Principles and Applications of Tribology

by Bhushan, Bharat

• ISBN13: 9780471594079
• ISBN10: 0471594075
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-03-25
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

A current and comprehensive treatment of tribology theory and applications A solid understanding of tribology is essential for engineers in many fields working to design and ensure the reliability of machine parts and systems. Principles and Applications of Tribology is the first truly broad-based book on this vital subject. Moving from basic theory to practice, it examines tribology from the integrated viewpoint of mechanical engineering, mechanics, and materials science. It offers detailed coverage of the mechanisms of material wear, friction, and all of the major lubrication techniques-- liquids, solids, and gases-- and examines a wide range of both traditional and state-of-the-art applications. Based on the author's extensive research and teaching experience in the areas of tribology, mechanics, and materials science for more than thirty years, this book emphasizes a contemporary knowledge of tribology that includes the emerging field of micro/nanotribology and various industrial applications, including cutting-edge topics such as magnetic information storage devices and microelectromechanical systems. Principles and Applications of Tribology is invaluable for mechanical, chemical, and materials engineers involved in product and process design, as well as graduate students and researchers in these areas.

Author Biography

BHARAT BHUSHAN, PhD, DSc, is Ohio Eminent Scholar and Howard D. Winbigler Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at The Ohio State University in Columbus, where he also serves as Director of the Computer Microtribology and Contamination Laboratory.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xv
Preface	xvii
Introduction	1	(8)
Definition and History of Tribology	1	(2)
Industrial Significance of Tribology	3	(1)
Origins and Significance of Micro/Nanotribology	4	(2)
Organization of the Book	6	(3)
References	7	(2)
Structure and Properties of Solids	9	(82)
Introduction	9	(1)
Atomic Structure, Bonding, and Configuration	9	(25)
Individual Atoms and Ions	10	(4)
Molecules, Bonding, and Atomic Coordination	14	(20)
Crystalline Structures	34	(8)
Planar Structures	35	(7)
Nonplanar Structures	42	(1)
Disorder in Solid Structures	42	(6)
Point Defects	44	(1)
Line Defects (Dislocations)	45	(2)
Surfaces/Internal Boundaries	47	(1)
Solid Solutions	48	(1)
Atomic Vibrations and Diffusions	48	(1)
Phase Diagrams	49	(1)
Microstructures	50	(2)
Elastic and Plastic Deformation, Fracture and Fatigue	52	(29)
Elastic Deformation	55	(2)
Plastic Deformation	57	(3)
Plastic Deformation Mechanisms	60	(8)
Fracture	68	(6)
Fatigue	74	(7)
Time-dependent Viscoelastic/Viscoplastic Deformation	81	(10)
Description of Time-dependent Deformation Experiments	84	(4)
References	88	(2)
Suggested Reading	90	(1)
Solid Surface Characterization	91	(107)
Nature of Surfaces	91	(2)
Physico-chemical Characteristics of Solid Surfaces	93	(6)
Deformed Layer	93	(1)
Beilby Layer	93	(1)
Chemically Reacted Layer	93	(2)
Physisorbed Layer	95	(1)
Chemisorbed Layer	95	(1)
Surface Tension, Surface Energy, and Wetting	96	(3)
Methods of Characterization of Surface Layers	99	(1)
Analysis of Surface Roughness	99	(45)
Average Roughness Parameters	102	(7)
Statistical Analyses	109	(28)
Fractal Characterization	137	(1)
Practical Considerations in Measurement of Roughness Parameters	138	(6)
