Principles of Air Quality Management, Second Edition

by Griffin; Roger D.

• ISBN13: 9780849370991
• ISBN10: 084937099X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-09-11
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Blending information from popular mainstream articles, highly technical publications, and research journals, the second edition of Principles of Air Quality Management features new sections on air toxics, new information on chronic and acute health effects, and new approaches to the assessment of those impacts on sensitive populations. It emphasizes toxic air pollutants and alternative approaches to management of air quality in local environments. The book explains how primary pollutants form in industrial and mobile combustion processes and the latest on how they are controlled. It also presents in-depth information on the meteorology of atmospheric transport and explains how secondary photochemical pollutants form in ambient air.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 The Atmosphere and Its Contaminants	1	(20)
History of Air Pollution	1	(3)
Medieval Experiences	1	(1)
Industrialization	2	(1)
The Early 20th Century	2	(1)
The Great London Smog Disaster — December 1952	3	(1)
Late 20th and Early 21st Centuries	4	(1)
Terms and Definitions	4	(3)
Ambient Air	4	(1)
Criteria and Noncriteria Air Pollutants	5	(1)
Emissions	6	(1)
The Epidemiologic Model	7	(1)
Components of the Atmosphere	7	(3)
Physical Characteristics	8	(1)
Standard Conditions	9	(1)
Dew Point and Humidity	9	(1)
States of Air Pollutants	10	(3)
Pollutant Gas Features	10	(1)
Particulate Features	10	(3)
Contaminant Classifications	13	(1)
Primary Contaminants	13	(1)
Natural Emissions	14	(1)
Anthropogenic Emissions	14	(1)
Secondary Contaminants	14	(1)
Photochemical Smog	14	(7)
Air Quality Management Aspects of Photochemical Reactions	18	(3)
Chapter 2 Effects of Air Pollution	21	(24)
Time Effects and Sensitivities	21	(1)
Acute versus Chronic	21	(1)
Sensitive Populations	22	(1)
Criteria versus Noncriteria Air Pollutants	22	(6)
Criteria Air Pollutant Effects	23	(5)
Ozone	23	(1)
Sulfur Dioxide	24	(2)
Particulate Matter	26	(1)
Nitrogen Dioxide	26	(1)
Carbon Monoxide	27	(1)
Lead	27	(1)
Basic Principles of Toxicology	28	(2)
Sources of Health Effects Information	28	(1)
Dose—Response	29	(1)
Routes of Exposure	30	(1)
Inhalation	30	(1)
Response to Airborne Chemicals	30	(5)
The Lungs	31	(2)
The Central Nervous System	33	(1)
The Liver	33	(1)
The Kidneys	33	(1)
The Blood	33	(1)
The Reproductive System	33	(1)
The Cardiovascular System	34	(1)
The Skeletal System	34	(1)
Other Factors to Consider	34	(1)
Classes of Health Effects	35	(2)
Latency	36	(1)
Carcinogens	36	(1)
Mutagens	36	(1)
Teratogens	36	(1)
Effects on the Ecosystem	37	(6)
Effects on Vegetation	37	(2)
Plant Structure	37	(1)
Leaf Structure	37	(1)
Plant Injury	38	(1)
Acid Precipitation Effects	38	(1)
Pollutant Interactions	39	(1)
Economic Losses Caused by Vegetation Effects	39	(1)
Effects on Materials	39	(4)
Textiles	40	(1)
Building Materials	40	(1)
Metal Corrosion	41	(1)
Surface Coatings	42	(1)
Documents and Manuscripts	42	(1)
Rubber	42	(1)
Effects on Animals	43	(1)
Economic Losses	43	(2)
Chapter 3 Air Quality Standards and Monitoring	45	(24)
Standards	45	(3)
Acceptable Levels	46	(2)
Ambient Air Standards and Exposures	48	(3)
National	48	(2)
International Air Pollution Levels	50	(1)
