Principles of Constitutional Law, 2004, the Concise Hornbook Series

by Nowak, John E.; Rotunda, Ronald D.

• ISBN13: 9780314144515
• ISBN10: 031414451X
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-10-15
• Publisher: WEST GROUP PUBLISHING

Table of Contents

Preface	v
The Origins of Judicial Review
Marbury v. Madison---The Setting of the Case	1	(1)
Marbury v. Madison---The Opinion of the Court	2	(3)
Notes on the Marbury Decision	5	(3)
Review of State Laws: The Early Cases	8	(3)
State Court Review of State Laws	11	(2)
Federal Jurisdiction
An Introduction to the Jurisdictional Framework of the Supreme Court	13	(2)
Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court	15	(3)
``Court Packing'' and the Number of Justices on the Supreme Court	18	(1)
Tenure and Salary Protections for Judges of Article III Courts	18	(1)
Ex Parte McCardle and the Power of Congress to Limit the Jurisdiction of Federal Courts	19	(4)
The Eleventh Amendment	23	(10)
Introduction and Historical Note	23	(1)
An Outline of the Current Rules	24	(9)
Case or Controversy and Related Doctrines	33	(21)
Introduction	33	(1)
Advisory Opinions	34	(3)
Mootness and Collusiveness	37	(3)
Ripeness, Prematurity, and Abstractness	40	(1)
Standing	41	(1)
Taxpayer and Citizen Standing	41	(5)
Personal Standing, Nontaxpayer Suits and the Requirement of Injury in Fact	46	(4)
Third Party Standing	50	(2)
Standing by State Governments, Associations, and Congressmen	52	(2)
Adequate State Grounds and Federal Questions	54	(2)
The Abstention Doctrine	56	(1)
Political Questions	57	(9)
Introduction	57	(1)
The Leading Cases	57	(3)
A Few Decided Areas	60	(1)
Foreign Affairs and the War Making Power	60	(1)
Amendments to the Constitution	60	(2)
Impeachment	62	(1)
Political Gerrymandering	63	(1)
Apportionment of Congressional Districts Among the States	63	(1)
The Origination Clause	64	(2)
Sources of National Authority
Introduction	66	(1)
McCulloch v. Maryland and the Basis of Federal Power	67	(2)
Sources of Federal Power---Overview	69	(1)
The Separation of Powers Principle	70	(1)
Term Limits on Federal Legislators	70	(2)
The Federal Commerce Power
Introduction: The Commerce Clause---Its Origins and Development	72	(1)
Judicial Interpretations of the Commerce Power Prior to 1888	73	(2)
1888 to 1933	75	(3)
1933-36: The New Deal Crisis	78	(3)
1937 to Present: Summary	81	(3)
Development of New Standards	84	(5)
Refinement and Application of the New Standards	89	(19)
Civil Rights Legislation	89	(2)
Federal Criminal Laws	91	(3)
Regulation of State and Local Government Entities	94	(1)
Federal Orders to State and Local Governments	94	(4)
State and Local Government Immunity from Federal Commerce Regulations	98	(1)
Introduction and Summary	98	(2)
The Wirtz and National League of Cities Decisions	100	(2)
1976--1985: The Aftermath of National League of Cities	102	(2)
The Overruling of National League of Cities: The Garcia Decision	104	(4)
Federal Power to Tax and Spend
The Taxing Power	108	(1)
Federal Taxes as Regulatory Measures	109	(1)
The Power to Spend	110	(4)
International Affairs
Introduction---The Executive	114	(2)
Congress	116	(1)
The Judiciary	117	(1)
The Treaty Power	118	(2)
Executory and Self-Executing Treaties	120	(1)
Conflicts Between Treaties and Acts of Congress	121	(1)
Executive Agreements and Acts of Congress	122	(4)
The Historical Development of the War Power	126	(1)
Economic Regulations and the War Power	127	(2)
The War Powers Resolution	129	(2)
The President and Congress: Selected Issues
Executive Privilege	131	(2)
Executive Privilege: United States v. Nixon	131	(1)
The Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act	132	(1)
Absolute Versus Qualified Immunity From Civil Damage Claims Brought Against the President and Other Executive Officials	133	(1)
The Pardoning Power	134	(3)
The Speech and Debate Clause: An Introduction	137	(1)
Modern Speech and Debate Synthesis	138	(4)
The Appointment Process	142	(1)
Appointment Powers of the ``Courts of Law''	143	(4)
The Removal Power	147	(5)
Legislative Veto of Executive Branch Regulations and Actions	152	(2)
Line Item Veto	154	(2)
The Commerce Clause and Restrictions on State Regulatory Powers
State Regulation Affecting Interstate Commerce---Introduction	156	(2)
The Primary Rationales Justifying Present Commerce Clause Jurisprudence	158	(2)
A Summary of Present Commerce Clause Jurisprudence	160	(9)
The Cooley Rule of Selective Exclusiveness	169	(1)
Federal Incorporation by Reference of State Laws	170	(2)
State Regulation Affecting Interstate Commerce: The Di Santo Case	172	(2)
State Powers Over Transportation	174	(2)
Incoming Commerce	176	(8)
Outgoing Commerce	184	(5)
Personal Mobility	189	(3)
Article VI & IV Issues: Preemption & Comity
Introduction	192	(1)
The Article VI Supremacy Clause	192	(5)
Interstate Comity: The Article IV Privileges and Immunities Clause	197	(8)
Individual Liberties---An Overview
Guarantees in the Original Text (Body) of the Constitution	205	(1)
The Bill of Rights Provisions and Their Incorporation in the Fourteenth Amendment	206	(1)
The Privileges and/or Immunities Clauses	207	(2)
Which Individuals Are Protected by the Constitutional Guarantees?	209	(1)
Procedural Due Process versus Substantive Review	209	(4)
Introduction---Overview	209	(2)
The Mixing of Procedural & Substantive Issues in Administrative Cases	211	(2)
The Equal Protection Clause	213	(1)
Substantive Due Process
Judicial Control of Legislation Prior to the Civil War	214	(4)
The Growth of the Substantive Due Process Concept---1865 to 1900	218	(4)
Substantive Due Process From 1900 to 1936	222	(5)
Substantive Due Process After 1937	227	(3)
Incorporation of the Bill of Rights	230	(4)
Fundamental Rights	234	(2)
The Contract Clause	236	(7)
Introduction	236	(1)
The Case Law	236	(7)
Other Forms of Restrictions on Retroactive Legislation	243	(15)
Due Process Limitations	243	(7)
The Ex Post Facto Clauses	250	(4)
Bills of Attainder	254	(4)
The Taking of Property Interests: Introduction	258	(1)
Limitations on the Exercise of Eminent Domain	258	(1)
The ``Taking'' Issue	259	(27)
Introduction	259	(2)
Property Use Regulations	261	(21)
Emergency Actions	282	(2)
Impairment of Use	284	(2)
The ``Public Use'' Limitation	286	(2)
A Brief Note on the Amount of Compensation and Compensable Property Interests	288	(3)
State Action
Introduction	291	(4)
Central Theory	291	(2)
Origins of the Problem	293	(2)
The Public Function Concept	295	(5)
State Commandment or Encouragement of Private Activities	300	(4)
Symbiotic Relationships	304	(6)
Procedural Due Process---The Requirement of Fair Adjudicative Procedures
Introduction	310	(2)
Deprivations of ``Life, Liberty or Property'' for Which Some Process Is Due	312	(1)
Life	313	(1)
Liberty---Generally	314	(10)
Introduction	314	(1)
Physical Liberty	315	(5)
Fundamental Constitutional Rights	320	(1)
Other Rights or Liberties	320	(4)
Property	324	(9)
Introduction	324	(3)
Debt Actions	327	(1)
Government Benefits	328	(3)
Government Employment	331	(2)
Irrebuttable Presumptions---The ``Non'' Liberty or Property Due Process Requirement	333	(1)
What Process Is Due? The Procedures Required by the Due Process Clause---Introduction	334	(1)
