Principal, The: Creative Leadership for Excellence in Schools

by Ubben, Gerald C.; Hughes, Larry W.; Norris, Cynthia J.

• ISBN13: 9780205380879
• ISBN10: 0205380875
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

This text is organized around the ISLLC Standards and provides a bridge from the theory of school administration to the practical problem solving in which school principals and other leaders engage. The Principal is organized into four parts centered on the six Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium (ISLLC) Standards developed specifically for school leaders. Each of the four major parts of the book is framed with one or two of the Standards as its major theme. Now in its Fifth Edition, this text continues to be based on the research indicating linkages between educational leadership and productive schools, especially in terms of outcomes for children. It supports the understanding that formal leadership in schools is a complex, multi-faceted task that requires continual learning and that effective school leaders must be strong educators focused on the central issues of learning, teaching, and school improvement. School leaders must also be moral agents and social advocates for the children and communities they serve while working with community stakeholders to create learning communities that value and care for others as individuals and as members of the educational community.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
PART I CREATING A VISION OF LEADERSHIP AND LEARNING	1	(88)
The Principal: A Creative Blend of Substance and Style	3	(21)
Social Systems Theory	4	(1)
The Principal: The Leader within the Role	5	(4)
Developing Leadership Artistry	5	(1)
Clarifying Values	5	(1)
Leadership as Philosophy in Action	6	(1)
Espoused Values and Values in Use	7	(1)
Leadership from a Values Perspective	7	(1)
Hall's Phases of Consciousness	8	(1)
Implications for Leadership Development	8	(1)
The School: The Context for Leadership	9	(5)
Schools as Machines	9	(1)
Schools as Organisms	9	(1)
Schools as Brains	10	(1)
Reflection	10	(1)
School Expectations	11	(1)
Tightly Coupled and Loosely Coupled Organizations	11	(1)
Leadership Perspectives	12	(1)
Single-Loop and Double-Loop Learning	12	(1)
The Organizational Iceberg	13	(1)
The Principalship: The Role in Context	14	(6)
Management	15	(1)
Management and Leadership	16	(1)
Leadership and Vision	17	(1)
Shared Vision and Authority	18	(1)
Contrasting the Transactional and Transformational Leader	18	(1)
Ethical Responsibilities of Transformational Leadership	19	(1)
A Leadership Challenge	20	(1)
Summary	20	(1)
Activities	21	(1)
Endnotes	21	(1)
Selected Readings	22	(2)
The Learning Community	24	(15)
Sociological and Psychological Nature of Groups	25	(7)
Reciprocity	25	(1)
Cohort Model	25	(1)
Learning Communities	26	(1)
Empowerment	27	(2)
Teacher Empowerment	29	(1)
Institutional versus Individual View of a Career	29	(2)
Substitutes for Leadership	31	(1)
Instructional Leadership	31	(1)
High-Performance Organizations	32	(4)
Goal Setting	33	(1)
High Expectations, Praise, and Hoopla: The Motivating Work Environment	34	(1)
A Model for Instructional Leadership	34	(2)
Summary	36	(1)
Activities	37	(1)
Endnotes	37	(1)
Selected Readings	38	(1)
Decision Processing and Decision Making at the School Site	39	(23)
Decision Making: A Perspective	40	(1)
Decision Making as Problem Solving	41	(2)
Decision Settings	43	(4)
Structured Decision Settings	43	(1)
Multialternative, Unstructured, and Innovative Settings	44	(3)
Decision Processing	47	(8)
The Maier Model	47	(2)
The Vroom-Jago Decision Process Model	49	(4)
Implications of Decision-Processing Models	53	(1)
Your Turn	54	(1)
The Work Group as a Problem-Solving Unit	55	(1)
Setting Realistic Decision-Making Limits	55	(1)
Levels of Decision Making and Participation	56	(1)
Problem-Solving Work Groups	56	(2)
The Garbage Can Model of Decision Making	58	(2)
Summary	60	(1)
Activities	60	(1)
Endnotes	60	(1)
Selected Readings	61	(1)
School Improvement through Systematic Planning	62	(27)
