Principles of Hazardous Materials Management, Second Edition

by Griffin; Roger D.

• ISBN13: 9781420089707
• ISBN10: 1420089706
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-04-01
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

This reference presents a comprehensive overview of the field of hazardous materials management. The second edition features updated information on toxic and hazardous substance and waste; sources, storage, and treatment; transportation; regulatory jurisdictions; emergency response planning; as well as industrial hygiene and worker safety. As in the best-selling first edition, the text provides a basic understanding of the principles involved in each topic discussed, including risk assessment, air toxics, groundwater, management methods, federal laws, waste minimization, toxicology, treatment, transportation, and disposal. The author also explains how the concepts described fit together.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Second Edition	p. xv
Preface to the First Edition	p. xvii
Acknowledgments	p. xix
The Author	p. xxi
Introduction to Hazardous Materials	p. 1
Hazard Defined	p. 1
Ancient Hazards	p. 1
The Industrial Age	p. 2
The Recent Past	p. 2
Toxicology and Health Effects of Hazardous Materials	p. 7
Introduction	p. 7
Basic Principles	p. 7
The Epidemiologic Model	p. 8
Routes of Exposure	p. 9
Defeating the Barriers	p. 10
Body Entry Routes	p. 10
Inhalation	p. 10
Ingestion	p. 11
Dermal Absorption	p. 11
Body Response to Toxic Chemicals	p. 12
The Lungs	p. 13
The Skin	p. 15
The Eyes	p. 15
The Central Nervous System	p. 15
The Liver	p. 16
The Kidneys	p. 16
The Blood	p. 16
The Reproductive System	p. 16
The Cardiovascular System	p. 16
The Skeletal System	p. 16
Other Factors to Consider	p. 17
Varieties of Toxic and Hazardous Effects	p. 18
Specific Contaminant Effects	p. 19
Carcinogens	p. 19
Mutagens	p. 19
Teratogens/Reproductive Toxicants	p. 19
Latency	p. 20
Dose-Response Relationships	p. 20
Allowable Exposure Limits	p. 22
Time Effects and Sensitivities	p. 23
Acute vs. Chronic	p. 23
Sensitive Populations	p. 23
Specific Air Pollutant Effects	p. 24
Sources of Health Effects Information	p. 26
Risks and Risk Assessment	p. 27
Introduction	p. 27
Risk Defined	p. 27
Risk Measures	p. 27
Types of Risks	p. 28
Assessment vs. Management	p. 29
Environmental Risk Assessments	p. 29
Societal Cancer Risks	p. 29
Individual Cancer Risks	p. 30
Noncancer Risks	p. 30
The Risk Assessment Process	p. 30
Major Elements in Health Risk Assessment	p. 31
Hazard Identification	p. 31
Dose-Response Assessment	p. 33
Exposure Assessment	p. 34
Risk Characterization	p. 35
Health Risk Assessment for Hazardous Wastes	p. 37
Models of Health Impact	p. 37
Linearized Multistaged Model	p. 37
One-Hit Model	p. 39
Gamma Multihit Model	p. 39
Log-Probit Model	p. 39
Time-to-Response Models	p. 39
Uncertainties in Risk Assessments	p. 39
Uncertainties in Toxicity	p. 40
Chemical Purities and Lab Procedures	p. 40
The Example of PCBs and Dioxins	p. 40
Dose Extrapolations	p. 41
Uncertainties in Modeled Exposures	p. 41
California Approaches	p. 42
CalTOX: A Total Exposure Model for Hazardous Waste Sites	p. 42
HARP for Air Toxics Risk Assessments	p. 42
Criteria for Health Impact and Acceptable Risks	p. 43
Carcinogens: Individual and Societal Risks	p. 43
Noncarcinogens: The Hazard Quotient and Hazard Index	p. 43
Percentage of Background: No Reference Health Data	p. 43
Screening Level Calculations	p. 43
Noncarcinogen Hazards	p. 44
Carcinogen Hazards	p. 45
Other Simplified Approaches	p. 46
Risk Management	p. 46
Air Pollution and Air Toxics	p. 49
Introduction	p. 49
Definitions	p. 49
Classifications and Sources	p. 51
Physical State and Reactivity	p. 51
Mobile vs. Stationary	p. 51
Direct vs. Indirect	p. 52
Direct Evaporative Emissions	p. 52
Evaporative Sources	p. 54
Fugitive Emissions	p. 55
Waste-Related Air Toxic Emissions	p. 56
Oxygenated Fuels: The Rise and Fall of MTBE	p. 56
Landfills	p. 57
Treatment-Related Emissions	p. 58
Regulatory Approaches	p. 60
Hazardous and Air Toxic Regulations	p. 60
Clean Air Mercury Rule	p. 61
Solid Waste Combustion	p. 61
Hazardous Air Emission Trends	p. 61
Soils and Groundwater	p. 65
Introduction	p. 65
Principles of Hydrogeology	p. 66
Underground Water	p. 68
The Hydrologic Cycle	p. 68
Aquifers	p. 69
Hydraulic Conductivity	p. 70
Groundwater Movement	p. 71
Surface and Groundwater Movement	p. 72
Contamination in Groundwater	p. 72
Detection and Monitoring	p. 74
Factors to Consider	p. 76
Mitigation and Treatment	p. 78
Source Control Methodologies	p. 80
