Principles of Bioinstrumentation

by Normann, Richard

• ISBN13: 9780471605140
• ISBN10: 047160514X
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1991-01-16
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

This complete, well-integrated text offers students without extensive background in the field a solid understanding of the principles and applications of analog and digital instrumentation. Examines such topics as basic analog and digital electronic components, systems theory, and the design of analog signal conditioning circuitry for amplification, filtering, and level shifting of signals originating from a variety of transducers. Includes a detailed description of how to interface analog-to-digital converters to a personal computer, in order to digitize and display these signals, store them on magnetic media, and perform elementary digital filter operations. Also provides a review of operational amplifiers, instrumentation amplifiers, and systems theory. Numerous examples and problems are presented throughout the text, and laboratory experiments concluding each chapter provide ''hands on'' experience in all areas covered.

Author Biography

Richard Normann and are the authors of Principles of Bioinstrumentation, published by Wiley.

Table of Contents

Review of Electronic Devices	3	(34)
Voltages, Currents, Batteries and Current Sources	3	(3)
Resistors, and Voltage Dividers	6	(4)
Capacitors and Inductors	10	(3)
Transformers	13	(1)
Diodes and Zener Diodes	14	(3)
Transistors	17	(7)
Relays	24	(1)
Power Supplies	25	(3)
Integrated Circuit Regulating Modules	28	(1)
Problems	28	(5)
Experiment 1---Conductivity Sensor	33	(4)
Operational Amplifiers and Instrumentation Amplifiers	37	(34)
General Operational Amplifier Applications	37	(2)
Schematic Diagram of Op-amp	39	(1)
Power Supplies for Op-amp	39	(1)
The Ideal Op-amp	40	(1)
Three Basic Rules of Ideal Op-amp Design	41	(10)
Real-World Op-amps	51	(2)
Instrumentation Amplifiers	53	(1)
Common Mode Signals	54	(5)
Commercial, Monolithic Instrumentation Amplifiers	59	(1)
Isolation Amplifiers	60	(1)
Problems	60	(5)
Experiment 2---Construction of a General-Purpose Differential Bioamplifier	65	(6)
Linear Systems Theory	71	(66)
Linearity and Time Invariance	72	(3)
The Impulse Response	75	(1)
Frequency Domain Analysis	76	(3)
Fourier Analysis	79	(7)
General Mathematical Description of Linear Systems	86	(1)
Zero-Order Systems	87	(1)
First-Order Systems	88	(15)
Second-Order Systems	103	(9)
Predicting the Response of a System to an Arbitrary Input Waveform	112	(4)
Laplace Transform Method of Solving Linear Differential Equations	116	(8)
Problems	124	(5)
Experiment 3A---Calibration of Bioamplifier	129	(1)
Experiment 3B---Operational Amplifier Oscillators	130	(7)
Origin of Biopotentials	137	(22)
Free Diffusion of Uncharged Molecule	137	(4)
Diffusion of a Single Ionic Species	141	(1)
Nernst Potentials	142	(2)
Mobilities of Ions	144	(1)
Diffusion of Two Ionic Species: Diffusion Potentials or Liquid Junction Potentials	145	(2)
The Goldman Equation	147	(2)
Electrical Equivalent Circuit Analogy	149	(3)
Problems	152	(2)
Experiment 4A---Diffusion Potentials	154	(2)
Experiment 4B---Ion-selective Membranes	156	(3)
Human Biopotentials	159	(22)
Graded Potentials	159	(2)
Nerve Action Potential	161	(5)
The Evoked Potential	166	(2)
The Electroencephalogram (EEG)	168	(1)
The Electromyogram (EMG)	168	(2)
The Electrocardiogram (ECG)	170	(3)
ECG Electrodes and Measurements	173	(4)
Problems	177	(1)
Experiment 5---Human Biopotentials	178	(3)
Signals and Noise in Biological Systems	181	(18)
Origins of Noise	181	(1)
Characterizing Noise	182	(3)
Signal Averaging	185	(1)
Electronic Noise Sources, Inherent Noise	186	(3)
Interference Noise	189	(1)
Negative Capacitance Amplifier	189	(2)
Grounding	191	(2)
Driven Shields or Guard Rings	193	(1)
Problems	194	(5)
Biopotential Electrodes	199	(24)
Inserting Metal into Solutions	199	(1)
Half-Cell Potentials	200	(3)
Passing Currents through Electrodes	203	(2)
Electrode Equivalent Circuits	205	(1)
Electrode Polarization	205	(3)
Real-World Polarizable and Nonpolarizable Electrodes	208	(1)
Microelectrodes	209	(2)
Glass Microelectrodes	211	(4)
Metal Microelectrodes	215	(2)
Microelectrodes in Neuroprosthesis	217	(1)
Problems	217	(3)
Experiment 7---Biopotential Electrodes	220	(3)
Ion--Sensitive, Potentiometric, and Amperometric Electrodes	223	(20)