The Principal's Role	63	(1)
Gathering Baseline Data	64	(5)
Demographic Data	64	(1)
Outcome Data	65	(1)
Stakeholder Survey Data	66	(3)
Determining Vision and Mission	69	(4)
Framework for Establishing Beliefs or Vision Statements	70	(1)
Evaluative Criteria Framework	70	(1)
Effective Schools Framework	70	(1)
Essential Schools Framework	71	(1)
Vision and Mission Development Process	71	(2)
Clarifying Expectations for Student Learning	73	(2)
Process	73	(2)
Analysis of Instructional and Organizational Effectiveness	75	(3)
Action Planning/Project Management	78	(5)
Problem Analysis	78	(2)
Generating Action Plans	80	(2)
The Project Planning Document	82	(1)
Putting the Plan into Operation	82	(1)
Establishing Target Dates	82	(1)
The Project Calendar: Gantt Charting	83	(2)
The Master Project Document	83	(1)
Monitoring and Evaluating the Project	83	(1)
Summative Evaluation	83	(2)
Summary	85	(1)
Activities	85	(1)
Endnotes	86	(1)
Selected Readings	86	(3)
PART II DEVELOPING A POSITIVE SCHOOL CULTURE	89	(120)
Creating a Positive Learning Climate	91	(17)
Positive Student Control	91	(1)
The School as a Culture	92	(4)
The Development of a Positive Program	92	(1)
Five Premises about the School Environment and Students	93	(1)
It All Starts in the Classroom	93	(2)
Other Factors Influencing Behavior	95	(1)
Actively Encouraging a Positive Learning Environment	96	(2)
A Promising Model	96	(1)
Personalizing the School	97	(1)
Gangs	98	(2)
The School as a Safe Haven	99	(1)
The Counseling Program	100	(5)
Advisor/Advisee Systems	100	(1)
Organizing Counseling Activities	101	(2)
Establishing a Good Advisement Program	103	(1)
The Role of the Guidance Counselor	104	(1)
Student Services	105	(1)
Student Referral System	105	(1)
Principal's Role in Coordination and Articulation	105	(1)
Summary	106	(1)
Activities	106	(1)
Endnotes	107	(1)
Selected Readings	107	(1)
The School Curriculum	108	(24)
The Principal's Role in Curriculum Administration	108	(11)
Understanding Curriculum Theory	109	(1)
The Humanistic Perspective	110	(2)
Social Reconstructionism	112	(4)
Technological Curriculum	116	(1)
Academic Curriculum	117	(2)
Curriculum Analysis	119	(1)
Curriculum Design and Development	120	(2)
Curiculum Delivery	122	(1)
Curriculum Flexibility	123	(1)
Curriculum Continuity	123	(1)
Curriculum Balance	124	(1)
Curriculum Model	124	(3)
Offering Curricular Breadth	127	(2)
Special Programs for Special Students	127	(1)
Mini-Courses	128	(1)
Honors Courses and Advanced-Placement Courses	128	(1)
Summary	129	(1)
Activities	129	(1)
Endnotes	129	(2)
Selected Readings	131	(1)
Promoting Student Achievement	132	(29)
Instruction and Learning	132	(1)
Individual Differences Among Children	133	(1)
School Accountability and Student Achievement	134	(9)
Federal Initiatives toward Testing and Accountability	135	(1)
Using Student Test Data to Improve Student Achievement	136	(1)
Norm-Referenced Tests	136	(6)
Criterion-Referenced Tests	142	(1)
Data-Driven Decision Making	142	(1)
Grouping Students	143	(5)
Group Size	143	(1)
Group Composition	144	(2)
Retention	146	(1)
Appropriate Bases for Grouping	147	(1)
Group Flexibility	147	(1)
Grouping Guidelines	148	(1)
Research on Teaching	148	(8)
How Children Learn	148	(2)
Effective Planning Skills	150	(1)
Effective Lesson Implementation	150	(1)
Cooperative Learning	151	(1)
Student Motivation	151	(1)
Providing Students with Evaluative Feedback	152	(1)
Preparing Appropriate Evaluation Activities	153	(1)
Assigning Grades	153	(1)
Time on Task	154	(1)
Individualized Instruction	154	(2)
Summary	156	(1)
Activities	157	(1)
Endnotes	157	(2)
Selected Readings	159	(2)
Special Students and Special Services	161	(21)
Ethics of Administration	162	(1)
Administration of Special Education Services	163	(8)
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act	163	(1)
Section 504: Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Handicap in Programs and Activities Receiving or Benefiting from Federal Financial Assistance	164	(1)
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)	165	(6)
