List of Contributors | |
Preface | |
Past, Present and Future of Clinical Virology: An Overview | |
Diagnostic Approaches | |
Introduction | |
Electron Microscopy | |
Histology/Cytology | |
Virus Isolation | |
Serology | |
Molecular Amplification Techniques | |
Recommended Diagnostic Investigations | |
Future Trends | |
Viral Transmission: Infection Acquired by the Blood-borne Route | |
Introduction | |
Prevention of Exposure through Infection Control | |
Prevention of Infection through Specific Pre- and Post-exposure Policies | |
Patient-to-patient Transmission | |
Patient-to-HCW Transmission | |
HCW-to-patient Transmission | |
Viral Transmission: Infection Acquired by All Other Routes (Respiratory, Eye-Nose-Mouth, Inoculation and Faeco-orally) | |
Introduction | |
Measles, Mumps and Rubella | |
Cytomegalovirus | |
Varicella Zoster Virus | |
Herpes Simplex Virus | |
Noroviruses | |
Rotavirus | |
Parvovirus B19 | |
Respiratory Viruses | |
Emerging Virus Infections | |
Introduction | |
Factors Contributing to Emergence | |
Future Directions | |
Vaccinology | |
Introduction | |
Burden of Viral Diseases and their Reproductive Rates | |
The Immune System and its Role in Natural and Artificially-induced Immunity | |
Discovery of Protective Antigens in Pathogens | |
Presentation of Protective Antigens through Vaccines and Types of Vaccine | |
Research and Development on Vaccines and their Commercial Introduction | |
Social Marketing of Introduced Vaccines | |
Planning and Implementation of Vaccination Programmes | |
Surveillance of Disease Incidence and Adverse Events Before and After Implementation of Vaccination | |
Rectification of Publicized Falsehoods and Maintenance of Vaccination Coverage | |
Viral Vaccines on the Horizon and the Roadblocks to Future Vaccine Development | |
Closing Comments | |
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 | |
Morphology | |
Replication | |
Epidemiology | |
Viral Diagnosis | |
Antiviral Chemotherapy | |
Clinical Features, Diagnosis and Management | |
Concluding Remarks | |
Varicella Zoster | |
Introduction | |
The Virus | |
Epidemiology | |
Clinical Features | |
Diagnosis of VZV Infection | |
Treatment | |
Prevention | |
Cytomegalovirus | |
Introduction | |
The Virus | |
Epidemiology | |
Routes of Infection | |
Pathogenesis | |
Clinical Features | |
Diagnosis | |
Management | |
Prevention | |
Treatment | |
Epstein-Barr Virus | |
Introduction | |
The Virus | |
Epidemiology | |
EBV-associated Diseases | |
EBV Infection in the Immunocompromized Host | |
Vaccine Development | |
Roseoloviruses: Human Herpesviruses 6A, 6B and 7 | |
Introduction | |
Biology of the Viruses | |
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis | |
Disease Associations | |
Laboratory Diagnosis | |
Antiviral Therapy | |
Concluding Remarks | |
Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (Human Herpesvirus 8) | |
Introduction | |
Origin and Evolution of KSHV | |
Worldwide Distribution of KSHV in the General Population | |
Transmission | |
Clinical Manifestations | |
Pathogenesis | |
Diagnostic Assays | |
Antiviral Therapy | |
Hepatitis Viruses | |
Introduction | |
GB Virus C (GBV-C) and Torque Teno Virus (TTV) | |
Introduction | |
GB Virus C (GBV-C) | |
Torque Teno Virus (TTV) | |
Rotaviruses | |
Introduction | |
Rotavirus Structure, Genome and Gene-Protein Assignment | |
Classification | |
Replication | |
Pathogenesis | |
Immune Responses and Correlates of Protection | |
Illness, Diagnosis and Treatment | |
Epidemiology | |
Vaccine Development | |
Viruses other than Rotaviruses Associated with Acute Diarrhoeal Disease | |
Introduction | |
