Principles of International Business Transactions and Economic Relations

by Folsom, Ralph H.; Gordon, Michael W.; Spanogle, John A.

• ISBN13: 9780314154156
• ISBN10: 0314154159
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-08-13
• Publisher: West Academic

Summary

The First Edition of Principles of International Business Transactions is designed for users of the authors' popular problem-oriented coursebook, International Business Transactions, but can be used effectively with any international trade/economic law course materials. Coverage moves sequentially from international sales and letters of credit to regulation of internaional trade to transfers of technology to foreign investment to dispute settlement. Full citations and analyses are provided.

Table of Contents

Preface	iii
International Sales Law	1	(68)
Introduction to CISG	2	(2)
The Sphere of Application of CISG	4	(4)
Choice of Law Clauses	8	(2)
Transactions Excluded from the Convention	10	(3)
Types of Sales Transactions Excluded from the Convention	13	(3)
Issues Excluded from the Convention	16	(5)
General Provisions of CISG	21	(3)
Contract Formation in General	24	(1)
The Offer	25	(2)
Firm Offers	27	(1)
Acceptance	28	(5)
Seller's Obligations---Delivery	33	(2)
Seller's Obligations---Quality of the Goods	35	(5)
Seller's Obligations---Property Issues	40	(2)
Buyer's Obligations	42	(1)
Buyer's Inspection and Notice of Defects	43	(1)
Cure	44	(2)
Risk of Loss	46	(2)
Excused Performance	48	(2)
Remedies in General	50	(1)
Suspending Performance	51	(2)
``Avoidance'' of a Contract---Refusal to Accept Nonconforming Performance	53	(6)
Non-Judicial Price Adjustment	59	(2)
Reclamation of the Goods	61	(1)
Judicial Remedies	61	(1)
Seller's Action for Specific Performance	62	(2)
Buyer's Action for the Contract Price	64	(1)
Damages	65	(1)
Buyer's Damages	66	(1)
Seller's Damages	67	(2)
Commercial Terms	69	(10)
Introduction	69	(1)
The Purpose of Commercial Terms	70	(1)
Incoterms as a Trade Usage	71	(1)
Categories of Commercial Terms	72	(1)
Revisions of Incoterms	73	(1)
The Format of Incoterms	74	(1)
The Free Carrier (FCA) Term	75	(1)
The Free on Board (FOB) Term	75	(1)
The Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF) Term	76	(3)
Bills of Lading	79	(26)
Introduction to Bills of Lading	79	(1)
Non-negotiable or Straight Bills of Lading	80	(1)
Negotiable or Order Bills of Lading	81	(1)
Overview of the Payment Against Documents Transaction	82	(1)
The Necessity of a Negotiable Bill of Lading	83	(1)
Payment	84	(1)
Risks of the Parties	85	(1)
Seller's Risks	85	(1)
Buyer's Risks	86	(1)
International Conventions	87	(1)
Overview of United States Law	88	(1)
The Harter Act	89	(1)
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (COGSA)	89	(2)
Federal Bills of Lading Act	91	(2)
Inherent Risks and Liabilities Regarding Bills of Lading	93	(1)
Misdelivery	93	(4)
Misdescription	97	(2)
Forged Bills of Lading	99	(1)
Electronic Bills of Lading	100	(5)
Sales Agent and Distributorship Agreements	105	(10)
Need for a Written Agreement	105	(1)
Problems Most Prevalent Upon Termination	106	(1)
Effect of Changing Export Laws in the United States	107	(1)
Choice of Form	107	(1)
Independent Foreign Agent	107	(1)
Independent Foreign Distributor	108	(1)
Laws Protecting Agents and Distributors	109	(1)
Aspects of Control	110	(3)
Areas to Consider	113	(2)
Countertrade Agreements	115	(12)
Countertrade in the Post World War II Years	115	(1)
Why Engage in Countertrade?	116	(2)
Barter	118	(1)
Counterpurchase	119	(2)