Disciplining Students with Disabilities	171	(1)
Dealing with Parents of Special Children	172	(2)
The Supportive Parent	173	(1)
The Denying Parent	173	(1)
The Nonresponsive Parent	173	(1)
The Belligerent, Demanding Parent	174	(1)
The Role of the Principal	174	(1)
The Role of the Regular Classroom Teacher	174	(2)
Outside Public Agencies	176	(3)
Public Welfare or Human Services Agencies	176	(1)
Working with Law Enforcement Agencies	177	(2)
Summary	179	(1)
Activities	179	(1)
Endnotes	180	(1)
Selected Readings	180	(2)
Human Resources Development	182	(27)
Human Resources Development and Organizational Context	182	(3)
Machines	183	(1)
Organisms	183	(1)
Brains	183	(1)
Integration of the Individual and the Organization	184	(1)
Individual and Group Needs	185	(3)
Understanding Individual and Group Needs	185	(1)
The Adult Learner	185	(1)
Teacher Needs Determined by Experience	185	(2)
Maturity and Readiness Levels	187	(1)
Professional Development	188	(4)
Models of Staff Development	189	(3)
Matching Teacher Differences and Staff-Development Opportunities	192	(1)
Personnel Evaluation and Supervision	192	(4)
Merit and Worth	192	(1)
Summative and Formative Evaluation	193	(1)
Clinical Supervision	194	(2)
The Staff Evaluation Cycle	196	(2)
Individual Development Plans	198	(1)
Mentoring	198	(2)
Developing a Productive Relationship	200	(1)
Organizational Development	200	(2)
Implications for Leaders	202	(2)
The Needs Assessment	203	(1)
Structuring and Monitoring the Development System	203	(1)
Positive Reinforcement	204	(1)
Summary	204	(1)
Activities	205	(1)
Endnotes	205	(1)
Selected Readings	206	(3)
PART III MANAGING THE ORGANIZATION	209	(106)
Staffing the School: Recruitment, Selection, and Termination Processes	211	(17)
Recruitment	212	(4)
Federal Regulations to Prevent Employment Discrimination	215	(1)
The Selection Process	216	(3)
Screening	216	(1)
Discrepancy Analysis	217	(1)
Reference Check	217	(1)
The Job Interview	218	(1)
Employee Probationary Status	219	(1)
Orientation and Development of New Teachers	219	(2)
Teacher Tenure	221	(1)
Involuntary Termination	221	(2)
Preparation for Dismissal	222	(1)
Due Process	222	(1)
Appropriateness of Evidence	222	(1)
Equal Rights	223	(1)
Efforts to Help the Teacher	223	(1)
Voluntary Termination	223	(2)
Summary	225	(1)
Activities	225	(1)
Endnotes	226	(1)
Selected Readings	226	(2)
Restructuring the Deployment of Instructional Personnel	228	(20)
Empowerment	229	(1)
Learning Communities	229	(1)
Organizing for Learning Community Development	230	(1)
Staffing Patterns for Elementary and Middle Schools	231	(6)
Variations in Staff Assignments	231	(1)
Traditional Self-Contained Classrooms	231	(1)
Teachers and Specialists	232	(1)
Team Teaching	232	(1)
Team Teaching with Instructional Assistants	233	(1)
Multiyear Staffing Assignments	234	(1)
Options on Using Staff Specialists	235	(2)
Learning Community Organization	237	(1)
Staffing Patterns for Secondary Schools	237	(6)
Departmental Staff Organization	237	(3)
Learning Community Staffing Patterns	240	(1)
Learning Community Planning	241	(1)
Team Planning Tasks	241	(2)
Team Meeting Schedule	243	(1)
The School as a Learning Community	243	(2)
Matrix Management	245	(1)
Summary	245	(1)
Activities	246	(1)
Endnotes	246	(1)
Selected Readings	246	(2)
Restructuring Time: Scheduling	248	(26)
Schedule Flexibility	249	(1)
Simplicity and Complexity	249	(1)
Efficiency and the Use of Time	249	(1)
Decision Level---Loosely Coupled	250	(1)
Schedule Design	250	(3)
Learning Community Planning Time	253	(1)
Parallel Scheduling	253	(1)
Elementary School Schedules	254	(2)
Self-Contained Elementary Classrooms	254	(1)
Block Scheduling---Elementary	254	(2)
Middle School Schedules	256	(2)
Secondary School Schedules	258	(12)
Group Schedules	258	(2)
Mosaic Schedules	260	(6)
Computer Schedules	266	(1)
Block Schedules---Middle and High School	267	(3)
Year-Round Schools	270	(1)
Summary	271	(1)
Activities	272	(1)
Endnotes	272	(1)
Selected Readings	272	(2)
Budgeting, Fiscal Accounting, and Building Management	274	(24)
