Principal, The: Creative Leadership for Excellence in Schools

by Ubben, Gerald C.; Hughes, Larry W.; Norris, Cynthia J.

• ISBN13: 9780205481378
• ISBN10: 020548137X
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

This book is organized around the ELCC Standards and provides a bridge from the theory of school administration to the practical problem solving in which school principals and other leaders engage. The Principal is organized into four parts centered on the seven Educational Leadership Constituent Council Standards developed specifically for school leaders. Each of the four major parts of the book is framed with one or two of the Standards as its major theme. Now in its sixth edition, this book continues to be based on the research indicating linkages between educational leadership and productive schools, especially in terms of outcomes for children. It supports the understanding that formal leadership in schools is a complex, multi-faceted task that requires continual learning and that effective school leaders must be strong educators focused on the central issues of learning, teaching, and school improvement.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
PART ONE Creating a Vision of Leadership and Learning
The Principal: A Creative Blend of Substance and Style	3	(19)
Social Systems Theory	4	(2)
The School Improvement Plan Applied to Systems Theory	5	(1)
The School: The Context for Leadership	6	(5)
Schools as Machines	6	(1)
Schools as Organisms	7	(1)
Schools as Brains	7	(1)
Reflection	8	(1)
School Expectations	8	(1)
Tightly Coupled and Loosely Coupled Organizations	9	(1)
Leadership Perspectives	9	(1)
Single-Loop and Double-Loop Learning	10	(1)
The Principalship: The Role in Context	11	(7)
Leadership as Philosophy in Action	11	(1)
Espoused Values and Values in Use	12	(1)
Leadership from a Values Perspective	12	(1)
Hall's Phases of Consciousness	12	(1)
Implications for Leadership Development	13	(1)
Leadership and Vision	13	(1)
Shared Vision and Authority	14	(1)
Contrasting the Transactional and Transformational Leader	14	(2)
Ethical Responsibilities of Transformational Leadership	16	(1)
Management and Leadership	16	(1)
Roles and Functions	17	(1)
Management	17	(1)
A Leadership Challenge	18	(1)
Summary	18	(1)
Activities	19	(1)
Endnotes	19	(1)
Selected Readings	20	(2)
The Learning Community	22	(15)
Sociological and Psychological Nature of Groups	22	(8)
Reciprocity	23	(1)
Cohort Model	23	(1)
Interaction	24	(1)
Purpose	25	(1)
Interdependence	25	(1)
Individual Growth	25	(1)
Learning Communities	25	(1)
Systems Thinking	26	(1)
Transformational Learning	27	(1)
Empowerment	27	(1)
Needs Theory	28	(1)
Values Theory	28	(1)
Thinking Theory	28	(1)
Teacher Empowerment	29	(1)
Instructional Leadership	29	(1)
High-Performance Organizations	30	(4)
Goal Setting	31	(1)
High Expectations, Praise, and Hoopla: The Motivating Work Environment	32	(1)
A Model for Instructional Leadership	32	(2)
Summary	34	(1)
Activities	34	(1)
Endnotes	35	(1)
Selected Readings	35	(2)
Decision Processing and Decision Making at the School Site	37	(21)
Decision Making: A Perspective	37	(2)
Decision Settings	39	(4)
Structured Decision Settings	39	(1)
Multialternative, Unstructured, and Innovative Settings	40	(3)
Decision Processing	43	(8)
The Maier Model	44	(2)
The Vroom-Jago Decision Process Model	46	(2)
Implications of Decision-Processing Models	48	(1)
Your Turn	49	(2)
Problem Solving	51	(2)
The Benedictine Rule	53	(1)
The Work Group as a Problem-Solving Unit	53	(1)
Setting Realistic Decision-Making Limits	54	(1)
Problem-Solving Work Groups	54	(1)
Summary	55	(1)
Activities	56	(1)
Endnotes	56	(1)
Selected Readings	57	(1)
School Improvement through Systematic Planning	58	(29)
The Principal's Role	59	(1)
Gathering Baseline Data	59	(6)
Demographic Data	60	(1)
Outcome Data	61	(1)
Stakeholder Survey Data	62	(3)
Determining Vision and Mission	65	(6)
Framework for Establishing Beliefs or Vision Statements	66	(1)
Evaluative Criteria Framework	67	(1)
Effective Schools Framework	67	(1)
Essential Schools Framework	68	(1)
Vision and Mission Development Process	68	(3)