Compensation or Buyback	121	(1)
Offsets	122	(1)
Switch Trading	123	(1)
Bilateral Clearing Accounts	124	(1)
Investment Commitment	124	(1)
Future of Countertrade	125	(2)
Documentary Letters of Credit	127	(30)
Introduction---The Transactional Problem	127	(1)
The Documentary Sale Transaction	128	(7)
Risk Allocation in the Letter of Credit Transaction---In General	135	(1)
The Governing Rules	136	(2)
Applicable Law	138	(1)
Basic Legal Principles	139	(3)
Wrongful Dishonor of a Credit	142	(2)
Wrongful Honor of the Credit	144	(4)
Examination of the Documents for Discrepancies	148	(1)
Notification of Discrepancies	149	(3)
The Documents in the Letter of Credit Transaction	152	(2)
Electronic Letters of Credit	154	(3)
Standby Letters of Credit	157	(18)
Introduction	157	(1)
Transaction Pattern of the Standby Letter of Credit	158	(1)
Differences with Commercial Letter of Credit	159	(1)
Sources of Law and Rules/Governing Rules	160	(2)
Revised UCC Article 5	162	(1)
Uniform Customs and Practices for Documentary Credits (UCP)	162	(2)
New International Rules for Standby Letters of Credit	164	(1)
United Nations Convention on Independent Guarantees and Stand-by Letters of Credit (1995)	164	(2)
The Rules on International Standby Practices (ISP 98)	166	(2)
The ``Fraud Defense''	168	(4)
Fraudulent or Abusive Demands for Payment Under the United Nations Convention on Independent Guarantees and Stand-by Letters of Credit	172	(3)
International Electronic Commerce	175	(16)
Introduction	175	(2)
Private Contractual Measures Enabling E--Commerce---Trading Partner Agreements	177	(1)
Legislative Measures Enabling E--Commerce	177	(1)
UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce---In General	178	(1)
UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce---Non-Discrimination	179	(1)
UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce---Contract Formation	180	(2)
United States---Federal Laws	182	(2)
United States---State Laws	184	(1)
European Union---Background to the eEurope Initiative	185	(1)
European Union---Distance Selling Directive	186	(1)
European Union---Electronic Signature Directive	187	(1)
European Union---Personal Data Protection Directive	187	(4)
An Introduction to the WTO, IMF and U.S. Trade Authorities	191	(36)
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: History and Provisions	193	(2)
The GATT/WTO Multinational Trade Negotiations (Rounds)	195	(1)
The World Trade Organization (WTO) and GATT 1994	196	(2)
WTO Decision-Making	198	(2)
WTO Agreements and U.S. Law	200	(1)
WTO Dispute Settlement/U.S. Disputes	201	(10)
Import Quotas and Licenses Under the WTO	211	(1)
GATT/WTO Nontariff Trade Barrier Codes	212	(1)
The WTO Agreement on Agriculture	213	(1)
The WTO Public Procurement Code	214	(2)
The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)	216	(1)
The WTO and Rules of Origin	217	(1)
The WTO TRIPs Agreement	217	(1)
U.S. International Trade Administration (ITA)	218	(1)
U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC)	218	(1)
U.S. Court of International Trade (CIT)	219	(2)
United States Trade Representative (USTR)	221	(1)
An Introduction to the IMF	222	(5)
United States Tariffs and Duty Free Imports	227	(26)
Introduction	227	(1)
The Origins of United States Tariffs	228	(1)
Column 1 Tariffs and the GATT/WTO	229	(1)
Column 2 Tariffs	230	(1)
The Jackson--Vanik Amendment	231	(2)
U.S. Generalized System of Tariff Preferences---Statutory Authorization	233	(1)
U.S. Generalized System of Tariff Preferences---USTR Petition Procedures	233	(1)
