Primer on Cerebrovascular Diseases

by Caplan; Siesjo; Weir; Welch; Caplan; Reis

• ISBN13: 9780127431703
• ISBN10: 0127431705
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-04-24
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Primer on Cerebrovascular Diseases is a handy reference source for scientists, students, and physicians needing reliable, up-to-date information on basic mechanisms, physiology, pathophysiology, and medical issues related to brain vasculature. The book consists of short, specific chapters written by international experts on cerebral vasculature, and presents the information in a comprehensive and easily accessible manner. The book also contains valuable information on practical applications of basic research. Key Features * Presents topics in a comprehensive and accessible format * Written by international authorities on cerebral vasculature * Provides practical applications for researchers

Table of Contents

CONTRIBUTORS	xi	(8)
PREFACE	xix
SECTION I CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW	1	(98)
1. Anatomy of Cerebral Circulation	3	(2)
Louis Sokoloff
2. Embryogenesis and Angiogenesis	5	(3)
Masafumi Tagaya
Gregory J. del Zoppo
3. Vasoactive Mediators of Cerebral Vessels	8	(5)
Giora Feuerstein
Ariel Miller
4. Biology of Cerebral Vascular Muscle	13	(4)
Frank M. Faraci
Donald Heistad
5. Glial--Vascular Relations	17	(4)
Patricia A. Stewart
6. Blood--Brain Barrier Transport Mechanisms	21	(4)
William M. Pardridge
7. Brain Edema and the Blood--Brain Barrier	25	(4)
Stanley I. Rapoport
8. CSF: Formation, Absorption, Markers, and Relationship to Blood--Brrain Barrier	29	(5)
Gary A. Rosenberg
9. Principles and Methods for Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow: Experimental Methods	34	(4)
Costantino Iadecola
10. The Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism in Human Subjects	38	(4)
John Mazziotta
Mark Cohen
Arthur Toga
11. Overview of Cerebrovascular Hemodynamics	42	(3)
Patricia D. Hurn
Richard J. Traystman
12. Cerebral Microcirculation	45	(6)
Antal G. Hudetz
13. Autoregulation of Cerebral Blood Flow	51	(4)
Jean-Marc Chillon
Gary L. Baumbach
14. Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow by Carbon Dioxide	55	(3)
Richard J. Traystman
15. Oxygen and Cerebral Blood Flow	58	(2)
Eugene V. Golanov
Donald J. Reis
16. Extrinsic Innervation: Transmitters, Receptors, and Functions--The Sympathetic Nervous System	60	(3)
Peter J. Goadsby
Lars Edvinsson
17. Extrinsic Innervation: Transmitters, Receptors, and Functions--The Parasympathetic Nervous System	63	(4)
Peter J. Goadsby
Lars Edvinsson
18. Extrinsic Innervation: Transmitters, Receptors, and Functions--The Trigeminovascular System	67	(3)
Peter J. Goadsby
Lars Edvinsson
19. Coupling of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism	70	(5)
Pierre J. Magistretti
20. Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow by Ions	75	(2)
Ulrich Dirnagl
Jens Dreier
21. Adenosine and Its Receptors: Influence on Cerebral Blood Flow	77	(3)
H. Richard Winn
22. Serotonin and Its Receptors	80	(2)
Gilles Bonvento
Eric T. Mackenzie
23. Acetylcholine and Its Receptors	82	(4)
Donald G. Linville
Edith Hamel
24. Catecholamines and Their Receptors	86	(5)
Pierre M. Lacombe
Eric T. MacKenzie
25. Neuropeptide Transmitters and Their Receptors	91	(2)
James McCulloch
26. Eicosanoids and Cerebrovascular Control	93	(3)
David W. Busija
27. Nitric Oxide and the Cerebral Circulation	96	(3)
Turgay Dalkara
Michael A. Moskowitz
SECTION II PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOLOGY	99	(178)