Clarifying Expectations for Student Learning	71	(1)
Process	71	(1)
Analysis of Instructional and Organizational Effectiveness	72	(2)
Action Planning/Project Management	74	(6)
Problem Analysis	75	(2)
Generating Action Plans	77	(1)
The Project Planning Document	78	(1)
Putting the Plan into Operation	79	(1)
Establishing Target Dates	80	(1)
The Project Calendar: Gantt Charting	80	(3)
The Master Project Document	80	(1)
Monitoring and Evaluating the Project	80	(2)
Summative Evaluation	82	(1)
Summary	83	(1)
Activities	83	(1)
Endnotes	83	(1)
Selected Readings	84	(3)
PART TWO Developing a Positive School Culture	87	(116)
Creating a Positive Learning Climate	89	(18)
It Happens in All Schools	89	(1)
Positive Student Control	90	(1)
The School as a Culture	91	(5)
The Development of a Positive Program	92	(1)
Five Premises about the School Environment and Students	92	(1)
It All Starts in the Classroom	93	(1)
Developing Good Rules	93	(2)
Smallness Is Good: Developing Learning Communities	95	(1)
Other Factors Influencing Behavior	95	(1)
Violence and Disorder	96	(3)
Keeping It a Fair Playing Field	97	(1)
Gangs	98	(1)
The School as a Safe Haven	99	(1)
The Counseling Program	99	(5)
Advisor/Advisee Systems	100	(1)
Organizing Counseling Activities	101	(2)
Establishing a Good Advisement Program	103	(1)
The Role of the Guidance Counselor	104	(1)
Student Services	104	(1)
Student Referral System	104	(1)
Principal's Role in Coordination and Articulation	105	(1)
Summary	105	(1)
Activities	105	(1)
Endnotes	106	(1)
Selected Readings	106	(1)
The School Curriculum	107	(24)
The Principal's Role in Curriculum Administration	107	(11)
Understanding Curriculum Theory	108	(1)
The Humanistic Perspective	109	(2)
Social Reconstructionism	111	(4)
Technological Curriculum	115	(2)
Academic Curriculum	117	(1)
Curriculum Analysis	118	(1)
Curriculum Design and School Improvement	119	(2)
Curriculum Delivery	121	(1)
Curriculum Flexibility	122	(1)
Curriculum Continuity	122	(1)
Curriculum Balance	123	(1)
Curriculum Model	123	(3)
Offering Curricular Breadth	126	(2)
Special Programs for Special Students	126	(1)
Mini-Courses	127	(1)
Honors Courses and Advanced-Placement Courses	127	(1)
Summary	128	(1)
Activities	128	(1)
Endnotes	128	(2)
Selected Readings	130	(1)
Promoting Student Achievement	131	(28)
Instruction and Learning	131	(1)
Individual Differences among Children	132	(1)
School Accountability and Student Achievement	133	(8)
Federal Initiatives toward Testing and Accountability	133	(2)
Using Student Test Data to Improve Student Achievement	135	(1)
Norm-Referenced Tests	135	(5)
Criterion-Referenced Tests	140	(1)
Data-Driven Decision Making	141	(1)
Grouping Students	141	(6)
Group Size	141	(1)
Group Composition	142	(2)
Retention	144	(1)
Appropriate Bases for Grouping	145	(1)
Group Flexibility	146	(1)
Grouping Guidelines	146	(1)
Research on Teaching	147	(7)
How Children Learn	147	(1)
Effective Planning Skills	148	(1)
Effective Lesson Implementation	148	(1)
Cooperative Learning	149	(1)
Student Motivation	149	(1)
Providing Students with Evaluative Feedback	150	(1)
Preparing Appropriate Evaluation Activities	151	(1)
Assigning Grades	151	(1)
Time on Task	152	(1)
Individualized Instruction	152	(2)
Summary	154	(1)
Activities	155	(1)
Endnotes	155	(2)
Selected Readings	157	(2)
Special Students and Special Services	159	(20)
Ethics of Administration	160	(1)
Administration of Special Education Services	161	(8)
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act	161	(1)
Section 504: Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Handicap in Programs and Activities Receiving or Benefiting from Federal Financial Assistance	162	(1)
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)	163	(1)
IDEA (1990)	164	(5)
Disciplining Students with Disabilities	169	(2)
IDEIA (2005)	169	(2)
Dealing with Parents of Special Children	171	(1)
The Supportive Parent	171	(1)
The Denying Parent	171	(1)
The Nonresponsive Parent	172	(1)
The Belligerent, Demanding Parent	172	(1)
The Role of the Principal	172	(1)
The Role of the Regular Classroom Teacher	173	(1)
Outside Public Agencies	174	(3)
Public Welfare or Human Services Agencies	174	(1)