Measurement of Surfaces Roughness	144	(47)
Mechanical Stylus Method	145	(5)
Optical methods	150	(20)
Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) Methods	170	(10)
Fluid Methods	180	(2)
Electrical Method	182	(1)
Electron Microscopy Methods	182	(2)
Analysis of Measured Height Distribution	184	(1)
Comparison of Measurement Methods	184	(7)
Closure	191	(7)
References	192	(5)
Suggested Reading	197	(1)
Contact between Solid Surfaces	198	(96)
Introduction	198	(2)
Analysis of the Contacts	200	(71)
Single Asperity Contact of Homogeneous and Frictionless Solids	200	(17)
Single Asperity Contact of Layered Solids in Frictionless and Frictional Contacts	217	(11)
Multiple Asperity Dry Contacts	228	(43)
Measurement of the Real Area of Contact	271	(14)
Review of Measurement Techniques	271	(6)
Comparison of Different Measurement Techniques	277	(5)
Typical Measurements	282	(3)
Closure	285	(9)
References	287	(6)
Suggested Reading	293	(1)
Adhesion	294	(50)
Introduction	294	(1)
Solid--Solid Contact	295	(17)
Covalent Bond	299	(1)
Ionic or Electrostatic Bond	300	(1)
Metallic Bond	300	(2)
van der Waals Bond	302	(1)
Free Surface Energy Theory of Adhesion	303	(8)
Polymer Adhesion	311	(1)
Liquid-mediated Contact	312	(26)
Idealized Geometrics	313	(12)
Multiple Asperity Contacts	325	(13)
Closure	338	(6)
References	339	(3)
Suggested Reading	342	(2)
Friction	344	(87)
Introduction	344	(2)
Solid--Solid Contact	346	(45)
Laws of Sliding Friction	346	(5)
Basic Mechanisms of Sliding Friction	351	(23)
Other Mechanisms of Sliding Friction	374	(5)
Friction Transitions during Sliding	379	(1)
Static Friction	380	(2)
Stick-Slip	382	(5)
Rolling Friction	387	(4)
Liquid-Mediated Contact	391	(4)
Friction of Materials	395	(26)
Friction of Metals and Alloys	398	(4)
Friction of Ceramics	402	(4)
Friction of Polymers	406	(6)
Friction of Solid Lubricants	412	(9)
Closure	421	(10)
References	424	(5)
Suggested Reading	429	(2)
Interface Temperature of Sliding Surfaces	431	(48)
Introduction	431	(2)
Thermal Analysis	433	(29)
Fundamental Heat Conduction Solutions	433	(1)
High Contact-Stress Condition (Ar/Aa ~ 1) (Individual Contact)	434	(9)
Low Contact-Stress Condition (Ar/Aa « 1) (Multiple-Asperity Contact)	443	(19)
Interface Temperature Measurements	462	(12)
Thermocouple and Thin-film Temperature Sensors	462	(3)
Radiation Detection Techniques	465	(7)
Metallographic Techniques	472	(1)
Liquid Crystals	473	(1)
Closure	474	(5)
References	476	(3)
Wear	479	(107)
Introduction	474	(6)
Types of Wear Mechanism	480	(54)
Adhesive Wear	480	(14)
Abrasive Wear (by Plastic Deformation and Fracture)	494	(15)
Fatigue Wear	509	(10)
Impact Wear	519	(9)
Chemical (Corrosive) Wear	528	(2)
Electrical-Arc-Induced Wear	530	(2)
Fretting and Fretting Corrosion	532	(2)
Types of Particles Present in Wear Debris	534	(1)
Plate-shaped Particles	535	(1)
Ribbon-shaped Particles	535	(1)
Spherical Particles	535	(1)
Irregularly Shaped Particles	535	(1)
Wear of Materials	535	(24)
Wear of Metals and Alloys	541	(6)
Wear of Ceramics	547	(7)
Wear of Polymers	554	(5)
Closure	559	(12)
References	563	(7)
Suggested Reading	570	(1)
Appendix
8.A Indentation Cracking Brittle Materials	571	(6)
8.A.1 Blunt Indenter	571	(1)
8.A.2 Sharp Indenter	571	(6)
8.B Analysis of Failure Data Using Weibull Distribution	577	(8)
8.B.1 General Expression of the Weibull Distribution	577	(4)
8.B.2 Graphical Representation of a Weibull Distribution	581	(4)
8.C Methods for Establishing the PV Limit	585	(1)
Fluid Film Lubrication	586	(119)
