Preventing Youth Problems

by Biglan, Anthony; Wang, Margaret C.; Walberg, Herbert J.

• ISBN13: 9780306477331
• ISBN10: 0306477335
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-06-01
• Publisher: Plenum Pub Corp

Summary

Preventing Youth Problems provides information needed to prevent five of the most common, costly, and dangerous problems of adolescence: anti-social behavior, tobacco use, alcohol and drug abuse, and sexual behavior that risks disease and unwanted pregnancy. Over the past thirty years, scientific research on children and adolescents identified the major conditions influencing each of these problems. Each of the chapters in this volume provides a concise summary of what is known about one of these five problem behaviors. Each chapter covers the following essential points: - Incidence, prevalence, and cost of the problem, vital for gauging the importance of preventing the problem and for making the case for such efforts in public discussion of priorities; - Biological and environmental influences which increase or decrease the likelihood of these problems; and, - Principles, programs and policies that have been shown to reduce the incidence of each problem, information that can help in prevention of these behaviors.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(4)
Anthony Biglan and Herbert J. Walberg
1. The Prevention of Antisocial Behavior: Beyond Efficacy and Effectiveness	5	(28)
Philip A. Fisher
2. Causal Structure of Alcohol Use and Problems in Early Life: Multilevel Etiology and Implications for Prevention	33	(30)
Robert A. Zucker
3. The Prevention of Tobacco Use	63	(24)
Anthony Biglan and Herbert H. Severson
4. The Prevention of Drug Abuse	87	(26)
Anthony Biglan, Brian Flay, and Sharon L. Foster
5. Sexual Risk Behaviors among Adolescents	113	(32)
Henry D. Anaya, Susan M. Cantwell, and Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus
6. The Generic Features of Effective Childrearing	145	(18)
Anthony Biglan
7. Conclusions and Recommendations	163	(4)
Herbert J. Walberg and Anthony Biglan
About the Editors	167	(2)
About the Authors	169	(6)
Series Mission	175	(2)
University Advisory Committee	177	(2)
National Advisory Committee	179	(2)
Index	181
1402010044
Preface	xi
PART I: ENERGY AND ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION	1	(160)
CHAPTER 1: SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN ASIA	3	(22)
1. Introduction	3	(1)
2. Stationary emission sources	3	(7)
3. Emission of pollutants in various Asian countries	10	(7)
4. Transboundary transport of sulfur and nitrogen compounds in the Eurasian continent	17	(8)
CHAPTER 2: GREENHOUSE GASES	25	(22)
1. Introduction	25	(1)
2. Sources of greenhouse effects in Asia	26	(4)
3. Chemistry of the troposphere	30	(5)
4. Increasing GHG concentrations in the troposphere	35	(6)
5. Regional Asian impacts of global warming	41	(2)
6. International agreements on global climate change	43	(4)
CHAPTER 3: URBAN AIR POLLUTION	47	(30)
1. Introduction	47	(1)
2. Modern state of urban air pollution in Asia	47	(4)
3. Development of photochemical smog in Asian cities	51	(18)
4. Role of particles in urban air pollution in Asian cities 6l
5. Indoor air quality	69	(1)
6. Urban air pollution and health effects	70	(7)
CHAPTER 4: ACID DEPOSITION	77	(38)
1. Introduction	77	(1)
2. Acid rain monitoring in Asia	77	(17)
3. Chemistry of acid rain	94	(5)
4. Ecological consequences of acid rain in Asia	99	(10)
5. Mitigation of acid rains in Asian countries	109	(6)
CHAPTER 5: HAZE POLLUTION	115	(22)
1. Introduction	115	(1)
2. Sources and transport of haze pollutants	115	(2)
3. Chemical composition of haze	117	(8)
