Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics, 2nd Edition

by P. C. Sen (Queen's Univ., Kingston, Ontario, Canada)

• ISBN13: 9780471022954
• ISBN10: 0471022950
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1996-12-01
• Publisher: Wiley
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Summary

This new edition combines the traditional areas of electric machinery with the latest in modern control and power electronics. It includes coverage of multi-machine systems, brushless motors and switched reluctance motors, as well as constant flux and constant current operation of induction motors. It also features additional material on new solid state devices such as Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors and MOS-Controlled Thrysistors.

Author Biography

P. C. Sen (Queen's Univ., Kingston, Ontario, Canada)

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1: MAGNETIC CIRCUITS	1	(40)
1.1 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS	1	(15)
1.1.1 i-H Relation	1	(2)
1.1.2 B-H Relation	3	(1)
1.1.3 Magnetic Equivalent Circuit	3	(2)
1.1.4 Magnetization Curve	5	(1)
1.1.5 Magnetic Circuit with Air Gap	6	(7)
1.1.6 Inductance	13	(3)
1.2 HYSTERESIS	16	(6)
1.2.1 Hysteresis Loss	18	(2)
1.2.2 Eddy Current Loss	20	(1)
1.2.3 Core Loss	21	(1)
1.3 SINUSOIDAL EXCITATION	22	(4)
1.3.1 Exciting Current	25
1.4 PERMANENT MAGNET	26	(6)
1.4.1 Magnetization of Permanent Magnets	27	(1)
1.4.2 Approximate Design of Permanent Magnets	28	(1)
1.4.3 Permanent Magnet Materials	29	(3)
1.5 PROBLEMS	32	(9)
CHAPTER 2: TRANSFORMERS	41	(54)
2.1 IDEAL TRANSFORMER	44	(6)
2.1.1 Impedance Transfer	46	(2)
2.1.2 Polarity	48	(2)
2.2 PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER	50	(8)
2.2.1 Referred Equivalent Circuits	52	(1)
2.2.2 Determination of Equivalent Circuit Parameters	53	(5)
2.3 VOLTAGE REGULATION	58	(4)
2.4 EFFICIENCY	62	(4)
2.4.1 Maximum Efficiency	63	(1)
2.4.2 All-Day (or Energy) Efficiency	64	(2)
2.5 AUTOTRANSFORMER	66	(3)
2.6 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS	69	(10)
2.6.1 Bank of Three Single-Phase Transformers (Three-Phase Transformer Bank)	69	(9)
2.6.2 Three-Phase Transformer on a Common Magnetic Core (Three-Phase Unit Transformer)	78	(1)
2.7 HARMONICS IN THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER BANKS	79	(4)
2.8 PER-UNIT (PU) SYSTEM	83	(5)
2.8.1 Transformer Equivalent Circuit in Per-Unit Form	85	(1)
2.8.2 Full-Load Copper Loss	86	(2)
PROBLEMS	88	(7)
CHAPTER 3: ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION	95	(26)
3.1 ENERGY CONVERSION PROCESS	95	(1)
3.2 FIELD ENERGY	96	(6)
3.2.1 Energy, Coenergy	101	(1)
3.3 MECHANICAL FORCE IN THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SYSTEM	102	(7)
3.3.1 Linear System	104	(5)
3.4 ROTATING MACHINES	109	(3)
3.5 CYLINDRICAL MACHINES	112	(3)
PROBLEMS	115	(6)
CHAPTER 4: DC MACHINES	121	(86)
4.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC CONVERSION	121	(7)
4.2 DC MACHINES	128	(18)
4.2.1 Construction	128	(2)
4.2.2 Evolution of DC Machines	130	(2)
4.2.3 Armature Windings	132	(5)
4.2.4 Armature Voltage	137	(1)
4.2.5 Developed (or Electromagnetic) Torque	138	(3)
4.2.6 Magnetization (or Saturation) Curve of a DC Machine	141	(2)
4.2.7 Classification of DC Machines	143	(3)
4.3 DC GENERATORS	146	(21)
4.3.1 Separately Excited DC Generator	146	(7)
4.3.2 Shunt (Self-Excited) Generator	153	(7)
4.3.3 Compound DC Machines	160	(4)
4.3.4 Series Generator	164	(2)
4.3.5 Interpoles or Commutator Poles	166	(1)
4.4 DC MOTORS	167	(20)
4.4.1 Shunt Motor	168	(12)
4.4.2 Series Motor	180	(3)
4.4.3 Starter	183	(4)
4.5 SPEED CONTROL	187	(10)
4.5.1 Ward-Leonard System	188	(1)
4.5.2 Solid-State Control	188	(7)