28. Cell Death: Apoptosis versus Necrosis	101	(3)
Marcel Leist
Pierluigi Nicotera
29. Selective Neuronal Vulnerability and Infarction in Cerebrovascular Disease	104	(3)
William A. Pulsinelli
30. Evolution of the Brain Lesion Induced by Experimental Focal Ischemia	107	(4)
Julio H. Garcia
31. Neuronal Damage in Remote Areas after Focal Cerebral Infarct: Retrograde Degeneration and Transsynaptic Death	111	(3)
Akira Tamura
Hitoshi Nakayama
32. Astrocyte Reaction to Global Ischemic Brain Injury	114	(3)
Christopher D. Lascola
Richard P. Kraig
33. Reactive Microglia and Ischemic Injury	117	(7)
Dana Giulian
34. Animal Models of Global and Focal Cerebral Ischemia	124	(2)
Myron D. Ginsberg
35. Transgenic Mice	126	(3)
Pak H. Chan
36. Understanding Gene Function: Antisense Knockdown versus Homologous Recombination Knockout Techniques	129	(4)
Graeme L. Fraser
Claes Wahlestedt
37. Measurements of Microcirculatory Events in the Brain in Vivo	133	(3)
Ulrich Dirnagl
38. Imaging Techniques for Focal Ischemic Damage	136	(6)
Robert A. Knight
M. Chopp
39. Hypertension	142	(3)
Barbro B. Johansson
40. An Overview of Atherosclerosis	145	(3)
Kumar Rajamani
Mark Fisher
41. Thrombosis	148	(5)
Hans-Peter Haring
Gregory J. Zoppo
42. Cellular Edema	153	(3)
A. Baethmann
Frank Staub
43. Vasogenic Brain Edema	156	(3)
A. Lorris Betz
44. Acidosis as a Complicating Factor in Cerebral Ischemia	159	(4)
Ken-Ichiro Katsura
45. Hyperthermia and brain Ischemia	163	(2)
W. Dalton Dietrich
Raul Busto
46. Production of Free Radicals	165	(4)
Robert A. Floyd
47. Peri-infarct Depolarization Waves	169	(3)
Konstantin-A. Hossmann
48. Cell Calcium Homeostatis and Calcium-Related Ischemic Damage	172	(7)
Bo Siesjo
Tibor Kristian
49. Loss of Neuronal Calcium Homeostasis in Ischemia	178	(6)
Maria Erecinska
Ian A. Silver
50. Mitochondrial Function and Calcium Sequestration during Reperfusion	184	(3)
Neil R. Sims
51. The Excitotoxic Concept	187	(3)
Dennis W. Choi
52. Is Calcium Involved in Excitotoxic or Ischemic Neuronal Damage?	190	(3)
Michael Tymianski
Rita G. Sattler
53. Lipid Messengers and Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Synthase-2 in Neuronal Cell Death	193	(3)
Nicolas G. Bazan
54. The Role of Inositol Phospholipid Metabolites	196	(3)
Nobufumi Kawai
Hiroshi Tsubokawa
55. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors as a Drug Target in Brain Ischemia	199	(1)
V. Bruno
A. Copani
G. Battaglia
G. Casabona
F. Nicoletti
56. Lipid Peroxidation	200	(5)
Edward D. Hall
57. Methods of Evaluating Protein Oxidation Induced by Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury	205	(2)
Pamela S. Cole
Marni E. Harris
John. M. Carney
Nathan C. Hall
D. Allan Butterifield
58. The Role of Nitric Oxide in Cerebral Ischemia	207	(2)
Turgay Dallkara
Michael A. Moskowitz
59. Nitric Oxide, Superoxide, and Peroxynitrate in CNS Injury	209	(1)
Joseph S. Beckman
60. NO-Related Species: Neuroprotection versus Neurodestruction	210	(4)
Stuart A. Lipton
61. Microvascular Patency in Ischemia and Reperfusion	214	(3)
Wolfgang Kuschinsky
62. Reperfusion Damage: The Role of PMN Leukocytes	217	(3)
Gregory J. del Zoppo
63. Inflammatory Mediators in Brain Microvessels	220	(3)
Giora Feuerstein
64. Mechanisms of Acidosis-Related Damage	223	(4)
Bo Siesjo
Maj-Lis Smith
65. Aberrant Cell Signaling in the Postischemic Brain: An Integrated View	227	(3)
Tadeusz W. Wieloch
Bingren Hu
Mehrdad Schamloo
66. Immediate--Early Gene Expression after Global Cerebral Ischemia and Ischemia Tolerance Induction	230	(4)
P. Gass
C. Sommer
M. Kiessling
67. The Heat Shock/Stress Response after Ischemia	234	(3)
Thaddeus S. Nowak, Jr.