The Planning and Budgeting Process	275	(3)
Three Common Budgeting Processes	276	(2)
Implementing a Planning, Programming, Budgeting System	278	(4)
Step 1: The Five-Year Plan	279	(1)
Step 2: The One-Year Plan	280	(1)
Subsequent Steps	280	(1)
Expectations and Product	281	(1)
Accounting for Financial Resources and Expenditures	282	(6)
General Issues	282	(1)
Accounting for Financial Resources at the School Site	282	(5)
Regular Review	287	(1)
Activity and Other Funds	287	(1)
Computer Software Assistance	288	(1)
The Audit	288	(1)
Supplies and Equipment Management	288	(2)
Storage and Inventory Control	290	(1)
Central Warehousing	290	(1)
Care of the School Plant	290	(4)
Maintenance and Custodial Schedules	292	(2)
Evaluating the Appearance of the Building and Site	294	(1)
Working with Classified Personnel	294	(2)
Selection and Retention of Classified Personnel	295	(1)
Summary	296	(1)
Activities	297	(1)
Endnotes	297	(1)
Selected Readings	297	(1)
Technology Applications for School Management	298	(17)
How to Get Started	299	(1)
Technology Plans	300	(1)
Technology Applications for a School Office	301	(2)
Word Processing	301	(2)
Desktop and Web Publishing	303	(1)
Management Information Systems	303	(5)
Financial Accounting Systems	304	(1)
Document Management Systems	304	(1)
Planning Software	305	(1)
Spreadsheets	305	(1)
School Calendar	305	(1)
Scanners and Test Scoring	306	(2)
Presentation Graphics	308	(1)
Local Area Networks (LANs)	308	(1)
Software Issues	308	(1)
Network Policy Issues	309	(1)
Acceptable Use Policies	309	(1)
World Wide Web (WWW)	309	(1)
School Website	310	(1)
Staff Development for Technology	310	(1)
Hardware Security	311	(1)
Summary	312	(1)
Activities	312	(1)
Endnotes	312	(1)
Selected Readings	313	(2)
PART IV INTERACTING WITH THE EXTERNAL SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT	315	(58)
The School and the Community	317	(26)
The Community	318	(1)
The School in the Complex Community: The Impact of the Gesselschaft Society	319	(1)
Informal Community Forces	320	(6)
Neighborhood Influence Systems	320	(1)
Community Groups	321	(1)
Pressure Groups	322	(4)
Formal Community Forces	326	(4)
The Local Board of Education	327	(1)
State Education Agencies	328	(1)
Federal Influences on Education	329	(1)
In Sum	329	(1)
Promising Public Relations Techniques: Dealing with the Formal and Informal Forces	330	(1)
Getting the Message Out: One-Way Public Relations Techniques	330	(5)
Print and Electronic Media	330	(5)
The Fog Index	335	(1)
Getting the Message Out and Back: Two-Way Public Relations Techniques	335	(5)
The Message Was Sent---What Happened?	335	(1)
Community Advisory Councils	335	(1)
Focus Groups	336	(1)
Business and Other Community Partnerships	337	(1)
Key Communicators	338	(1)
Principal-Organized Interaction Sessions	338	(1)
Parent/Teacher Conferences	339	(1)
Parent/Teacher Organizations	339	(1)
Community Surveys	340	(1)
Summary	340	(1)
Activities	341	(1)
Endnotes	341	(1)
Selected Readings	341	(2)
Legal Rights and Responsibilities of Students and Staff	343	(30)
Legal Bases for Schools: Federal, State, and Local Perspectives	344	(2)
Application of the Laws	346	(1)
Due Process	346	(2)
Substantive Due Process	346	(1)
Procedural Due Process	347	(1)
Issues of Equity	348	(8)
Gender Discrimination	349	(2)
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (Reauthorization)	351	(1)
Providing for the Disabled	351	(4)
Racial and Ethnic Discrimination	355	(1)
First Amendment Rights	356	(4)
Freedom of Expression	356	(1)
Student Publications	356	(2)
School Library Books	358	(1)
Required Reading Materials	358	(1)
Religion in the Schools	358	(2)
Fourth Amendment Rights	360	(1)
Sexual Harassment	361	(1)
Common Tort Liability Settings	362	(6)
Pupil Injuries	363	(2)
Regulating Student Conduct	365	(3)
Privacy and Confidentiality of Student Records	368	(1)
Summary	369	(1)
Activities	370	(1)
Endnotes	370	(2)
Selected Readings	372	(1)
Some Internet Sources	372	(1)
Appendix A: Case Studies in School Leadership and Management	373	(17)
Appendix B: ISLLC Standards	390	(7)
Index	397