Amperometric and Potentiometric Sensors	224	(1)
Ion-Sensitive Electrodes	224	(6)
pH Electrodes	230	(1)
Liquid Ion Exchanger Potentiometric Electrodes	231	(1)
Solid-State Potentiometric Electrodes	232	(1)
Chemfet Ion-Selective Electrodes	232	(1)
Amperometric Electrodes	233	(1)
Oxygen Electrodes	234	(3)
Enzyme Electrodes	237	(2)
Problems	239	(1)
Experiment 8---The Oxygen Electrode	240	(3)
Mechanical Transducers	243	(24)
Displacement Transducers	244	(6)
Force Transducers	250	(4)
Blood Pressure Measurements	254	(7)
Problems	261	(2)
Experiment 9---Physiology of Muscle as Studied with a Force Transducer	263	(4)
Temperature Transducers	267	(16)
Thermistors	267	(2)
How Do Thermistor Work?	269	(2)
Current-Voltage Relation of a Thermistor	271	(3)
Thermistor Linearization	274	(1)
Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Temperature Sensors	275	(2)
Thermocouple Temperature Sensors	277	(1)
Problems	278	(1)
Experiment 10---The Thermistor	279	(4)
Light and Spectrophotometry	283	(26)
Light	283	(1)
Dual Nature of Light	284	(2)
Interaction of Light with Matter	286	(1)
Absorption Spectra	286	(1)
Laws of Light Absorption	287	(3)
Spectrophotometers	290	(1)
Light Sources	290	(5)
Wavelength Selectors	295	(3)
Photodetectors	298	(4)
The Optoisolator	302	(2)
Problems	304	(2)
Experiment 11---Laws of Photometery, Photodiodes, and LEDs	306	(3)
Measurement of Liquid and Gas Flows	309	(36)
Electromagnetic Flowmeters	309	(5)
Ultrasonic Flowmeters	314	(12)
Dye Dilution Flowmeters	326	(4)
Respiratory Volumes and Velocities: Measurements of Gas Flow	330	(3)
Gas Flowmeters	333	(3)
Problems	336	(3)
Experiment 12A---Dye Dilution Cardiac Output Determinations	339	(1)
Experiment 12B---Measurement of Gas Flows during Respiratory Maneuvers	340	(5)
Analog Linearization	345	(26)
Linearization (or Curve Fitting) in Research Applications	350	(1)
Modeling a Data Set with an Equation	351	(3)
Modeling an Equation with an Analog Circuit	354	(3)
Multifunction Modules	357	(2)
Problems	359	(3)
Experiment 13-Analog Linearization	362	(9)
Review of Digital Electronic Devices	371	(30)
A Few Definitions	371	(2)
Why Use Two-State Logic?	373	(1)
Alternative Number Representations	373	(3)
Bits, Nibbles, and Bytes	376	(1)
Logic Gates	377	(4)
Decoding	381	(2)
Tristate Buffers	383	(4)
Latches	387	(1)
Fli-Flops	388	(6)
Problems	394	(3)
Experiment 14 Digital Devices	397	(4)
Talking to Computers	401	(26)
Talking to a Computer: The Programming Language	403	(2)
Programming in Basic	405	(4)
The Basic Vocabulary	409	(9)
Graphics Commands	418	(3)
Editing Basic Programs on the IBM PC/XT	421	(2)
Problems	423	(2)
Experiment 15---Programming in Basic	425	(2)
Interfacing Computers to the Outside World	427	(32)
Addresses and Data	427	(3)
Talking to IBM PC/XT through Input-Output Channels	430	(2)
Memory versus Input-Output	432	(1)
INP and OUT	432	(3)
Peripheral Interface Adapter (PIA) or the Programmable Peripheral Interface	435	(6)
Bit Masks	441	(2)
A/D and D/A Converters	443	(1)
The D/A Converter	444	(3)
Analog-to-Digital Conversion	447	(7)
Problems	454	(1)
Experiment 16 Computer Control and Data Acquisition	455	(4)
Digital Signal Processing	459	(22)
Data Set and Data Storage	460	(2)
Looking at Our Data	462	(1)
Storing and Retrieving Data from a Floppy Disk	463	(2)
Low-Pass Smoothing Filters	465	(6)
Least-Mean-Square Filters	471	(4)
Convolution	475	(3)
Problems	478	(1)
Experiment 17---Making a Digital Oscilloscope IBM PC/XT	479	(2)
Safety in Bioinstrumentation	481	(74)
Pervasiveness of Electricity and of Electrical Shock	482	(1)
Electrical Outlet: Hot, Neutral, and Ground Connections	483	(1)
Effects of Electrical Current on Human Body	484	(1)
Hazards of Microshock	485	(1)
Techniques to Reduce Electrical Shock	486	(5)
Bring a Concept to the Marketplace: A Case Study	491	(7)
Appendix Data Sheets
A.1 2N3904 Transistor	498	(1)
A.2 Crydom Solid-State Relay	499	(1)
A.3 LM117 3-Terminal Adjustable Voltage Regulator	500	(2)
A.4 TL062 Operational Amplifier	502	(3)
A.5 AD545 FET-Input Operational Amplifier	505	(4)
A.6 AD522 Instrumentation Amplifier	509	(4)
A.7 3450 Isolation Amplifier	513	(5)
A.8 LM555 Timer	518	(5)
A.9 Ultra Bright Light-Emitting Diodes	523	(2)
A.10 Pin Photodiodes	525	(2)
A.11 Dual Optocoupler	527	(2)
A.12 AD534 Multifunction Module	529	(6)
A.13 74LS90 Decade and Binary Counters	535	(5)
A.14 DAC0800 Digital-to-Analog Converter	540	(5)
A.15 ADC0809 Analog-to-Digital Converter	545	(10)
Index	555