The Pollution Standard Index	51	(2)
Episodic Standards	52	(1)
Noncriteria Air Contaminant Standards	53	(1)
Occupational Derived Standards	53	(1)
Risk Assessment	54	(7)
The Risk Assessment Process	54	(3)
Hazard Identification	54	(1)
Dose–Response Assessment	55	(1)
Exposure Assessment	56	(1)
Risk Characterization	57	(1)
Uncertainties	57	(1)
Uncertainties in Toxicity	57	(1)
Uncertainties in Modeled Exposures	58	(1)
Screening Level Approaches	58	(5)
Carcinogen Hazards	58	(3)
Acceptable Air Quality	61	(1)
Monitoring Ambient Air Quality	61	(2)
Measurement Techniques	63	(6)
Cumulative Samplers	64	(2)
Continuous Analyzers	66	(3)
Chapter 4 Sources and Measurement Methodologies	69	(32)
Global Sources	70	(4)
Geogenic	70	(1)
Biogenic	70	(1)
Anthropogenic	71	(1)
Global Emissions	72	(2)
Air Pollution Sinks	74	(2)
Biological Sinks	74	(1)
Mechanical Sinks	74	(1)
Photochemical Sinks	75	(1)
Anthropogenic Air Emissions	76	(9)
Combustion	76	(1)
Fuels for Combustion Reactions	77	(4)
Coal	77	(2)
Liquid Fuels	79	(1)
Natural Gas	80	(1)
Efficiency and Emissions	81	(1)
Enthalpy Considerations	81	(3)
Air and Fuel Considerations	82	(1)
Combustion Chemistry	82	(1)
Air-to-Fuel Ratio Considerations	83	(1)
Combustion Systems	84	(1)
Evaporative Emissions	85	(3)
Evaporative Classes	87	(1)
Fugitive Emissions	88	(1)
Waste-Related Emissions	89	(2)
Landfills	89	(2)
Treatment-Related Emissions	91	(1)
Criteria Air Pollutant Formation	91	(1)
Source Inventories of Criteria Pollutants	92	(4)
Transportation	93	(1)
Fuel Combustion	93	(1)
Industrial Processes	94	(1)
Miscellaneous	95	(1)
Comparisons by Category	95	(1)
Hazardous Air Emissions	96	(1)
Quantification of Emissions	97	(2)
Source Testing	97	(1)
Continuous Emissions Monitoring	97	(1)
Carbon Balance	98	(1)
Composition	98	(1)
Emission Factors	98	(1)
Fugitives	99	(1)
Accuracy and Applicability	99	(2)
Chapter 5 Meteorology, Dispersion, and Modeling	101	(38)
Earth's Energy and Radiation	101	(14)
Temperature and Global Air Movements	103	(4)
Global Circulation Cells	104	(1)
Jet Streams	105	(1)
Surface Effects	105	(2)
Other Forces	107	(1)
Patterns of High and Low Pressure	107	(4)
Friction	111	(1)
Horizontal and Vertical Air Patterns	111	(4)
Atmospheric Stability	111	(2)
Vertical Mixing	113	(1)
Horizontal Air Movements	113	(2)
Regional Air Pollution Meteorology	115	(8)
Inversions	115	(1)
Types of Inversions	115	(2)
Southern California — The Classic Example	117	(1)
Sea and Land Breezes	117	(2)
Other Dispersive Characteristics of the Atmosphere	119	(4)
Valley Effects	119	(2)
Chimney Effect	121	(1)
Vegetation Effects	121	(1)
Mountain Effects	122	(1)
Urban Heat Island Effects	122	(1)
Local Air Pollutant Dispersion	123	(5)
Point Sources and Plume Dispersion	123	(1)
Plume Rise	124	(1)
Plume Shape	125	(2)
Line Sources	127	(1)
Area Sources	128	(1)
Dispersion Modeling	128	(6)
Point-Source Modeling	129	(2)
Model Averaging Time	131	(1)
Plume Model Modifications	131	(2)
Line-Source Models	133	(1)
Area Modeling	133	(1)
Catastrophic Releases	133	(1)
Visibility	134	(1)
Mathematical Models	134	(5)
Planning Based	134	(2)
Receptor Based	136	(1)
Statistical Based	136	(3)
Chapter 6 Stationary-Source Control Approaches	139	(40)
Source Reduction	139	(1)
Management and Operational Changes	140	(5)
Fugitive Emissions	141	(1)
Product Storage Control	142	(2)
Materials Changes	144	(1)
Process-Optimizing Actions	145	(1)