Working with Law Enforcement Agencies	175	(2)
Summary	177	(1)
Activities	177	(1)
Endnotes	178	(1)
Selected Readings	178	(1)
Human Resources Development	179	(24)
Integration of the Individual and the Organization	179	(3)
Teacher Empowerment	180	(1)
Institutional versus Individual View of a Career	180	(2)
Individual and Group Needs	182	(3)
Understanding Individual and Group Needs	182	(1)
The Adult Learner	182	(1)
Teacher Needs Determined by Experience	183	(1)
Maturity and Readiness Levels	184	(1)
Professional Development	185	(4)
Models of Staff Development	186	(3)
Matching Teacher Differences and Staff-Development Opportunities	189	(1)
Personnel Evaluation and Supervision	189	(4)
Merit and Worth	189	(1)
Summative and Formative Evaluation	190	(1)
Clinical Supervision	191	(2)
The Staff Evaluation Cycle	193	(2)
Individual Development Plans	195	(1)
Mentoring	195	(2)
Developing a Productive Relationship	197	(1)
Implications for Leaders	197	(2)
The Needs Assessment	197	(1)
Structuring and Monitoring the Development System	198	(1)
Positive Reinforcement	198	(1)
Summary	199	(1)
Activities	199	(1)
Endnotes	200	(1)
Selected Readings	201	(2)
PART THREE Managing the Organization	203	(104)
Staffing the School: Recruitment, Selection, and Termination Processes	205	(16)
Determining Staffing Needs	206	(1)
Recruitment	206	(5)
Federal Regulations to Prevent Employment Discrimination	207	(4)
The Selection Process	211	(2)
Screening	211	(1)
Discrepancy Analysis	211	(1)
Reference Check	211	(1)
The Job Interview	212	(1)
Employee Probationary Status	213	(1)
Orientation and Development of New Teachers	213	(2)
Teacher Tenure	215	(1)
Involuntary Termination	215	(2)
Preparation for Dismissal	216	(1)
Due Process	216	(1)
Appropriateness of Evidence	216	(1)
Equal Rights	217	(1)
Efforts to Help the Teacher	217	(1)
Voluntary Termination	217	(2)
Summary	219	(1)
Activities	219	(1)
Endnotes	219	(1)
Selected Readings	220	(1)
Restructuring the Deployment of Instructional Personnel	221	(20)
Empowerment	221	(1)
Professional Learning Communities	222	(1)
Organizing for Professional Learning Community Development	222	(2)
Staffing Patterns for Elementary and Middle Schools	224	(6)
Variations in Staff Assignments	224	(1)
Traditional Self-Contained Classrooms	224	(1)
Teachers and Specialists	224	(1)
Team Teaching	225	(1)
Team Teaching with Instructional Assistants	226	(1)
Role of Instructional Assistants	226	(1)
Multiyear Staffing Assignments	227	(1)
Options on Using Staff Specialists	228	(1)
Learning Community Organization	229	(1)
Staffing Patterns for Secondary Schools	230	(3)
Departmental Staff Organization	230	(1)
Learning Community Staffing Patterns	230	(3)
Learning Community Planning	233	(3)
Team Planning Tasks	235	(1)
Team Meeting Schedule	235	(1)
The School as a Learning Community	236	(3)
Matrix Management	237	(1)
Parent Involvement in Learning Communities	238	(1)
Summary	239	(1)
Activities	239	(1)
Endnotes	239	(1)
Selected Readings	240	(1)
Restructuring Time: Scheduling	241	(26)
Schedule Flexibility	242	(1)
Simplicity and Complexity	242	(1)
Efficiency and the Use of Time	242	(1)
Decision Level---Loosely Coupled	243	(1)
Schedule Design	243	(3)
Learning Community Planning Time	246	(1)
Parallel Scheduling	246	(1)
Elementary School Schedules	247	(2)
Self-Contained Elementary Classrooms	247	(1)
Block Scheduling---Elementary	247	(2)
Middle School Schedules	249	(3)
Secondary School Schedules	252	(12)
Group Schedules	252	(1)
Specialized Thematic or School-within-a-School High School Schedules	252	(1)
Mosaic Schedules	253	(7)
Computer Schedules	260	(1)
Block Schedules---Middle and High School	260	(4)
Year-Round Schools	264	(1)
Summary	264	(1)
Activities	265	(1)
Endnotes	265	(1)
Selected Readings	265	(2)
Fiscal Accounting, Budgeting, and Building Management	267	(24)
Where Does the Money Come From?	267	(1)
The Building and Grounds	268	(1)
The Planning and Budgeting Process	269	(2)
Three Common Budgeting Processes	270	(1)
Implementing a Planning, Programming, Budgeting System	271	(4)
Step 1: The Five-Year Plan	272	(1)
Step 2: The One-Year Plan	273	(1)
Subsequent Steps	273	(1)