General Principles	335	(4)
A Summary of the Major Decisional Areas	339	(20)
Loss of Physical Liberty	339	(6)
Enforcement of Debtor--Creditor Relationships	345	(3)
Deprivations of Government Benefits	348	(11)
The Right to Judicial Process---Access to the Courts	359	(4)
Equal Protection
Introduction to Equal Protection Analysis---Application to State and Federal Acts	363	(1)
Government Classifications and the Concept of Equal Protection	364	(5)
An Introduction to Standards of Review Under the Equal Protection Guarantee	369	(5)
Overview	369	(3)
Is the Rationality Test Changing?	372	(2)
Establishing and Testing Classifications of a Law---``On Its Face,'' in Its ``Application,'' or in Its ``Purpose and Effect''---The Problem of Statistics	374	(2)
Classifications Based on Race or National Origin: Introduction	376	(1)
The Civil War Amendments and Racial Discrimination---An Introductory Note	377	(2)
Classifications Based on Race or National Origin Following the Civil War	379	(10)
Introduction	379	(1)
The First Cases---Institutional Uncertainty	380	(2)
1896--1954: The ``Separate but Equal'' Doctrine and Its Limitation	382	(3)
The Modern Position on Racial Restrictions	385	(1)
The World War II Japanese Restriction Cases---A Turning Point for ``Suspect Classifications''	385	(1)
The Rejection of Separate but Equal and Establishment of Racial Equality as a Constitutional Principle	386	(3)
Implementation of the Desegregation Decisions	389	(15)
Desegregation of the Schools	389	(1)
The Rise and Fall of ``All Deliberate Speed''	389	(2)
Institutions Subject to the Desegregation Principle	391	(6)
State School Programs Relating to Desegregation	397	(1)
Federal Court Remedial Powers	398	(4)
Desegregation of Other Facilities	402	(2)
Benign Racial Classifications---Affirmative Action Programs	404	(24)
Overview	404	(1)
Introduction	404	(2)
Involuntary Affirmative Action---Remedying Proven Racial Discrimination	406	(1)
Voluntary Affirmative Action Programs---Statutory Rulings	407	(1)
Supreme Court Decisions	408	(1)
The J.A. Croson Decision and an Overview of the Supreme Court's Ruling Regarding State and Local Governments' Racial Affirmative Action Programs	408	(5)
Race Conscious Government Policies Designed to Promote Educational Diversity---The Bakke, Wygant & Bollinger Decisions	413	(13)
Federal Affirmative Action Programs---The Adarand, Metro Broadcasting, and Fullilove Decisions	426	(2)
General Status of Aliens---Citizenship, Immigration, Deportation, Naturalization, and Expatriation	428	(1)
Classifications Based on Alienage	429	(10)
Classifications Burdening Illegal Aliens and Undocumented Citizens	439	(2)
Illegitimacy Classifications: Introduction	441	(6)
Illegitimacy Classifications: Conclusion	447	(1)
Gender or Sex Classifications: Introduction	448	(1)
Gender Classifications: Finding a Test---From Reed v. Reed to Craig v. Boren	449	(2)
Gender Classifications: Decisions Under the Intermediate Standard of Review	451	(13)
Gender Classifications: Pregnancy Classifications and Irrebuttable Presumptions	464	(2)
Classifications Based on Wealth	466	(2)
The Right to Privacy: Introduction	468	(1)
Sterilization and Contraception	469	(4)
Marriage, Family Relationships, and Sexual Activity as a Part of the Right to Privacy	473	(3)
Abortion	476	(24)
An Introductory Note	476	(1)
The Cases	477	(23)
Emerging Issues Regarding the Right to Privacy	500	(5)
Accumulation and Distribution of Data Concerning Individual Citizens	500	(1)
The Right to Die	500	(5)
The Right to Vote: The Electoral Franchise as a Fundamental Right	505	(20)