68. Trophic Factors and Brain Cell Survival	237	(3)
Mark P. Mattson
69. Ischemic Tolerance	240	(4)
Takaaki Kirino
70. NMDA and AMPA Receptor Antagonists in Global and Focal Ischemia	244	(4)
Daniel L. Small
Alastair M. Buchan
71. Sodium Channel Antagonists	248	(2)
Brian Meldrum
72. Adenosine Agonists and Antagonists	250	(3)
John W. Phillis
73. Phenytoin and Fosphenytoin	253	(4)
Charles P. Taylor
74. 21-Aminosteroids	257	(4)
Edward D. Hall
75. Free Radical Scavengers and Spin Traps	261	(4)
John W. Phillis
76. Cytokines, Growth Factors, Adhesion Molecules, and Inflammation after Ischemia	265	(4)
Yasundo Yamasaki
Kyuya Kogure
77. Trophic Factor Treatment for Stroke	269	(3)
Jing Mei Ren
Seth P. Finklestein
78. Hypothermic neuroprotection in Cerebral Ischemia	272	(5)
Myron D. Ginsberg
SECTION III MEDICAL AND SURGICAL ASPECTS	277	(314)
79. Mechanisms of Ischemia in in Situ Vascular Occlusive Disease	279	(7)
Sebastian F. Ameriso
Soma Sahai
80. Brain Embolism	286	(3)
Veronica Castillo
Julien Bogousslavsky
81. Systemic Hypoperfusion Brain Injury	289	(4)
James L. Bernat
82. Anterior Circulation--Large Artery Occlusive Disease and Embolism	293	(5)
Michael S. Pessin
83. Posterior Circulation--Large Artery Occlusive Disease and Embolism	298	(5)
Robert J. Wityk
84. Small Artery Occlusive Disease	303	(4)
Marc Hommel
85. Chronic Vascular Disease of the Brain	307	(6)
Louis R. Caplan
86. Stroke and Neoplasia	313	(2)
Lisa R. Rogers
87. Stroke and the Eye	315	(4)
B. Todd Troost
88. Corticosteroids in Acute Stroke	319	(2)
Victor M. Rivera
89. Spinal Stroke	321	(3)
Victor M. Rivera
90. Pregnancy, Hormonal Contraception, and Postmenopausal Estrogen Replacement Therapy	324	(6)
Stephen J. Kittner
Trudy Bush
91. Ischemic Stroke in the Young	330	(3)
Marc I. Chimowitz
92. Stroke and Migraine	333	(2)
Joseph P. Broderick
93. Head Pain and Stroke	335	(5)
Panayiotis Mitsias
94. Stroke Secondary to Trauma	340	(4)
Alex B. Valadka
Claudia S. Robertson
95. Radiation Arteriopathy	344	(3)
Marc R. Mayberg
96. Aortic Arch Atherosclerotic Disease: A New Potential Source of Brain Embolism	347	(4)
Olivier Heinzlef
Ariel Cohen
Pierre Amarenco
97. Rare Stroke	351	(4)
Michael O'Brien
98. Stroke and Seizures/Epilepsy	355	(3)
Christopher F. Bladin
J. W. Norris
99. Transient Focal Neurologic Events	358	(4)
Gretchen E. Tietjen
100. Pediatric Stroke	362	(2)
Ruth Atkinson
101. Vascular Dementias	364	(3)
John Stirling Meyer
T. Shirai
H. Akiyama
102. Hypertensive Encephalopathy	367	(4)
Barbro B. Johansson
103. White Matter Disorders	371	(5)
Gary A. Rosenberg
104. Immune Mediated Neurovascualar Disease	376	(5)
Patricia Moore
105. Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome	381	(4)
Steven R. Levine
106. Cerebral Venous Thrombosis	385	(5)
Marie-Germaine Bousser
107. Spontaneous Dissections of Cervicocephalic Arteries	390	(7)
Bahram Mokri
108. The Heart in Stroke	397	(2)
Judith A. Hinchey
Anthony J. Furlan
109. Coagulopathies and Stroke	399	(2)
William M. Feinberg
Bruce M. Coull
110. Primary Platelet Disorders	401	(4)
L. Roderick Anderson
William M. Feinberg
111. Stroke and Sickle Cell Disease	405	(5)
Elizabeth A. Sekul
Robert J. Adams
112. CADASIL: Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortial Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy	410	(3)
H. Chabriat
113. Toxicity/Substance Abuse	413	(4)
Michael A. Sloan
114. Stroke and Infection: Tuberculosis, Brucellosis, and Syphilis	417	(6)
Ashraf Al Kurdi
Basim A. Yaqub
115. AIDS and Stroke	423	(2)
John C. M. Brust
116. Clinical Aspects of Subrachnoid Hemorrhage	425	(7)
Michal R. Chicoine
Ralph G. Dacey, Jr.