Combustion Modifications	146	(5)
Fuels and Fuel Modification	151	(5)
Efficiency	151	(1)
Secondary Utilization	151	(1)
Fuel Switching	152	(1)
Fuel Blending	152	(1)
Fuel Cleaning	153	(1)
Additives	154	(1)
Fuel Modifications	154	(2)
Fuel Refining	156	(1)
Planning and Design	156	(2)
Geographic Location	156	(1)
Lower-Emission Systems	157	(1)
Greater Efficiency	158	(1)
Repowering	158	(1)
Emissions Characterization	158	(1)
Collection of Air Contaminants	159	(3)
Air Pollution Control Approaches	162	(12)
Gas Control Technologies	162	(5)
Absorbers	163	(1)
Adsorbers	164	(1)
Condensers	165	(1)
Thermal Oxidation	166	(1)
Particulate Control Technologies	167	(7)
Mechanical Collectors	168	(1)
Fabric Filters	169	(2)
Wet Scrubbers	171	(1)
Electrostatic Precipitators	172	(1)
Combination Units	173	(1)
Combustion Gas Control Technologies	174	(3)
Carbon Monoxide and Combustible Carbon Gases	174	(1)
Sulfur Dioxide	174	(1)
Oxides of Nitrogen	174	(3)
Selective Catalytic Reduction	176	(1)
Selective Noncatalytic Reduction	176	(1)
Oxidative Systems	177	(1)
Technology Comparisons	177	(2)
Control System Hardware Considerations	178	(1)
Chapter 7 Mobile Sources and Control Approaches	179	(30)
Engines and Air Pollutant Emissions	179	(2)
Pollutant Formation in Spark-Ignited Engines	181	(4)
Bulk Gas Pollutant–Formation Region	181	(1)
Surface Pollutant–Formation Region	182	(1)
Four-Stroke Pollutant Mechanisms	183	(1)
Lesser Sources of Carbon Gas Pollutant Emissions	183	(2)
Fuel Composition and Exhaust Emissions	185	(1)
Diesel Ignition Emission Characteristics	185	(7)
Pollutant Patterns	188	(1)
Hydrocarbon Emissions from Trip Cycles	188	(1)
Engine Thermodynamic Cycles	189	(3)
Hybrid Internal Combustion Engines	192	(1)
ICE Emission-Control Options	193	(3)
Effects of Operating Conditions	193	(1)
Spark Timing	193	(1)
Compression Ratio	193	(1)
Engine Speed	194	(1)
Engine Power	194	(1)
Engine Temperatures	195	(1)
Engine Cleanliness	195	(1)
Design Influences on ICEs	196	(2)
Two-Stage Combustion	197	(1)
External Control Approaches	198	(2)
Fuel Recapture Systems	198	(1)
Catalyst Systems	198	(2)
Diesel Particulate Controls	200	(1)
Fuel Change Effects	200	(5)
Diesel Fuels	204	(1)
Alternatives and the Future	205	(4)
Alternative Fuels	205	(1)
Alternative Mechanical Design and Efficiency Approaches	206	(1)
Alternative Power Systems	206	(3)
Chapter 8 Global Concerns	209	(34)
The Challenge	210	(1)
Data and Records	210	(1)
Intercontinental Pollutant Transport	211	(2)
The Data	212	(1)
Conclusions	213	(1)
Stratospheric Ozone	213	(7)
Radiation Primer	213	(2)
Stratospheric Ozone Formation	215	(1)
Early Observations	216	(1)
The Response	216	(1)
Other Sources and Variations	216	(1)
Lab Studies	217	(1)
Antarctic Studies	217	(1)
UV Data and Other Impacts	218	(1)
Alternatives	219	(1)
Acid Deposition	220	(4)
Water Plus Air	220	(1)
Water Plus Soils	220	(1)
Acid Rain Studies	221	(1)
The NAPAP Findings	222	(2)
Conclusions	224	(1)
Global Climate Change	224	(14)
Historical Perspective	225	(2)
Current Concerns	227	(4)
Measurements	231	(4)
Other Considerations	235	(1)
Feedbacks	235	(1)
Models	236	(1)
Recent Findings	237	(1)
Alternative Views	238	(5)
Increased Yields	239	(1)
Other Agricultural Effects	240	(3)
Chapter 9 Air Quality Laws and Regulations	243	(36)
General Law Approaches	243	(4)
Public Nuisance	243	(1)
Private Nuisance	244	(1)
Recent Approaches	244	(1)