Introduction	505	(3)
The 2000 Presidential Election and the Right to Vote	508	(9)
Restricting the Ballot to Interested Voters	517	(2)
Voting or Poll Taxes	519	(1)
Literacy Tests	520	(1)
Physical Access to Polling Places---Inmates of Correctional Facilities	520	(1)
Residency Requirements	521	(2)
Restrictions Based on Party Affiliation	523	(1)
Racial Restrictions	524	(1)
Adjusting the Majority Requirement	525	(1)
The Right to Be a Candidate	525	(6)
Introduction	525	(1)
Wealth Restrictions	526	(1)
Residency Restrictions	527	(1)
Property Ownership Requirements	527	(1)
Party Affiliation and Demonstrated Support Requirements	527	(4)
Racial Classifications	531	(1)
Judicial Control of Political Parties	531	(2)
The Reapportionment Cases and the Rule of One Person, One Vote: The Creation of Justiciability	533	(1)
The Origins of One Person, One Vote	534	(1)
The Application of the One Person, One Vote Principle	535	(7)
To the Appointment of the State Governor and Other Such Officials	535	(1)
To Local Government Elections	536	(2)
Mathematical Precision	538	(2)
Multimember Districts	540	(1)
Political Gerrymandering	541	(1)
Departures From Strict Majority Rule	542	(1)
The Right to Travel Abroad	542	(4)
The Right to Interstate Travel	546	(9)
The Guarantees of the Bill of Rights as Fundamental Rights for Equal Protection Analysis: Introduction	555	(1)
First Amendment Guarantees	556	(1)
Right to Fairness in the Criminal Justice System	557	(3)
Welfare Payments	560	(1)
Housing	561	(1)
Education	561	(1)
Government Employment	562	(2)
Congressional Enforcement of Civil Rights
Introduction	564	(2)
The Thirteenth Amendment	566	(1)
Congressional Power to Expand the Impact of the Thirteenth Amendment	567	(2)
Congressional Power to Enforce the Fourteenth Amendment	569	(8)
Congressional Enforcement of the Fifteenth Amendment	577	(5)
Freedom of Speech
Introduction and Chapter Summary	582	(16)
The Overbreadth Doctrine	598	(1)
The Void--for--Vagueness Doctrine	599	(1)
Government Prescribed Speech, Government Subsidies for Speech, Unconstitutional Conditions, and Equal Protection Analysis	600	(5)
The Advocacy of Violence or Other Illegal Conduct	605	(7)
The Distinction Between Prior Restraint and Subsequent Punishment of Speech	612	(1)
Content-Based Injunctions: From Near to the Pentagon Papers and Beyond	613	(3)
A Right of Access to the Press	616	(9)
The Fairness Doctrine and the Regulation of the Broadcast Media	616	(7)
Media Other Than the Broadcast Media	623	(2)
Right of Access by the Press and Public?	625	(1)
The Press and the Tax Laws	626	(2)
Fair Trial versus Free Press	628	(9)
The Reporter's Privilege	628	(1)
Judicial Protective Orders and the Press	629	(8)
Commercial Speech	637	(18)
An Introduction	637	(2)
The Central Hudson Test	639	(1)
Specific Problem Areas	640	(8)
Problems Related to Lawyer Advertising	648	(7)
Group Libel Laws	655	(1)
New York Times v. Sullivan and Libel of a Public Official	656	(3)
The Case	656	(1)
New York Times Scienter	657	(1)
Burden of Proof	658	(1)
Public Officials	658	(1)
Actual Damages, Punitive Damages, and a Right of Retraction	658	(1)
Libel of Public Figures	659	(1)
Libel of Private Individuals	659	(6)
Time, Inc. v. Hill	659	(1)
Gertz v. Robert Welch. Inc.	660	(1)
Time, Inc. v. Firestone	661	(1)
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.	661	(4)
Libel for Assertions of Fact versus Statements of Opinion	665	(1)
Rights of Privacy and Rights of Publicity	665	(3)
Fighting Words and Hostile Audiences	668	(7)
In General	668	(3)