U.S. Generalized System of Tariff Preferences---Competitive Need Limitations	234	(1)
U.S. Generalized System of Tariff Preferences---Country Eligibility	235	(3)
U.S. Generalized System of Tariff Preferences---Product Eligibility	238	(2)
U.S. Generalized System of Tariff Preferences---Graduation	240	(1)
U.S. Generalized System of Tariff Preferences---Judicial and Administrative Remedies	240	(1)
Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI)	241	(1)
CBI Country Eligibility	241	(2)
CBI Product Eligibility	243	(2)
Andean Trade Preferences	245	(1)
African Trade Preferences	246	(1)
Section 9802.00.80 of the HTS	246	(2)
Mexican Maquiladoras	248	(1)
Section 9802.00.80 Case Law	249	(4)
Customs Classification, Valuation and Origin	253	(30)
Purpose of Classification and Valuation	253	(1)
The Actors Who Classify and Value---The Customs Service	254	(2)
The Sources of Law for Classification and Valuation	256	(2)
Classification---Sample Provisions of the Harmonized Tariff System	258	(1)
Classification---The Meaning of the Headings in the HTS	259	(1)
Classification---The Meaning of the Notes in the HTS	259	(1)
Classification---The Meaning of the Columns in the HTS	259	(2)
Classification---Applying the General Rules of Interpretation	261	(2)
Classification---The Additional U.S. Rules of Interpretation	263	(2)
Classification---United States Customs Service, Guidance for Interpretation of Harmonized System	265	(2)
Classification---Decisions of United States Courts	267	(1)
Rules of Origin---Substantial Transformation	267	(1)
Rules of Origin---Sources of Law	268	(3)
Rules of Origin---Applicable Legal Theories	271	(2)
Valuation---United States Law	273	(1)
Valuation---The Law of the GATT/WTO	273	(1)
Valuation---Appraisal of Imported Merchandise	273	(1)
Valuation---Transaction Value	274	(3)
Valuation---Deductive Value	277	(2)
Valuation---Computed Value	279	(1)
Valuation---Value When Other Methods Are Not Effective	280	(3)
Antidumping Duties	283	(32)
Dumping---What Is It and Why Is It Done?	283	(1)
The WTO Antidumping Code (1994)	284	(1)
U.S. Implementation of and Compliance with the WTO Antidumping Code	284	(3)
The Evolution of U.S. Antidumping Law	287	(2)
The Dumping Determination	289	(1)
Foreign Market Value	290	(1)
United States Price	291	(1)
Sales Below Cost	292	(1)
Nonmarket Economies Included	293	(1)
Nonmarket Economy Constructed Values	293	(2)
Market Economy Constructed Values	295	(1)
Similar Merchandise and Price Adjustments	296	(2)
The Injury Determination	298	(1)
Like Domestic Products	298	(1)
Material Injury	299	(5)
Threat of Material Injury	304	(2)
Causation	306	(2)
Cumulative Causation	308	(1)
Antidumping Procedures---Petition and Response	309	(2)
Administrative Determinations	311	(1)
The Importance of the ITA Preliminary Dumping Determination	312	(1)
AD Duties and Anticircumvention	313	(1)
Appeals	314	(1)
Subsidies and Countervailing Duties	315	(26)
Subsidies and International Trade	315	(1)
Uruguay Round WTO Subsidies Code (1994)	316	(1)
Historical Introduction to U.S. Law	317	(1)
Two Statutory Regimes	318	(2)
U.S. Implementation of the WTO Subsidies Code---Countervailable Subsidies	320	(1)
National or WTO Proceedings	321	(1)
Export Subsidies	322	(2)
Upstream Subsidies	324	(1)
De Minimis Subsidies	325	(1)
Nonmarket Economies Excluded	325	(1)
The Injury Determination	326	(1)
Like Domestic Products	326	(1)
Material Injury	327	(4)
Causation	331	(2)
Cumulative Causation	333	(1)
Countervailing Duty Procedures	334	(1)