4.5.3 Closed-Loop Operation	195	(2)
4.6 PERMANENT MAGNET DC (PMDC) MOTORS	197	(1)
4.7 PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB) MOTORS	198	(2)
4.8 PROBLEMS	200	(7)
CHAPTER 5: INDUCTION (ASYNCHRONOUS) MACHINES	207	(85)
5.1 CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES	207	(2)
5.2 ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD	209	(5)
5.2.1 Graphical Method	211	(2)
5.2.2 Analytical Method	213	(1)
5.3 INDUCED VOLTAGES	214	(2)
5.4 POLYPHASE INDUCTION MACHINE	216	(4)
5.4.1 Standstill Operation	216	(1)
5.4.2 Phase Shifter	217	(1)
5.4.3 Induction Regulator	217	(1)
5.4.4 Running Operation	218	(2)
5.5 THREE MODES OF OPERATION	220	(2)
5.5.1 Motoring	220	(1)
5.5.2 Generating	220	(1)
5.5.3 Plugging	221	(1)
5.6 INVERTED INDUCTION MACHINE	222	(1)
5.7 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODEL	222	(7)
5.7.1 Stator Winding	223	(1)
5.7.2 Rotor Circuit	224	(2)
5.7.3 Complete Equivalent Circuit	226	(1)
5.7.4 Various Equivalent Circuit Configurations	226	(2)
5.7.5 Thevenin Equivalent Circuit	228	(1)
5.8 NO-LOAD TEST, BLOCKED-ROTOR TEST, AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS	229	(4)
5.9 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS	233	(6)
5.10 POWER FLOW IN THREE MODES OF OPERATION	239	(9)
5.11 EFFECTS OF ROTOR RESISTANCE	248	(4)
5.11.1 Wound-Rotor Motors	249	(1)
5.11.2 Deep-Bar Squirrel-Cage Motors	250	(1)
5.11.3 Double-Cage Rotors	251	(1)
5.12 CLASSES OF SQUIRREL-CAGE MOTORS	252
5.13 SPEED CONTROL	254	(15)
5.13.1 Pole Changing	254	(1)
5.13.2 Line Voltage Control	254	(3)
5.13.3 Line Frequency Control	257	(3)
5.13.4 Constant-Slip Frequency Operation	260	(1)
5.13.5 Closed-Loop Control	260	(3)
5.13.6 Constant-Flux,p, (or E/f) Operation	263	(1)
5.13.7 Constant-Current Operation	264	(1)
5.13.8 Rotor Resistance Control	265	(3)
5.13.9 Rotor Slip Energy Recovery	268	(1)
5.14 STARTING OF INDUCTION MOTORS	269	(1)
5.15 TIME AND SPACE HARMONICS	270	(8)
5.15.1 Time Harmonics	271	(5)
5.15.2 Space Harmonics	276	(2)
5.16 LINEAR INDUCTION MOTOR (LIM)	278	(3)
PROBLEMS	281	(11)
CHAPTER 6: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES	292	(81)
6.1 CONSTRUCTION OF THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES	295	(1)
6.2 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS	296	(7)
6.2.1 The Infinite Bus	299	(4)
6.3 SYNCHROMOUS MOTORS	303	(3)
6.4 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODEL	306	(9)
6.4.1 Determination of the Synchronous Reactance Xs	308	(3)
6.4.2 Phasor Diagram	311	(4)
6.5 POWER AND TORQUE CHARACTERISTICS	315	(10)
6.6 CAPABILITY CURVES	325	(1)
6.7 POWER FACTOR CONTROL	326	(4)
6.8 INDEPENDENT GENERATORS	330	(1)
6.9 SALIENT POLE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES	331	(11)
6.9.1 Power Transfer	335	(6)
6.9.2 Determination of Xd and Xq	341	(1)
6.10 SPEED CONTROL OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS	342	(6)
6.10.1 Frequency Control	342	(3)
6.10.2 Self-Controlled Synchronous Motor	345	(2)
6.10.3 Closed-Loop Control	347	(1)
6.10.4 Equivalent DC Motor Characteristics	347	(1)
6.11 APPLICATIONS	348	(2)
6.12 LINEAR SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR (LSM)	350	(1)
6.13 BRUSHLESS DC (BLDC) MOTORS	351	(6)
6.14 SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTORS (SRM)	357	(8)
6.14.1 Basic Operation of SRM	357	(1)
6.14.2 Modelling and Torque Production	358	(6)
6.14.3 Power Converter Circuit	364	(1)
6.14.4 Applications	364	(1)
PROBLEMS	365	(8)
CHAPTER 7: SINGLE-PHASE MOTORS	373	(51)
7.1 SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS	374	(19)
7.1.1 Double Revolving Field Theory	374	(5)
7.1.2 Equivalent Circuit of a Single-Phase Induction Motor	379	(7)
