear Qo and Moment Mo, Gas Containment	673	(1)
Moment Mo and Ring Force Qo in Liquid Retaining Tank	674	(2)
Ring Force Qy at Intermediate Heights of Wall	676	(1)
Cylindrical Steel Membrane Coefficients	677	(2)
Prestressing Effects on Wall Stresses for Fully Hinged, Partially Sliding and Hinged, Fully Fixed, and Partially Fixed Bases	679	(25)
Freely Sliding Wall Base	694	(1)
Hinged Wall Base	694	(1)
Partially Sliding and Hinged Wall Base	695	(1)
Fully Fixed Wall Base	695	(4)
Partially Fixed Wall Base	699	(5)
Recommended Practice for Situ-Cast and Precast Prestressed Concrete Circular Storage Tanks	704	(4)
Stresses	704	(1)
Required Strength Load Factors	705	(1)
Minimum Wall-Design Requirements	706	(2)
Crack Control in Walls of Circular Prestressed Concrete Tanks	708	(1)
Tank Roof Design	708	(7)
Membrane Theory of Spherical Domes	709	(6)
Prestressed Concrete Tanks with Circumferential Tendons	715	(1)
Seismic Design of Liquid Containment Tank Structures	715	(5)
Step-by-Step Procedure for the Design of Circular Prestressed Concrete Tanks and Dome Roofs	720	(7)
Design of Circular Prestressed Concrete Water-Retaining Tank and Its Domed Roof	727	(15)
Selected References	740	(1)
Problems	741	(1)
LRFD and Standard Aashto Design of Concrete Bridges	742	(80)
Introduction: Safety and Reliability	742	(2)
AASHTO Standard (LFD) and LRFD Truck Load Specifications	744	(14)
Loads	745	(3)
Wheel Load Distribution on Bridge Decks: Standard AASHTO Specifications (LFD)	748	(2)
Bending Moments in Bridge Deck Slabs: Standard AASHTO Specifications (LFD)	750	(1)
Wind Loads	751	(1)
Seismic Forces	751	(1)
AASHTO LFD Load Combinations	751	(2)
LRFD Load Combinations	753	(5)
Flexural Design Considerations	758	(4)
Strain ε and Factor φ Variations: The Strain Limits Approach	758	(2)
Factored Flexural Resistance	760	(1)
Flexural Design Parameters	760	(1)
Reinforcement Limits	761	(1)
Shear Design Considerations	762	(4)
The Modified Compression Field Theory	762	(1)
Design Expressions	763	(3)
Horizontal Interface Shear	766	(3)
Maximum Spacing of Dowel Reinforcement	769	(1)
Combined Shear and Torsion	769	(2)
AASHTO-LRFD Flexural-Strength Design Specifications vs. ACI Code Provisions	771	(3)
Step-by-Step Design Procedure (LRFD)	774	(4)
LRFD Design of Bulb-Tee Bridge Deck	778	(14)
LRFD Shear and Deflection Design	792	(7)
Standard AASHTO Flexural Design of Prestressed Bridge Deck Beams (LFD)	799	(8)
Standard AASHTO Shear Reinforcement Design of Bridge Deck Beams	807	(4)
Shear and Torsion Reinforcement Design of a Box-Girder Bridge	811	(7)
LRFD Major Design Expressions in SI Format	818	(4)
Selected References	819	(1)
Problems	820	(2)
Seismic Design of Prestressed Concrete Structures	822	(79)
Introduction: Mechanism of Earthquakes	822	(5)
Earthquake Ground Motion Characteristics	824	(1)
Fundamental Period of Vibration	825	(1)
Design Philosophy	826	(1)
Spectral Response Method	827	(8)
Spectral Response Acceleration Maps	827	(1)
Design Parameters	827	(4)
Earthquake Design Load Classifications	831	(2)
Redundancy	833	(1)
General Procedure Response Spectrum	833	(2)
Equivalent Lateral Force Method	835	(7)
Horizontal Base Shear	835	(3)
Vertical Distribution of Forces	838	(1)
Horizontal Distribution of Story Shear Vx	838	(1)
Rigid and Flexible Diaphragms	839	(1)
Torsion	839	(1)
Story Drift and the P-Delta Effect	839	(2)
Overturning	841	(1)
Simplified Analysis Procedure for Seismic Design of Buildings	841	(1)
Other Aspects in Seismic Design	842	(1)
Seismic Shear Forces in Beams and Columns of a Frame: Strong Column--WeakBeam Concept	842	(3)
Probable Shears and Moments	842	(2)
Strong Column Weak Beam Concept	844	(1)
ACI Confining Reinforcements for Structural Concrete Members	845	(8)
Longitudinal Reinforcement in Compression Members	845	(2)
Transverse Confining Reinforcement	847	(1)
Horizontal Shear at the Joint of Beam--Column Connections	848	(2)
Development of Reinforcement	850	(1)
Allowable Shear Stresses in Structural Walls, Diaphragms, and Coupling Beams	850	(3)
Seismic Design Concepts in High-Rise Buildings and Other Structures	853	(3)
General Concepts	853	(1)
Ductility of Elements and Plastic Hinging	854	(2)
Durability Demand Due to Drift Effect	856	(1)
Structural Systems in Seismic Zones	856	(9)
Structural Ductile Frames	856	(4)
Dywidag Ductile Beam--Column Connection: DDC Assembly	860	(1)
Structural Walls in High Seismicity Zones (Shear Walls)	860	(4)
Unbonded Precast Post-Tensioned Walls	864	(1)
Dual Systems	865	(3)
Design Procedure for Earthquake-Resistant Structures	868	(4)
SI Seismic Design Expressions	872	(3)
Seismic Base Shear and Lateral Forces and Moments by the IBC Approach	875	(3)
Seismic Shear Wall Design and Detailing	878	(6)
Example 13.3 Structural Precast Wall Base Connection Design	884	(2)
Design of Precast Prestressed Ductile Frame Connection in a High-Rise Building in High-Seismicity Zone Using Dywidag Ductile Connection Assembly (DDC)	886	(5)
Design of Precast Prestressed Ductile Frame Connection in a High-Rise Building in High-Seismicity Zone Using a Hybrid Connector System	891	(10)
SelectedReferences	896	(2)
Problems	898	(3)
Appendix A Unit Conversions, Design Information, Properties of Reinforcement	901	(22)
Appendix B Selected Typical Standard Precast Double Tees, Inverted Tees, Hollow Core Sections, and Aashto Bridge Sections	923	(16)
Index	939