4. Synergetic effects with other anthropogenic pollutants	125	(5)
5. Human and environmental implications	130	(7)
CHAPTER 6: STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION	137	(24)
1. Introduction	137	(1)
2. Stratospheric chemistry of ozone	137	(3)
3. Role of chlorofluorocarbons in stratosphere ozone depletion	140	(11)
4. Role of nitrous oxide in stratosphere ozone depletion	151	(1)
5. Consequences of ozone depletion	152	(2)
6. CFCs emission abatement strategy	154	(7)
PART II: SOIL AND WATER POLLUTION	161	(100)
CHAPTER 7: SOIL POLLUTION	163	(22)
1. Introduction	163	(1)
2. Characteristic biogeochemical features of soils and natural ecosystems in Asia	163	(7)
3. Modern land use iN Asia	170	(4)
4. Chemical deterioration of soils	174	(11)
CHAPTER 8: FRESHWATER POLLUTION	185	(32)
1. Introduction	185	(1)
2. Water resources in the Asian region	185	(4)
3. Hydrochemistry of natural waters	189	(12)
4. Pollution loading and consequences	201	(10)
5. Policies and strategies for abatement of water pollution in Asia	211	(6)
CHAPTER 9: POLLUTION OF MARINE WATERS	217	(20)
1. Introduction	217	(1)
2. Soluble and solid discharge of pollutants into the Pacific and Indian Oceans	217	(4)
3. Marine water chemistry	221	(10)
4. Consequences of coastal and marine water pollution	231	(6)
CHAPTER 10: DRINKING WATERS	237	(24)
1. Introduction	237	(1)
2. Purification of freshwater in Asia	237	(6)
3. Chemical, toxicological, and economic aspects of various disinfectants in Asian cities	243	(9)
4. Pollutants in drinking water	252	(2)
5. Bottled drinking water	254	(3)
6. Desalination	257	(4)
PART III: TOXIC SUBSTANCES	261	(124)
CHAPTER 11: ECOTOXICOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY	263	(34)
1. Introduction	263	(1)
2. Biochemical aspects of toxicant behavior in living organisms	263	(5)
3. Interactions between environmental chemistry, toxicology and ecotoxicological chemistry	268	(5)
4. Effects of toxicants on carcinogenesis, teratogenesis, mutagenesis, and immune system	273	(11)
5. Ecotoxicological properties of principal pollutants	284	(13)
CHAPTER 12: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY OF HEAVY METALS	297	(30)
1. Introduction	297	(1)
2. Emission of heavy metals from coal-burning power plants	297	(11)
3. Environmental chemistry of arsenic	308	(3)
4. Environmental geochemistry of mercury	311	(7)
5. Environmental geochemistry of lead	318	(9)
CHAPTER 13: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY OF NITROGEN	327	(34)
1. Introduction	327	(1)
2. Biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen	327	(7)
3. Environmental biogeochemistry of nitrogen in the Asian region	334	(20)
4. Nitrate biogeochemical provinces and cancer diseases in the Asian region	354	(7)
CHAPTER 14: ORGANIC XENOBIOTICS	361	(24)
1. Introduction	361	(1)
2. Pesticides in the Asian countries	361	(9)
3. Polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs	370	(4)
4. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs)	374	(5)
5. Chlorinated phenols	379	(6)
PART IV: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN ASIA	385	(64)
CHAPTER 15: CRITICAL LOADS	387	(22)
1. Introduction	387	(1)
2. Definition of critical load	387	(2)
3. The critical load concept	389	(1)
4. Critical load values of acid forming compounds on ecosystems of Asia	389	(17)
5. Application of critical load approach for calculation of HMs and POPS deposition	406	(3)
CHAPTER 16: WASTE TREATMENT	409	(40)
1. Introduction	409	(1)
2. Type and sources of wastes in the Asian region	409	(12)
3. Waste treatment in Asian countries	421	(13)
4. Waste recycling	434	(4)
5. Site remediation after waste disposal	438	(11)
References	449	(14)
Index	463