117. Clinical Aspects of Intracerebral Hemorrhage	432	(5)
Joseph L. Voelker
Howard H. Kaufman
118. Clinical Aspects of Intraventricular Hemorrhage	437	(9)
J. Max Findlay
John H. Wong
119. Clinical Aspects of Subdural Hemorrhage (SDH)	446	(4)
Richard Kim
Paul R. Cooper
120. Timing of Surgery and Special Features of Ruptured Anterior Circulation Aneurysm	450	(5)
Peter D. LeRoux
Richard H. Winn
121. Surgical Management of the Acutely Ruptured Posterior Circulation Aneurysm	455	(7)
Jonas M. Sheehan
Gregory A. Helm
Jason P. Sheehan
Neal F. Kassell
122. Surgical Management of the Patient with a Symptomatic Unruptured Aneurysm	462	(8)
Lawrence D. Dickinson
Arthur L. Day
123. Surgical Management of the Patient with an Incidental Asymptomatic Aneurysm	470	(5)
Robert A. Solomon
124. Surgical Management of the Patient with a Giant Cerebral Aneurysm	475	(5)
Thomas Kopitnik
Duke Samson
125. Surgical Management of Special Aneurysms	480	(4)
Charles L. Schnee
Eugene S. Flamm
126. Surgical Management of Aneurysms in the Pediatric Age Group	484	(3)
R. Loch MacDonald
127. Unique Features of Aneurysms by Location	487	(3)
R. Loch MacDonald
128. Cerebral Vasospasm	490	(8)
R. Loch MacDonald
129. Pathology of Cerebral Aneurysms and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage	498	(5)
Gavin W. Britz
Marc R. Mayberg
130. Management of Intracerebellar Hematomas and Infarcts	503	(5)
Christopehr M. Loftus
131. Surgical Management of Pituitary Apoplexy	508	(3)
Edward R. Laws, Jr.
132. Surgical Management of Acutely Ruptured Arteriovenous Malformations	511	(9)
Michael T. Lawton
Robert F. Spetzler
133. Surgical Management of Unruptured Arteriovenous Malformations	520	(5)
Carlos A. David
Robert C. Heros
134. Special Considerations in Treating Arteriovenous Malformations	525	(3)
Ghaus M. Malik
135. Cerebral Venous Thrombosis	528	(5)
Steven A. Toms
Douglas Chyatte
136. Venous Angiomas	533	(3)
Ravish Patwardhan
Neil A. Martin
137. Vein of Galen Abnormalities	536	(5)
Jennifer C. Kernan
Gary Nesbit
Stenley L. Barnwell
138. Carotid Cavernous and Other Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas	541	(8)
Daniel A> Wecht
Issam A. Awad
139. Caverous Malformations	549	(7)
John M. Tew Jr.
Sumeer Sathi
140. Spinal Vascular Malformations	556	(11)
Daniel L. Barrow
141. Extracranial Arterial Injury	567	(3)
Michael R. Hahn
Richard C. Mendel
L. Philip Carter
142. The Surgical Management of Lesions in the Vertebrobasilar Circulation	570	(5)
Fernando G. Diaz
143. Middle Cerebral Artery Embolectomy	575	(3)
Fredric B. Meyer
Nicolee C. Fode
144. Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass Surgery	578	(2)
Bryce Weir
145. Surgery for Ischemic Infarcts	580	(2)
Howard Yonas
146. Carotid Endarterectomy	582	(4)
James T. Robertson
147. Surgical Aspects of Moyamoya Disease	586	(5)
Takanori Fukushima
SECTION IV INVESTIGATION AND MANAGEMENT	591	(208)
148. Clinical Diagnosis and General Laboratory Evaluation	593	(4)
Louis R. Caplan
149. Cerebral Spinal Fluid in Stroke	597	(2)
Juan R. Carhuapoma
K. M. A. Welch
150. Neuroimaging of Stroke	599	(12)
Norman J. Beauchamp
R. Nick Bryan
151. Cerebral Arteriography	611	(3)
Bharat Mehta
152. Cervical Ultrasound	614	(6)
Andrei V. Alexandrov
John W. Norris
153. Transcranial Doppler Sonography and Stroke	620	(4)
Rima M. Dafer
Nabih M. Ramadan
154. Cardiac Ultrasound in Stroke Investigation	624	(4)
Jonathan L. Halperin
155. Ultrasound Examination of the Aortic Arch in Stroke	628	(6)
Marco R. DiTullio