Administrative Determinations	335	(2)
The Importance of the ITA Preliminary Subsidy Determination	337	(1)
CVD Duties and Anticircumvention	338	(1)
Appeals	339	(2)
United States Import Controls and Nontariff Trade Barriers	341	(12)
Import Quotas and Licenses	341	(1)
U.S. Import Restraints	342	(2)
Nontariff Trade Barriers	344	(1)
Public Procurement	344	(4)
Product Standards	348	(2)
Product Markings (Origin, Labels)	350	(3)
Escape Clause Proceedings; Trade Adjustment Assistance	353	(22)
Prospects for Relief	353	(1)
The Impact of Limited Judicial Review	354	(1)
The WTO Safeguards Agreement	355	(1)
U.S. Implementation of and Compliance with the WTO Safeguards Agreement	355	(3)
Escape Clause Proceedings---Petitions	358	(1)
Escape Clause Proceedings---ITC Investigations	359	(1)
Escape Clause Proceedings---Statutory Criteria	359	(2)
Escape Clause Proceedings---Substantial Causation	361	(2)
Escape Clause Proceedings---Serious Injury	363	(3)
Escape Clause Proceedings---Relief Recommendations of the Commission	366	(1)
Escape Clause Proceedings---Presidential Relief Decisions	367	(3)
Trade Adjustment Assistance---Individual and Company Assistance Criteria	370	(2)
Trade Adjustment Assistance---Secretary of Labor Determinations	372	(3)
United States Export Controls	375	(16)
Governance of Exports	375	(1)
The Meaning of a ``License''	376	(1)
Export Administration Regulations	377	(1)
Steps for Using the Export Administration Regulations	378	(1)
General Prohibitions	378	(1)
Determination of the Applicability of the General Prohibitions	378	(2)
Overview of Export Controls	380	(1)
The Commerce Control List (CCL)	380	(1)
License Requirements, License Exceptions and List of Items Controlled Sections	381	(1)
The Commerce Country Chart	382	(1)
Determining the Need for a License	383	(1)
Advisory Opinions	383	(1)
Issuance and/or Denial of Applications	384	(1)
Timetable for Application Review	385	(1)
Issuance of a License	386	(1)
Revocation or Suspension of a License	386	(1)
Review of Export Applications by International Agencies	386	(1)
Shipper's Export Declaration (SED)	387	(1)
Fines, Suspensions and Revocation of Export Authority	387	(2)
Administrative Proceedings and Denial Orders	389	(2)
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and Illegal Payments Abroad	391	(20)
Foreign Policy-Based Laws---The Antiboycott Laws and the FCPA	392	(1)
History of the FCPA	392	(1)
Amendments in 1988	393	(1)
Amendments in 1998	393	(1)
Responses From Other Nations	394	(1)
Definitional Challenges	394	(1)
Exempting Minor Payments	394	(1)
Who Is Covered?	394	(1)
Prohibited Payments	395	(1)
Accounting Standards	396	(1)
What Is Given?	397	(1)
Acting ``Corruptly''	397	(1)
Foreign Official	398	(1)
Foreign Political Party, Official or Candidate	399	(1)
Any Person ``While Knowing''	399	(1)
De Minimis or ``Grease'' Payments	400	(1)
``Facilitating or Expediting Routine Governmental Action''	401	(1)
Lawful Under ``Written'' Laws	402	(1)
``Reasonable and Bona Fide Expenditures''	402	(1)
Enforcement Authority	402	(2)
Consent Decrees	404	(1)
Charges of Accounting and Illegal Payment Violations	404	(1)
Additional Charges	404	(1)
Penalties: Record Keeping and Accounting Violations	405	(1)
Penalties: Illegal Payment Violations	405	(1)
Review Process	405	(1)
When to Use Review Process?	406	(1)
Actions by the Government	406	(1)
Private Right of Action	406	(1)
Employee Suits	407	(1)
Suits Charging Competitor With Violation of FCPA	408	(3)
United States Boycott and Anti-Boycott Law	411	(22)
Boycott and Antiboycott Laws	411	(1)