Introduction	586	(1)
Regimes of Fluid Film Lubrication	587	(4)
Hydrostatic Lubrication	587	(1)
Hydrodynamic Lubrication	587	(2)
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication	589	(1)
Mixed Lubrication	590	(1)
Boundary Lubrication	591	(1)
Viscous Flow and Reynolds Equations	591	(21)
Viscosity and Newtonian Fluids	591	(6)
Fluid Flow	597	(15)
Hydrostatic Lubrication	612	(11)
Hydrodynamic Lubrication	623	(58)
Thrust Bearings	626	(14)
Journal Bearings	640	(21)
Squeeze Film Bearings	661	(4)
Gas-lubricated Bearings	665	(16)
Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication	681	(17)
Forms of Contacts	681	(3)
Line Contact	684	(10)
Point Contact	694	(1)
Thermal Correction	695	(2)
Lubricant Rheology	697	(1)
Closure	698	(7)
References	700	(4)
Suggested Reading	704	(1)
Boundary Lubrication and Lubricants	705	(33)
Introduction	705	(1)
Boundary Lubrication	706	(10)
Liquid Lubricants	716	(18)
Principal Classes of Lubricants	716	(6)
Physical and Chemical properties of Lubricants	722	(11)
Additives	733	(1)
Greases	734	(1)
Closure	735	(3)
References	735	(2)
Suggested Reading	737	(1)
Micro/Nanotribology	738	(74)
Introduction	738	(2)
SFA Studies	740	(13)
Descirption of an SFA	741	(2)
Static (Equilibrium), Dynamic and Shear Properties of Molecularly Thin Liquid Films	743	(10)
AFM/FFM	753	(43)
Description of AFM/FFM	754	(9)
Friction and Adhesion	763	(13)
Scratching, Wear and Fabrication/ Machining	776	(11)
Indentation	787	(6)
Boundary Lubrication	793	(3)
Atomic-scale Simulations	796	(6)
Interatomic Forces and Equations of Motion	798	(1)
Interfacial Solid Junctions	799	(1)
Interfacial Liquid Junctions and Confined Films	800	(2)
Closure	802	(10)
References	806	(4)
Suggested Reading	810	(2)
Friction and Wear Screening Test Methods	812	(17)
Introduction	812	(1)
Design Methodology	813	(5)
Simulation	813	(1)
Acceleration	814	(1)
Specimen Preparation	814	(1)
Friction and Wear Measurements	814	(4)
Typical Test Geometries	818	(8)
Sliding Friction and Wear Tests	818	(3)
Abrasion Tests	821	(2)
Rolling-contact Fatigue Test	823	(1)
Solid-particle Erosion Test	823	(1)
Corrosion Tests	823	(3)
Closure	826	(3)
References	826	(2)
Suggested Readings	828	(1)
Bulk Materials, Coatings, and Surface Treatments for Tribology	829	(110)
Introduction	829	(3)
Bulk Materials	832	(64)
Metals and Alloys	833	(24)
Ceramics and Cermets	857	(14)
Ceramic-Metal Composites	871	(2)
Solid Lubricants and Self-lubricating Solids	873	(23)
Coatings and Surface Treatments	896	(33)
Coating Deposition Techniques	903	(19)
Surface Treatment Techniques	922	(6)
Criteria for Selecting Coating Material/ Deposition and Surface Treatment Techniques	928	(1)
Closure	929	(10)
References	930	(7)
Suggested Reading	937	(2)
Tribological Components and Applications	939	(49)
Introduction	939	(1)
Common Tribological Components	939	(17)
Sliding-Contact Bearings	940	(1)
Rolling-Contact Bearings	941	(2)
Seals	943	(3)
Gears	946	(4)
Cams and Tappets	950	(1)
Piston Rings	951	(3)
Electrical Brushes	954	(2)
Microcomponents	956	(5)
Material Processing	961	(7)
Cutting Tools	961	(4)
Grinding and Lapping	965	(2)
Forming Processes	967	(1)
Cutting Fluids	968	(1)
Industrial Applications	968	(15)
Automatovie Engines	969	(2)
Gas Turbine Engines	971	(3)
Railroads	974	(1)
Magnetic Storage Devices	974	(9)
Closure	983	(5)
References	983	(4)
Suggested Reading	987	(1)
Problems	988	(9)
Appendix Units, Conversions and Useful Relations	997	(4)
A.1 Fundamental Constants	997	(1)
A.2 Conversion of Units	997	(1)
A.3 Useful Relations	998	(3)
Index	1001