Enteric Adenoviruses | |
Noroviruses and Sapoviruses | |
Astroviruses | |
Gastrointestinal Viruses Not Regularly Associated with Acute Diarrhoeal Disease | |
Influenza | |
Introduction | |
Viral Variation | |
Virus Classification | |
Pathogenesis | |
Clinical Features | |
Diagnosis of Infection | |
Treatment and Prevention | |
Parainfluenza Viruses | |
Introduction | |
Taxonomy | |
Structure and Physical Properties | |
Receptors, Virus Entry and Host Range | |
Replication | |
Viral Transmission, Incubation and Shedding | |
Pathogenesis | |
Antigenicity and Immunity | |
Epidemiology | |
Clinical Features | |
Diagnosis | |
Prevention | |
Treatment | |
Respiratory Syncytial Virus | |
Introduction | |
The Virus | |
Epidemiology | |
Pathogenesis | |
Immunity | |
Clinical Features | |
Diagnosis | |
Management | |
Prevention | |
Adenoviruses | |
Introduction | |
Description and Characteristics of the Virus | |
Pathogenesis | |
Immune Response | |
Epidemiology | |
Clinical Features | |
Respiratory Infections | |
Ocular Infections | |
Gastrointestinal Infections | |
Haemorrhagic Cystitis | |
Adenoviruses Infections in Immunocompromized Patients | |
Other Clinical Manifestations | |
Diagnosis | |
Treatment | |
Prevention | |
Future Prospects | |
Rhinoviruses | |
Introduction | |
Taxonomy | |
Physical Properties | |
Incubation and Transmission | |
Host Range | |
Pathogenesis | |
Immunity | |
Epidemiology | |
Clinical Features | |
Diagnosis | |
Prevention and Treatment | |
Coronaviruses and Toroviruses | |
Introduction | |
The Viruses | |
Initiation of Infection and Pathogenesis | |
Epidemiology | |
Clinical Features | |
Diagnosis | |
RT-PCR | |
Prophylaxis: Active and Passive Immunization | |
Therapy | |
Acknowledgements | |
Measles Virus | |
Introduction | |
The Virus | |
Virus Morphology | |
Genome Structure | |
MV Protein Functions | |
The Replication Cycle | |
Biological Properties of the Measles Virus | |
Epidemiology and Relatedness of Different Virus Isolates | |
Clinical Manifestations | |
The Pathogenesis of Measles and its Complications | |
Diagnosis | |
Management | |
Prevention | |
Rubella | |
Historical Introduction | |
The Virus | |
Postnatally Acquired Infection | |
Congenitally Acquired Infection | |
Laboratory Techniques and Diagnosis | |
Prevention-Rubella Vaccination | |
Mumps | |
Introduction | |
The Virus | |
Pathogenesis | |
Clinical Picture | |
Laboratory Diagnosis | |
Epidemiology and Control | |
Enteroviruses | |
Introduction | |
The Viruses | |
Pathobiological and Clinical Aspects of Human Enteroviruses | |
Laboratory Diagnosis of Enterovirus Infections | |
Prevention and Treatment of Enterovirus Infections | |
Future Prospects | |
Poxviruses | |
Introduction | |
Virus Characteristics | |
Clinical Aspects of Orthopoxvirus Infections | |
Diagnosis | |
Medical Management | |
Other Poxviruses Infecting Humans | |
Diagnosis | |
Alphaviruses | |
Introduction | |
The Virus | |
Spectrum of Diseases Caused by Alphaviruses | |
Diagnosis of Alphavirus Infections | |
Management and Prevention | |
Alphaviruses Associated with Fevers and Polyarthritis | |
Alphaviruses Associated with Encephalitis | |
Other Alphaviruses | |
Flaviviruses | |
Introduction | |
Properties of the Virus | |
Yellow Fever | |
Other Members of the 'Unassigned' Subgroup of Flaviviruses | |
Dengue | |
Zika | |
Japanese Encephalitis | |
St Louis Encephalitis | |
West Nile Virus | |
Murray Valley Encephalitis | |
Tick-borne Encephalitis | |
Omsk Haemorrhagic Fever | |
Kyasanur Forest Disease | |
Powassan Virus | |
Bunyaviridae | |
Introduction | |
The Virus | |
Laboratory Diagnosis | |