Boycott Laws and International Law	412	(1)
The Structure of United States Boycott Law	413	(2)
Trade Restrictions: The Case of Cuba	415	(4)
United States Reaction to the Arab Boycott of Israel: The Antiboycott Laws	419	(2)
Export Administration Act	421	(1)
Export Administration Regulations	421	(1)
Prohibited Actions Must Be Done Intentionally	422	(1)
Refusals to Deal	422	(2)
Discriminatory Actions	424	(1)
Furnishing Information Regarding Race, Religion, Sex or National Origin	425	(1)
Furnishing Information Regarding Business Relationships---The Use of ``Blacklists''	426	(2)
Prohibition of Intentional Evasion	428	(1)
Reporting Requirements	428	(3)
Violations and Enforcement	431	(1)
Private Right of Action	432	(1)
United States Section 301 Proceedings---Super 301 and Special 301 Procedures	433	(16)
Foreign Country Practices and Market Access	433	(1)
The Evolution of Section 301	434	(2)
The Impact of WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding	436	(1)
Mandatory versus Discretionary Offenses and Remedies	436	(2)
Statutory Definitions	438	(1)
Petitioning and Consultation Procedures	439	(2)
USTR Determinations	441	(1)
Section 301 in Action	442	(4)
Special 301---Prioritization of U.S. Intellectual Property Rights Disputes With Foreign Countries	446	(3)
Antitrust Laws (U.S. and Europe)	449	(32)
Sherman Act Prohibitions and Remedies	449	(1)
Reasonable and Unreasonable (Per Se) Restraints of Trade	450	(2)
Monopolization	452	(1)
Clayton Act Prohibitions	453	(1)
Mergers and Acquisitions	454	(1)
Price Discrimination, Exclusive Dealing and Tying Offenses	455	(1)
The Federal Trade Commission Act	456	(1)
Extraterritorial U.S. Antitrust in Perspective---Blocking Statutes	457	(3)
The Goals of European Union Competition Policy	460	(1)
Article 81---Restraints of Trade	461	(1)
Commission Investigations, Attorney-Client Privilege, Shared Prosecutorial Powers	462	(3)
Commission Prosecutions and Sanctions	465	(2)
Article 81---Group Exemptions	467	(1)
Article 82	468	(1)
Article 82---Dominant Positions	469	(4)
Article 82---Abuse	473	(3)
The Extraterritorial Reach of Articles 81 and 82	476	(1)
United States Antitrust Cooperation Agreements	477	(1)
United States-European Antitrust Cooperation	478	(3)
Free Trade Agreements of the United States	481	(18)
U.S. Free Trade Agreements	481	(2)
The NAFTA Agreement in Outline---Goods	483	(4)
The NAFTA Agreement in Outline---Services	487	(2)
The NAFTA Agreement in Outline---Investment and Financial Services	489	(2)
The NAFTA Agreement in Outline---Intellectual Property	491	(1)
The NAFTA Agreement in Outline---Other Provisions	492	(1)
Dispute Settlement Under NAFTA	493	(2)
The Side Agreements on Labor and the Environment	495	(1)
Expanding NAFTA to Include Chile	496	(1)
Free Trade and the Americas, Bilateral Free Trade Agreements	497	(2)
Franchising and Trademark Licensing	499	(12)
Franchising Abroad	499	(1)
Trademark Protection	500	(1)
Quality Controls	501	(1)
Copyright Protection in Franchising	502	(1)
Protection of Franchise Trade Secrets	503	(1)
The Franchise Agreement	503	(1)
Regulation of International Franchising	504	(2)
The Paris Convention as Applied to Trademarks	506	(1)
The Nice Agreement on Trademark Classification	507	(1)
International Trademark Registration Treaties	507	(1)
The Pronuptia Case	508	(2)
EU Regulations 4087/88 and 2790/1999	510	(1)
Patent and Knowhow Licensing	511	(18)
Protecting Patents and Knowhow	511	(1)
The Nature of Patents	512	(1)
The Nature of Knowhow and Trade Secrets	513	(2)