The Process of Regulation	245	(1)
Role of the Public in Rule Making	245	(1)
Environmental Justice	246	(1)
Levels of Authority	246	(1)
Federal Preemption	246	(1)
Federal Laws Affecting Air Quality Management	247	(5)
Pre-1990 Air Quality Acts and Effects	247	(5)
Implementation Plans	248	(1)
Monitoring and Limiting Emissions	248	(1)
Prevention of Significant Deterioration	248	(1)
Emergency Episodes	249	(1)
Hazardous Air Pollutants	250	(1)
Global Concerns	250	(1)
Federal Environmental Statutes	250	(1)
Toxic Substances Control Act	250	(1)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act	250	(1)
Comprehensive Emergency Response, Compensation, and Liability Act	251	(1)
The Clean Air Act	252	(24)
Title I Attainment and Maintenance of the NAAQS	253	(7)
Ozone Nonattainment Requirements	254	(2)
Additional Ozone Strategies	256	(2)
Carbon Monoxide Nonattainment Provisions	258	(1)
PM10 Nonattainment Areas	259	(1)
PM2.5 Nonattainment Areas	260	(1)
Title II Mobile Source Provisions	260	(3)
Light-Duty Vehicle Standards	260	(1)
Tailpipe Toxics	261	(1)
Emissions Control	261	(1)
Reformulated Gasoline Fuel Requirements	262	(1)
Phase II Reformulated Gasoline Performance Standards	262	(1)
California Low-Emission Vehicle II Regulations	263	(1)
Title III Hazardous Air Pollutant Program	263	(5)
Toxic Release Inventory Program	264	(1)
HAP Sources	264	(2)
Area Sources: Urban Air Toxics Strategy	266	(1)
SIP Revisions	266	(1)
HAP Permits	266	(1)
Special Studies	266	(1)
Clean Air Mercury Rule	266	(1)
Prevention of Accidental Releases	267	(1)
Solid Waste Combustion	268	(1)
Title IV Acid Deposition Program	268	(2)
SO2 Provisions Clean Air Interstate Rule 2005 Effect	268	(1)
Market-Based Allowance Program	269	(1)
NOx Provisions Budget Training Program	269	(1)
Other Provisions	270	(1)
Title V Operating Permits	270	(3)
Permit Program Requirements	271	(1)
Fees	271	(1)
Other Provisions	272	(1)
Valid Permits	273	(1)
Title VI Stratospheric Ozone Protection	273	(1)
Recapture and Recycling	274	(1)
Labeling	274	(1)
Title VII Enforcement Provisions	274	(1)
Clean Air Crimes	274	(1)
Title VIII Miscellaneous Provisions	275	(1)
Visibility and Source Receptor Concepts	275	(1)
Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission	275	(1)
International Treaties	276	(1)
Montreal Protocol	276	(1)
Kyoto Accords	276	(1)
The Influence of Nonregulatory Governmental Actions	277	(2)
Court Decisions	278	(1)
Chapter 10 Management, Trends, and Indoor Air Quality	279	(28)
Elements of Air Quality Management	280	(2)
Nonregulatory Air Quality Management Approaches	281	(1)
Trends	282	(9)
Trends in Emissions	282	(1)
Trends in the Extreme Ozone Area	283	(3)
Trends in Strategy	286	(4)
Fuels and Transportation	286	(1)
Small Sources	287	(1)
Governance	287	(1)
Hazardous Air Pollutants	288	(1)
Lifestyle Impacts	289	(1)
Stationary Sources	289	(1)
Natural Sources	290	(1)
The Outlook	290	(1)
Indoor Air Quality	291	(13)
Environmental Tobacco Smoke	294	(1)
Radon	295	(2)
Radon in Building Sources	297	(2)
Soil	297	(1)
Water	298	(1)
Building Materials	299	(1)
Measurement and Action Levels	299	(1)
House Characteristics and Radon Gas Entry	300	(1)
Mitigation	300	(2)
Other Indoor Air Contaminant Concerns	302	(2)
Public Buildings	304	(1)
Indoor Air Pollution in Developing Countries	305	(2)
List of Acronyms	307	(4)
Glossary	311	(14)
Bibliography	325	(6)
Index	331