Content Based Fighting Words---the Problem of Hate Speech	671	(2)
Threats, Intimidation & Cross-Burning	673	(1)
Fighting Words, Hostile Audiences, and the Problem of Vagueness and Overbreadth	674	(1)
The Freedom to Associate and Not to Associate---Introduction	675	(3)
The Freedom to Associate & Political Party Regulations	678	(1)
The Right Not to Associate	679	(2)
Loyalty Oaths	681	(2)
Patronage	683	(1)
Restrictions on Entry Into the Bar	684	(2)
Licensing Schemes Implemented by Administrators and Injunctions Issued by the Courts	686	(2)
Time, Place, and Manner Restrictions on Speech	688	(2)
The Three Categories of Public Forum	690	(2)
Applying the Perry Forum Analysis	692	(14)
Three Types of Government Owned Property or Channels of Communication	692	(1)
Content Neutral Regulations	693	(1)
Some Nonpublic Forum Rulings	694	(2)
Schools and Forum Analysis	696	(2)
Prisons	698	(1)
Airports	699	(1)
Content-Based Restrictions Surrounding Polling Places	700	(1)
Protests in the Public Forum: Abortion Clinics	701	(2)
Regulation to Prevent Fraud and Annoyance	703	(3)
Symbolic Speech	706	(2)
Regulating the Electoral Process: Election Promises	708	(2)
Regulation of Campaign Financing	710	(8)
Introduction	710	(1)
Campaign Contributions and Expenditures	710	(1)
The Political Speech of Corporations and Other Entities	711	(4)
Disclosure and Reporting Requirements	715	(1)
The Political Party Expenditure Provision of the Federal Election Act of 1971	716	(1)
The 2002 Reform Act: The McConnell Decision	717	(1)
Regulation of Political Activity of Government Employees	718	(1)
Picketing Related to Social Issues vs. Labor Disputes	719	(3)
Obscenity---The Roth Case	722	(1)
The Development of the Case Law Under Roth	723	(2)
Scienter	723	(1)
Appellate Review	724	(1)
Pandering	724	(1)
The Miller Decision	725	(2)
Special Considerations in Light of the Miller Case	727	(13)
Private Possession	727	(1)
Protection of Minors As Viewers of Obscenity	728	(1)
Protection of Minors: Child Pornography	729	(2)
Prior Restraint	731	(1)
Zoning Laws and Public Exhibition of ``Adult'' Non--Obscene Material	731	(2)
Obscenity and the Twenty--First Amendment	733	(1)
Non-pictorial Obscenity	734	(1)
National Versus Local Standards	734	(1)
Nude Dancing	735	(2)
Sexually Oriented Material on Broadcast or Cable Channels	737	(1)
Sexually Oriented Material on the Internet	738	(2)
Freedom of Religion
Introduction---The Natural Antagonism Between the Two Clauses	740	(1)
The Appeal to History	741	(1)
The Establishment Clause---Introduction	742	(5)
The Establishment Clause---Aid to Religious Institutions	747	(17)
Primary and Secondary Schools	747	(11)
Aid to Colleges and Universities	758	(3)
Other Issues in Aid to Religious Institutions	761	(3)
The Establishment Clause---Religion and the Public Schools	764	(11)
Introduction	764	(1)
Released or Shared Time	765	(1)
Prayers or Bible Reading	766	(4)
Modification of the Curriculum for Religious Purposes	770	(1)
Equal Access to School Facilities	771	(4)
The Free Exercise Clause---Introduction and Overview	775	(7)
The Free Exercise Clause---The Early Decisions	782	(2)
The Free Exercise Clause---The Modern Cases	784	(8)
Recurrent Free Exercise Problems	792	(2)
Exemptions From Military Service	792	(1)
Health and Medical Regulations	793	(1)
Sunday Closing Laws	794	(1)
Inquiries Into Religious Frauds	795	(2)
State Involvement in Ecclesiastical Disputes	797	(3)
Legislative Action to End Religious Discrimination in Private Employment	800	(1)
Regulation of the Employment Practices of Religious Organizations	801	(4)
Table of Cases	805	(26)
Index	831