International Patent and Knowhow Licensing	515	(1)
International Acquisition of Patents	516	(2)
European Patents	518	(1)
European Patent and Knowhow Licensing	518	(2)
European Transfer of Technology Regulation	520	(2)
Technology Transfers	522	(1)
Regulations in the Country of the Transferee	523	(1)
Different Kinds of Agreements	524	(1)
Agreement to License a Patent	525	(1)
Agreement to License Knowhow or Trade Secrets	526	(1)
Agreement as Part of a Foreign Direct Investment	526	(1)
Other Forms of Agreement	527	(2)
Counterfeit, Infringing and Gray Market Imports---United States Section 337 Proceedings	529	(24)
Technology Transfers	529	(2)
Counterfeit Goods, U.S. Remedies	531	(1)
Customs Service Seizures	532	(2)
Section 337 Proceedings (Intellectual Property)	534	(3)
Infringement Actions	537	(1)
Criminal Prosecutions	538	(1)
International Solutions	538	(1)
Gray Market Goods	539	(1)
The U.S. Customs Service Position	540	(2)
Trademark and Copyright Remedies	542	(1)
Gray Market Goods in Other Jurisdictions	543	(1)
Section 337---Complaint and Response	544	(2)
Section 337---Temporary Relief	546	(1)
Section 337---Administrative Process	547	(1)
Section 337---Sanctions	548	(1)
Section 337---Settlements	548	(1)
Section 337---ITC Public Interest Review	549	(1)
Section 337---ITC General Exclusion and Cease and Desist Orders	549	(2)
Section 337---Presidential Veto	551	(1)
Section 337---ITC Opinion Letters	551	(2)
Introduction to Foreign Direct Investment	553	(52)
Why Invest Abroad?	553	(3)
The Language of Investment Barriers---TRIMs	556	(1)
Governance by Home Nations	557	(1)
Governance by Host Nations	558	(2)
Governance by Multi-Nation Organizations and International Law	560	(3)
Restrictions Upon Entry	563	(1)
Restrictions During Operations	564	(1)
Restrictions Upon Withdrawal	564	(1)
Prohibitions and Limitations on Ownership	564	(6)
Limitations on Acquisitions	570	(1)
Limitations on Management	571	(1)
Performance Requirements	571	(1)
Limitations on Transfer of Capital and Earnings	572	(1)
Current Trends in Enacting and Enforcing Restrictions	573	(1)
TRIMs	574	(2)
Foreign Investment Treaties	576	(1)
United States Investment Treaties	576	(1)
The Unwritten Law, Operational Codes	577	(6)
Other Forms of Foreign Investment	583	(1)
Taxation of Foreign Investment	584	(1)
Currency Issues	584	(3)
Goals of Privatization	587	(2)
Obstacles to Privatization	589	(9)
Human Rights and Environmental Challenges to Foreign Investors	598	(3)
The Applicable Law and Dispute Resolution	601	(1)
Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs)	601	(2)
International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)	603	(2)
Investing in Europe	605	(38)
Introduction	606	(1)
A Single Market	606	(1)
Economic and Monetary Union, A Common Currency	607	(3)
Free Movement of Goods	610	(3)
Article 30 and the Problem of Nontariff Trade Barriers	613	(2)
Intellectual Property Rights as European Trade Barriers	615	(3)
NTBs and the Single Market	618	(1)
Product Standards and Testing	619	(2)
Freedom to Provide and Receive Services Across European Borders	621	(2)
Equal Pay and Equal Treatment (Comparable Worth)	623	(6)
Social Policy---Occupational Safety, the Social Fund and Social Charter	629	(3)
Company Law, European Companies	632	(4)
Early Law on Mergers and Acquisitions	636	(2)
Commission Regulation of Mergers and Acquisitions	638	(5)
Investing in NAFTA	643	(30)
Investment Laws of Canada	643	(1)
Investment Laws of Mexico	644	(3)
Mexican and Canadian Foreign Investment Review Procedures	647	(5)