Expectations and Product	274	(1)
Accounting for Financial Resources and Expenditures	275	(8)
General Issues	275	(1)
Accounting for Financial Resources at the School Site	276	(2)
Regular Review	278	(1)
Activity and Other Funds	278	(3)
Computer Software Assistance	281	(1)
The Audit	282	(1)
Supplies and Equipment Management	283	(2)
Storage and Inventory Control	283	(1)
Central Warehousing	284	(1)
Care of the School Plant	285	(2)
Maintenance and Custodial Schedules	285	(2)
Evaluating the Appearance of the Building and Site	287	(1)
Working with Classified Personnel	287	(2)
Selection and Retention of Classified Personnel	289	(1)
Summary	289	(1)
Activities	290	(1)
Endnotes	290	(1)
Selected Readings	290	(1)
Technology Applications for School Management	291	(16)
How to Get Started	292	(1)
Technology Plans	293	(1)
Technology Applications for a School Office	294	(2)
Word Processing	294	(1)
Desktop and Web Publishing	294	(2)
Data Warehousing and Management Information Systems	296	(5)
Financial Accounting Systems	297	(1)
Document Management Systems	297	(1)
Planning Software	298	(1)
Spreadsheets	298	(1)
School Calendar	298	(1)
Scanners and Test Scoring	299	(1)
Presentation Graphics	300	(1)
Local Area Networks (LANs)	301	(1)
Software Issues	301	(1)
Network Policy Issues	301	(1)
Acceptable Use Policies	301	(1)
Internet	302	(1)
School Website	302	(1)
Staff Development for Technology	303	(1)
Hardware Security	304	(1)
Summary	304	(1)
Activities	304	(1)
Endnotes	305	(1)
Selected Readings	305	(2)
PART FOUR Interacting with the External School Environment	307	(60)
The School and the Community	309	(27)
Hot-Button Issues	310	(2)
Religious Beliefs	310	(1)
Books and Educational Materials	310	(1)
School Closings and New Buildings	311	(1)
Curriculum Strategies and Courses of Instruction	311	(1)
Violence in Schools	311	(1)
The Issues in Perspective	312	(1)
The Community	312	(1)
The Complex Community	313	(1)
Informal Community Forces	314	(6)
Neighborhood Influence Systems	314	(1)
Community Groups	315	(1)
Pressure Groups	315	(5)
Formal Community Forces	320	(3)
The Local Board of Education	320	(1)
State Education Agencies	321	(1)
Federal Influences on Education	322	(1)
In Sum	322	(1)
Promising Public Relations Techniques: Dealing with the Formal and Informal Forces	323	(1)
Getting the Message Out: One-Way Public Relations Techniques	323	(5)
Print and Electronic Media	324	(4)
The Fog Index	328	(1)
Getting the Message Out and Back: Two-Way Public Relations Techniques	328	(5)
The Message Was Sent---What Happened?	328	(1)
Community Advisory Councils	329	(1)
Focus Groups	329	(1)
Business and Other Community Partnerships	330	(1)
Key Communicators	331	(1)
Principal-Organized Interaction Sessions	331	(1)
Parent/Teacher Conferences	332	(1)
Parent/Teacher Organizations	332	(1)
Community Surveys	333	(1)
Summary	333	(1)
Activities	334	(1)
Endnotes	334	(1)
Selected Readings	335	(1)
Legal Rights and Responsibilities of Staff and Students	336	(31)
Legal Bases for Schools: Federal, State, and Local Perspectives	337	(2)
Application of the Laws	339	(1)
Due Process	339	(2)
Substantive Due Process	339	(1)
Procedural Due Process	340	(1)
First Amendment Rights	341	(5)
Freedom of Expression	342	(1)
Student Publications	342	(1)
School Library Books	343	(1)
Required Reading Materials	344	(1)
Religion in the Schools	344	(2)
Fourth Amendment Rights	346	(1)
Sexual Harassment	347	(1)
Common Tort Liability Settings	348	(6)
Pupil Injuries	348	(2)
Regulating Student Conduct	350	(4)
Privacy and Confidentiality of Student Records	354	(1)
Issues of Equity	355	(6)
Gender Discrimination	355	(2)
Providing for the Disabled	357	(4)
Racial and Ethnic Discrimination	361	(1)
Youth in Poverty (Reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act)	361	(1)
Homeless Youth	362	(1)
Summary	363	(1)
Activities	363	(1)
Endnotes	364	(2)
Selected Readings	366	(1)
Some Internet Sources	366	(1)
Appendix A: Case Studies in School Leadership and Management	367	(22)
Problem Analysis, Decision Processing, and Decision Making: Introduction to the Cases	367	(2)
List of Case Studies	369	(20)
Appendix B: ELCC Standards	389	(8)
Index	397