Physical Control Methodologies	p. 82
Treatment Approaches	p. 84
Biological Treatment Methods	p. 85
Aboveground/Extractive Systems	p. 85
In Situ System Considerations	p. 86
Physical Treatment Methods	p. 87
Aeration	p. 87
Adsorption	p. 88
Chemical Treatment Methods	p. 89
Combination Systems	p. 89
Natural Methods and Attenuation	p. 91
Two Case Studies	p. 91
Transportation of Hazardous Materials	p. 93
Introduction	p. 93
Risks of Hazardous Materials Transport	p. 93
Laws Involved in Hazardous Materials Transportation	p. 96
Hazardous Waste Transportation Regulations	p. 98
Key Elements	p. 98
Hazard Classes	p. 99
Packaging and Labeling	p. 99
Performance-Oriented Packaging	p. 102
Markings and Labels	p. 102
Placarding	p. 102
Shipping Papers	p. 104
What to Include	p. 105
The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest System	p. 106
The Waste Characterization Sheet	p. 107
The Hazardous Waste Manifest	p. 108
The Hazardous Materials Table	p. 110
Practical Aspects of Hazardous Materials Transportation	p. 112
Hazardous Materials Spills/Incidents	p. 112
Recordkeeping for Hazardous Wastes	p. 112
Vehicles	p. 113
Hazardous Materials Registration Program	p. 113
Hazardous Materials Transportation Security	p. 113
Hazmat Employees and Training	p. 113
Trends in Transportation Incidents	p. 113
Management of Hazardous Materials	p. 115
Introduction	p. 115
Proactive Hazardous Materials Management	p. 117
Corporate Policy and Management Systems	p. 117
Implementing an Environmental Control Policy	p. 119
Alternatives to Hazardous Materials/Waste Generation	p. 119
General Considerations	p. 121
What Is a Hazardous Waste?	p. 121
The Role of Recycled Materials	p. 122
The Role of Good Housekeeping	p. 123
Process Considerations	p. 123
Storage of Hazardous Materials	p. 124
A Specific Management Approach: The Aerospace Industry	p. 125
Off-Site Waste Minimization	p. 125
On-Site Waste Minimization	p. 125
Parts Coatings and Stripping	p. 126
Modification Technologies	p. 126
Powder Coating	p. 126
Wet Electrostatic Techniques	p. 127
Electrocoating	p. 127
Water-Based Coatings	p. 127
High-Solids Coating	p. 128
Improved Painting Techniques	p. 128
Paint Stripping	p. 128
Solvent Recovery and Reuse Technologies	p. 129
Distillation	p. 129
Physical Methods	p. 130
Activated Carbon	p. 130
Metal Plating Waste Minimization	p. 130
Housekeeping	p. 130
Drag-Out Reduction	p. 130
Chemical Recovery Processes	p. 131
Hazardous Materials Planning for the Future	p. 133
Operations	p. 133
Energy	p. 133
Property	p. 133
New Facilities	p. 134
Future Liability Avoidance in Property Transfers	p. 134
All Appropriate Inquiry (AAI) Standard	p. 134
Local or State Land Use Restrictions	p. 136
Proactive Emergency Planning	p. 137
Key Provisions for Emergency Plans	p. 137
Practical Planning Considerations	p. 137
General Provisions	p. 138
Business Plans	p. 138
Area Plans	p. 139
Problem Areas and Information Sources	p. 140
Waste Characterization and Analytical Methods	p. 141
Introduction	p. 141
Knowing the Objective	p. 141
Procedural Matters	p. 142
Federal vs. State Methods	p. 142
Representative Sampling	p. 143
Sampling Plan or Protocols	p. 143
EPA Reference Methods	p. 144
Other Nongovernmental Organization (NGO) Methods	p. 145
Sampling and Handling	p. 146
Frequency and Number of Samples	p. 146
Samplers	p. 146
Sample Loss or Degradation	p. 149
Units of Measurement and Physical and Chemical Properties	p. 149
Fundamentals of Chemistry for Sample Analysis	p. 150
Matrices and Detection Limits	p. 151
Matrices	p. 151
Liquids	p. 151
Gases	p. 152
Solids	p. 152
Mixtures	p. 152
Detection Limits	p. 152
Definitions	p. 153
Lowering Detection Limits	p. 154
Analytical Methods and Techniques	p. 154
Methods	p. 154
Analyzers	p. 155
Handheld Instruments	p. 155
Portable Instruments	p. 155
Transportable Instruments	p. 155
Lab Instruments	p. 156
Lab Methods	p. 156
Inorganic Methods	p. 156
Organic Compound Methods	p. 157
Waste Treatment and Disposal	p. 159
Introduction	p. 159
Basic Principles	p. 161
Materials Recovery	p. 161
Industrial Ethyl Alcohol	p. 162
Scrap Metal	p. 162
Waste-Derived Fuels from Refining Processes	p. 162
Unrefined Waste-Derived Fuels and Oils	p. 162
Basic Treatment Principles	p. 162
Treatment Classes	p. 163
Physical Treatment	p. 163
Chemical Treatment	p. 165
Biological Treatment	p. 165
Thermal Treatment	p. 166
Fixation and Encapsulation	p. 166
Ultimate Residuals Management	p. 168
Federal Regulatory Approaches	p. 173
California Approaches	p. 195
Hazardous Materials Definitions	p. 205
Index	p. 217
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