U.S. Regulation of Foreign Investment	652	(1)
History of CFIUS and Evolution of Exon--Florio	653	(2)
When and How CFIUS Reviews Proposed Foreign Investment Under Exon--Florio	655	(3)
Application of Exon--Florio: Cases	658	(6)
Defenses to Exon--Florio	664	(2)
Exon--Florio Viewed From Abroad	666	(1)
The Development of NAFTA Investment Rules	667	(1)
The Scope of Coverage of the NAFTA	668	(1)
NAFTA Chapter 11---General Rules	669	(2)
NAFTA Chapter 11---Investment Dispute Resolution	671	(2)
OPIC and MIGA Investment Insurance	673	(10)
OPIC Role and Structure	673	(1)
OPIC---Investor Eligibility	674	(1)
OPIC---Insurance Programs	675	(1)
OPIC---Investment Insurance Terms	676	(1)
OPIC---Eligible Investments	676	(1)
OPIC---Claims and Dispute Settlement	677	(1)
OPIC---Private Insurers	678	(1)
Investment Insurance on an International Level	678	(2)
MIGA---Insurance Programs	680	(1)
MIGA---Eligible Investments	681	(1)
MIGA---Eligible Investors	681	(1)
MIGA---Scope of Coverage	682	(1)
Expropriation of an Investment	683	(30)
Avoiding the Risk of Expropriation	684	(1)
Legal Choices Following Expropriation	684	(1)
What Law Applies and What Is That Law?	684	(1)
Applying Domestic Law of the Taking Nation	685	(1)
Applying International Law	685	(1)
Investment Treaties	685	(1)
Public Purpose Under International Law	685	(1)
Defining Public Purpose	686	(1)
Who Measures Public Purpose?	686	(1)
Retaliation and Discrimination Defined	687	(1)
Retaliation and Discrimination Subordinated to Compensation	687	(1)
The Uncertainty of International Law	688	(1)
Prompt, Adequate and Effective Compensation	689	(1)
Appropriate Compensation	690	(1)
Fair Compensation	690	(1)
Just Compensation	690	(1)
Restitution as a Substitute for Compensation	690	(1)
Mandatory Questions Under Any Standard	691	(1)
Exhaustion of Local Remedies	692	(1)
Assistance of the Government---The ``Calvo Clause''	693	(1)
Lump--Sum Agreements and Claims Commissions	693	(3)
Suing in United States Courts	696	(1)
Foreign Sovereign Immunity	696	(1)
History and Rationale	697	(2)
The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976	699	(1)
Who Is a Sovereign?	700	(1)
Jurisdictional Issues	701	(1)
Exceptions to Sovereign Immunity---Waiver	702	(1)
Exceptions to Sovereign Immunity---Commercial Activity	702	(3)
Exceptions to Sovereign Immunity---Violations of International Law	705	(1)
Act of State Doctrine	705	(1)
History of Act of State Doctrine	706	(1)
Act of State and the Expropriation of Property	707	(1)
Act of State Encounters Some Limits	708	(1)
Act of State and the Separation of Powers	708	(2)
Act of State and Some Exceptions	710	(3)
International Business Litigation	713	(18)
Introduction	713	(1)
Personal Jurisdiction	713	(4)
Subject Matter Jurisdiction	717	(1)
Service of Process	718	(2)
Choice of Forum	720	(1)
Forum Non Conveniens	721	(2)
Choice of Law	723	(2)
Antisuit Injunctions	725	(1)
Proving Foreign Law	726	(1)
Depositions and Document Discovery Abroad	726	(3)
Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments	729	(2)
International Commercial Arbitration	731	(16)
Why Arbitrate?	732	(2)
Types of International Commercial Arbitrations	734	(2)
Mandatory Law	736	(1)
International Arbitral Rules: UNICITRAL	737	(1)
International Arbitration Rules: ICSID	738	(1)
ICC and LCIA Arbitral Rules and Clauses	739	(1)
Enforcement of Arbitral Awards: The New York Convention	740	(2)
Arbitration Agreements, Arbitrators and Awards Under U.S. Law	742	(5)
Table of Cases	747	(20)
Index	767