Genus Orthobunyavirus | |
Genus Phlebovirus | |
Genus Nairovirus | |
Genus Hantavirus | |
Bunyaviruses Unassigned to Genus | |
Arenaviruses | |
Introduction | |
Ultrastructure of Arenaviruses and Infected Cells | |
Chemical Composition | |
Replication | |
Diagnosis of Human Arenavirus Infections | |
Antigenic Relationships | |
Clinical and Pathological Aspects | |
Persistent Infection | |
Pathology of Arenavirus Infections: General Features | |
Other Arenavirus Infections | |
Summary | |
Filoviruses | |
Introduction | |
Epidemiology | |
Ecology | |
Transmission and Risk Factors | |
Clinical Spectrum | |
Laboratory Diagnosis | |
Patient Management | |
Past Infection and Persistence | |
Virology | |
Animal Models | |
Serological Studies | |
Pathogenesis and Immunology | |
Control | |
Perspective | |
Rabies and Other Lyssavirus Infections | |
Introduction | |
History | |
Classification | |
Virus Structure | |
Replication | |
Inactivation of Virus and Stability of Vaccine Antigen | |
Epizootiology and Epidemiology | |
Incidence of Human Rabies | |
Pathogenesis | |
Immunology | |
Routes of Infection | |
Clinical Features of Rabies in Animals | |
Clinical Features in Humans | |
Diagnosis | |
Management of Human Rabies | |
Pathology | |
Human Rabies Prophylaxis | |
Control of Animal Rabies | |
Papillomaviruses | |
Introduction | |
Classification | |
Physical and Chemical Properties | |
Serology | |
Viral Replication | |
Natural History of HPV Infections | |
Pathogenesis | |
Diagnosis | |
Treatment | |
Vaccination | |
The Human Polyomaviruses | |
Classification and Detection | |
Virion Structure and Composition | |
Virus Life Cycle | |
State of Human Polyomavirus Infection | |
Diagnostic Evaluation of Polyomavirus-associated Disease | |
Polyomavirus-specific Immune Response | |
Treatment of Polyomavirus-associated Diseases | |
Acknowledgements | |
Human Parvoviruses | |
Introduction | |
Human Parvovirus B19 (B19V) | |
Pathogenesis | |
Epidemiology | |
Clinical Features | |
Laboratory Diagnosis | |
Treatment and Prevention | |
Human Retroviruses | |
Introduction | |
Retrovirus Replication and Genomes | |
Taxonomy | |
Human and Zoonotic Retrovirus Infections | |
Retroviral Vectors | |
The Human T-lymphotropic Viruses | |
Introduction | |
History | |
The Virus | |
Diagnosis | |
Viral Variation | |
Epidemiology | |
Transmission | |
HTLV-associated Disease | |
Pathogenesis | |
Treatment | |
Prevention of Disease | |
HIV and HTLV Co-infection | |
Human Immunodeficiency Viruses | |
Introduction and Classification | |
Epidemiology | |
Replication | |
Host Genetic Determinants for HIV/AIDS | |
Viral Dynamics and Pathogenesis | |
Immune Responses | |
The Laboratory Diagnosis of HIV Infection | |
The Natural History of HIV Infection and Its Clinical Manifestations | |
Antiretroviral Therapy-A Historical Perspective | |
Monitoring of Antiretroviral Therapy and Resistance | |
Antiretroviral Drug Classes | |
Transmission of Drug Resistance | |
Prevention | |
Vaccines | |
Human Prion Diseases | |
Introduction to Prions and Historical Perspective | |
Structural Biology of Prions | |
Normal Cellular Function of PrP | |
Prion Strains | |
Neuronal Cell Death in Prion Disease | |
The 'Species Barrier' | |
Pathogenesis | |
Animal Prion Diseases | |
Aetiology and Epidemiology of Human Prion Disease | |
Clinical Features and Diagnosis | |
Molecular Diagnosis of Prion Disease | |
Pre-symptomatic and Antenatal Testing | |
Prevention and Public Health Management | |
Prognosis and Treatment | |
Concluding Remarks | |
Useful Websites | |
Index | |
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