7.1.3 Starting of Single-Phase Induction Motors	386	(2)
7.1.4 Classification of Motors	388	(3)
7.1.5 Characteristics and Typical Applications	391	(2)
7.2 STARTING WINDING DESIGN	393	(10)
7.2.1 Design of Split-Phase (Resistance-Start) Motors	395	(2)
7.2.2 Design of Capacitor-Start Motors	397	(6)
7.3 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A CAPICITOR-RUN MOTOR	403	(6)
7.4 SINGLE-PHASE SERIES (UNIVERSAL) MOTORS	409	(6)
7.5 SINGLE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS	415	(2)
7.5.1 Reluctance Motors	415	(1)
7.5.2 Hysteresis Motors	416	(1)
7.6 SPEED CONTROL	417	(2)
PROBLEMS	419	(5)
CHAPTER 8: SPECIAL MACHINES	424	(31)
8.1 SERVOMOTORS	424	(9)
8.1.1 DC Servomotors	424	(1)
8.1.2 AC Servomotors	425	(2)
8.1.3 Analysis: Transfer Function and Block Diagram	427	(6)
8.1.4 Three-Phase AC Servomotors	433	(1)
8.2 SYNCHROS	433	(6)
8.2.1 Voltage Relations	435	(1)
8.2.2 Applications	436	(3)
8.3 STEPPER MOTORS	439	(12)
8.3.1 Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor	440	(4)
8.3.2 Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor	444	(2)
8.3.3 Drive Circuits	446	(5)
PROBLEMS	451	(4)
CHAPTER 9: TRANSIENTS AND DYNAMICS	455	(38)
9.1 DC MACHINES	455	(12)
9.1.1 Separately Excited DC Generator	455	(6)
9.1.2 DC Motor Dynamics	461	(6)
9.2 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES	467	(16)
9.2.1 Three-Phase Short Circuit	467	(9)
9.2.2 Dynamics: Sudden Load Change	476	(7)
9.3 INDUCTION MACHINES	483	(2)
9.4 TRANSFORMER; TRANSIENT INRUSH CURRENT	485
PROBLEMS	488	(5)
CHAPTER 10: POWER SEMICONDUCTOR CONVERTERS	493	(76)
10.1 POWER SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES	494	(14)
10.1.1 Thyristor (SCR)	494	(4)
10.1.2 Triac	498	(1)
10.1.3 GTO (Gate-Turn-Off) Thyristor	499	(2)
10.1.4 Power Transistor (BJT)	501	(3)
10.1.5 Power MOSFET	504	(2)
10.1.6 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)	506	(1)
10.1.7 MOS-Controlled Thyristor (MCT)	506	(1)
10.1.8 Diode	507	(1)
10.2 CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS	508	(21)
10.2.1 Single-Phase Circuits	509	(10)
10.2.2 Three-Phase Circuits	519	(10)
10.3 AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS	529	(4)
10.3.1 Single-Phase AC Voltage Controllers	529	(1)
10.3.2 Three-Phase AC Voltage Controllers	530	(3)
10.4 CHOPPERS	533	(8)
10.4.1 Step-Down Chopper (Buck Converter)	533	(2)
10.4.2 Step-Up Chopper (Boost Converter)	535	(2)
10.4.3 Step-Down and Step-Up Chopper (Buck-Boost Converter)	537	(2)
10.4.4 Two-Quadrant Chopper	539	(2)
10.5 INVERTERS	541	(14)
10.5.1 Voltage Source Inverters (VSI)	542	(10)
10.5.2 Current Source Inverters (CSI)	552	(3)
10.6 CYCLOCONVERTERS	555	(4)
10.6.1 Single-Phase to Single-Phase Cycloconverter	555	(2)
10.6.2 Three-Phase Cycloconverter	557	(2)
PROBLEMS	559	(10)
APPENDIX A: WINDINGS	569	(14)
A.1 MMF DISTRIBUTION	569	(3)
A.2 INDUCED VOLTAGES	572	(1)
A.3 WINDING ARRANGEMENT	572	(4)
A.3.1 Winding Factor	573	(3)
A.4 SPACE HARMONICS AND WINDING FACTORS	576	(2)
A.5 TIME HARMONIC VOLTAGES	578	(4)
PROBLEMS	582	(1)
APPENDIX B: BALANCED THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS	583	(17)
B.1 SINGLE-PHASE CIRCUITS	583	(3)
B.2 BALANCED THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS	586	(3)
B.2.1 Star (Y) Connection	588	(1)
B.2.2 Delta ( ) Connection	589	(1)
B.3 BALANCED THREE-PHASE LOAD	589	(4)
B.4 -Y TRANSFORMATION OF LOAD	593	(1)
B.5 PER-PHASE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT	594	(1)
B.6 THREE-PHASE POWER MEASUREMENT	595	(5)
APPENDIX C: UNITS AND CONSTANTS	600	(1)
C.1 UNITS	600	(1)
C.2 CONSTANTS	600	(1)
APPENDIX D: LAPLACE TRANSFORMS	601	(1)
APPENDIX E: ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS	602	(7)
INDEX	609