Shunichi Homma
Ralph Sacco
156. Single Photon Emission Tomography (SPECT) in Cerebrovascualr Disease	634	(2)
Tom Skyhoj Olsen
Niels A. Lassen
157. PET CBF Investigation of Stroke	636	(4)
Richard Frackowiak
158. Functional Magnetic Reasonance Imaging in the Investigation of Brain Recovery and Recorganization after Ischemic Infarct	640	(4)
Yue Cao
159. Metabolic Studies Using PET in Stroke Investigation	644	(6)
Colin P. Derdeyn
William J. Powers
160. Metabolism: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic Imaging	650	(10)
Peter B. Barker
161. Cardiac Electrophysiology in Stroke Investigation	660	(7)
Charles R. Webb
162. Neuropsychological Aspects of Stroke	667	(2)
Gregory G. Brown
Sandra S. Kindermann
163. Investigation of Autonomic Dysfunction in Acute Stroke	669	(2)
Melina De Marinis
164. Emergency Strategies	671	(4)
Thomas Kwiatkowski
Richard B. Libman
165. General Treatment of Stroke in Intensive Care Settings	675	(3)
John B. Terry
Daniel F. Hanley
166. Physiologic Monitoring of Stroke in Intensive Care Settings	678	(6)
John B. Terry
Daniel F. Hanley
167. Evaluation of Stroke Patients in Intensive Care Settings	684	(3)
John B. Terry
Daniel F. Hanley
168. Management of Hypertension in Stroke	687	(2)
Susan C. Fagan
169. Management of Diabetes in Stroke	689	(3)
Fred W. Whitehouse
170. Management of Cardiac/ECG Complications of Stroke	692	(4)
Stephen M. Oppenheimer
171. Management of Dysautonomia/Hypotension	696	(3)
Milena De Marinis
172. Management of Cerebral Edema/ICP in Stroke	699	(4)
Robert J. Gewirtz
Gary K. Steinberg
173. Depression, Psychosis, and Agitation in Stroke	703	(3)
Robert G. Robinson
Sergio Paradiso
174. Management of Seizures in Acute Stroke	706	(2)
Brien Smith
175. Management of Lipid Metabolism	708	(4)
John A. Sandin III
Mustafa k. Baskaya
Robert J. Dempsey
176. Mechanisms of Antiplatelet Agents and the Prevention Of Stroke	712	(4)
Cathy M. Helgason
177. Anticoagulants in Stroke Treatment	716	(12)
David G. Sherman
Daniel Lalonde
178. Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke	728	(3)
Thomas Brott
Joseph P. Broderick
Rashmi Kothari
179. Current Clinical Status of Cytoprotection	731	(6)
David Chiu
James Grotta
180. Management of Acute Stroke with Hyperosmolar Agents	737	(3)
Toshitaka Shirai
John Stirling Meyer
Hisanao Akiyama
181. Stroke Rehabilitation	740	(4)
Fletcher McDowell
182. Rehabilitation: Occupational Therapy for Stroke	744	(3)
Janet L. Poole
183. Rehabilitation: Physical Therapy for Stroke	747	(4)
Sandra J. Olney
Cally S. Martin
184. Epidemiology and Risk Factor Management	751	(6)
Philip A Wolf
185. The Prevention of Ischemic Stroke	757	(5)
H. J. M. Barnett
H. E. Meldrum
186. Management of Asymptomatic Extracranial Carotid Artery Disease	762	(3)
Karis Murros
James F. Toole
187. Stroke-in-Evolution	765	(2)
J. K. Roberts
J. P. Mohr
188. Management of Vascular Dementia	767	(4)
Raymond T. F. Cheung
Valdimir Hachinski
189. Basilar Thrombosis	771	(3)
D. J. Thomas
190. Stroke Units	774	(2)
Harry H. Mansbach
191. Cardiopulmonary Arrest Resuscitation	776	(7)
Robert W. Neumar
Kevin R. Ward
192. Cerebrovascular Complications of Cardiac Surgery	783	(3)
Denise Barbut
Louis R. Caplan
193. Management of Atrial Fibrillation	786	(5)
Robert G. Hart
194. Emerging Treatments for Stroke	791	(3)
Justin A. Zivin
195. Endovascular Therapy for the Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease	794	(5)
Lee R. Gulterman
Kevin J. Gibbons
James L. Budny
L.N. Hopkins
Index	799