Principles and Practice of Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision, second edition

by Heckenlively, John R.; Arden, Geoffrey B.

• ISBN13: 9780262083461
• ISBN10: 0262083469
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-04-07
• Publisher: Bradford Books

Summary

This authoritative text is the only comprehensive reference available on electrophysiologic vision testing, offering both practical information on techniques and problems as well as basic physiology and anatomy, theoretical concepts, and clinical correlations. The second edition, of the widely used text, offers extensive new material and updated information: 65 of the 84 chapters are completely new, with the changes reflecting recent advances in the field. The book will continue to be an essential resource for practitioners and scholars from a range of disciplines within vision science. The contributions not only cover new information--important material that is likely to become more important in the next decade--but also offer a long-range perspective on the field and its remarkable development in the last century. After discussing the history and background of clinical electrophysiology, the book introduces the anatomy of the retina and principles of cell biology in the visual pathways at the molecular, physiological, and biochemical levels. It relates these new findings to the techniques and interpretations of clinical tests, including the electro-oculogram (EOG), electroretinogram (ERG), and visual evoked potentials (VEP), which are discussed in detail, as are equipment, data acquisition and analysis, principles and protocols for clinical testing, diseases and dysfunction, and animal testing. Notable additions for this edition include chapters on the origin of electroretinogram waveforms, multifocal techniques, testing in standard laboratory animals, recent advances in analysis of abnormalities in disease, and the applications of these techniques to the study of genetic abnormalities.

Author Biography

John R. Heckenlively is Paul R. Lichter Professor of Ophthalmic Genetics and Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences at the University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center in Ann Arbor.

Geoffrey B. Arden is Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Henry Wellcome Research Laboratories, City University, Northampton Square, London.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xiii
Preface to the Second Edition	xvii
Preface to the First Edition	xix
Contributors	xxi
I. HISTORY AND BACKGROUND TO MODERN TESTING	1	(20)
History of the Electroretinogram	3	(8)
A. F. de Rouck
History of Electro-Oculography	11	(4)
Geoffrey B. Arden
History of Visual Evoked Cortical Testing	15	(6)
Graham F. A. Harding
II. ANATOMY OF THE RETINA, PRINCIPLES OF CELL BIOLOGY IN THE VISUAL PATHWAYS: FUNCTIONAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL, MOLECULAR, BIOLOGICAL	21	(100)
The Photoreceptor--Retinal Pigment Epithelium Interface	23	(14)
Gregory S. Hageman
Lincoln V. Johnson
Membrane Mechanisms of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium	37	(10)
Olaf Strauss
Functional Organization of the Retina	47	(18)
Helga Kolb
Phototransduction and Photoreceptor Physiology	65	(14)
W. Clay Smith
Synaptic Transmission: Sensitivity Control Mechanisms	79	(14)
Gertrude Falk
Richard Shiells
Structure and Function of Retinal Synapses: Role of Cell Adhesion Molecules and Extracellular Matrix	93	(16)
William J. Brunken
Thomas Claudepierre
Mary K. Manglapus
Dale D. Hunter
Central Disorders of Vision in Humans	109	(12)
Christopher A. Girkin
III. ORIGINS OF SLOW ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS	121	(114)
Origin and Significance of the Electro-Oculogram	123	(16)
Geoffrey B. Arden
Origins of the Electroretinogram	139	(46)
Laura J. Frishman
The Origin of the Pattern Electroretinogram	185	(12)
Michael Bach
Michael B. Hoffmann
The Multifocal Electroretinographic and Visual Evoked Potential Techniques	197	(10)
Donald C. Hood
Origin of the Visual Evoked Potentials	207	(28)
Manfred Fahle
Michael Bach
IV. EQUIPMENT	235	(50)
Data Acquisition Systems for Electrodiagnostic Testing	237	(8)
Chris Hogg
Steven Nusinowitz
Electrodes for Visual Testing	245	(10)
Stuart G. Coupland
Amplifiers and Special-Purpose Data Acquisition Systems	255	(10)
J. Vernon Odom
Stimulus Devices, Calibration, and Measurement of Light	265	(20)
Chris Hogg
V. DATA ACQUISITION	285	(144)
Introduction to the ISCEV Standards	287	(2)
Michael F. Marmor
Eberhart Zrenner
EOG Standard	289	(1)
Michael F. Marmor
Eberhart Zrenner
Standard for Clinical Electroretinography	290	(7)
Michael F. Marmor
Graham E. Holder
Mathias W. Seeliger
Shuichi Yamamoto
Standard for Pattern Electroretinography	297	(4)
Michael Bach
Marko Hawlina
Graham E. Holder
Michael F. Marmor
Thomas Meigen
Vaegan
Yozo Miyake
Visual Evoked Potentials Standard	301	(8)
J. Vernon Odom
Michael Bach
Colin Barber
Mitchell Brigell
Michael F. Marmor
Alma Patrizia Tormene
Graham E. Holder
Vaegan
Guidelines for Basic Multifocal Electroretinography	309	(10)
Michael F. Marmor
Donald C. Hood
David Keating
Mineo Kondo
Mathias W. Seeliger
Yozo Miyake
Multifocal Techniques	319	(22)
David Keating
Stuart Parks
The Pattern Electroretinogram	341	(12)
Graham E. Holder
Assessing Infant Acuity, Fusion, and Stereopsis with Visual Evoked Potentials	353	(8)
Eileen E. Birch
Aging and Pattern Visual Evoked Cortical Potential	361	(8)
Emiko Adachi-Usami
Aberrant Albino and Achiasmat Visual Pathways: Noninvasive Electrophysiological Assessment	369	(30)
P. Apkarian
L. J. Bour
Clinical Psychophysical Techniques	399	(14)
Kenneth R. Alexander
Measurement of Contrast Sensitivity	413	(4)
Geoffrey B. Arden
Suppressive Rod-Cone Interaction	417	(6)
Thomas E. Frumkes
The Use of Fluorescein Angiography as an Adjunct to Electrophysiological Testing	423	(6)
John R. Heckenlively
VI. DATA ANALYSIS	429	(74)
Experimental Design and Data Analyses in Vision Function Testing	431	(8)
Steven Nusinowitz
Analytical Techniques	439	(22)
L. Henk van der Tweel
Oscar Estevez
Reverse Correlation Methods	461	(12)
Bevil R. Conway
Margaret S. Livingstone
Stimulus-Response Functions for the Scotopic b-Wave	473	(6)
Anne B. Fulton
Ronald M. Hansen
Kernel Analysis	479	(8)
J. Vernon Odom
Measuring the Health of the Human Photoreceptors with the Leading Edge of the a-Wave	487	(16)
Donald C. Hood
David G. Birch
VII. PRINCIPLES OF CLINICAL TESTING	503	(44)
Localizing Lesions in the Visual System	505	(14)
Graham E. Holder
Paired-Flash ERG Analysis of Rod Phototransduction and Adaptation	519	(14)
David R. Pepperberg
Hyperabnormal (Supranormal) Electroretinographic Responses	533	(8)
John R. Heckenlively
Steven Nusinowitz
Technical Issues in Evaluating Patients for Therapeutic Trials	541	(6)
Beth Edmunds
Peter J. Francis
Richard G. Weleber
VIII. OTHER PROTOCOLS FOR RECORDING OF ERG AND SLOWER POTENTIALS, TECHNICAL ISSUES, AND AUXILIARY TESTING TECHNIQUES	547	(74)
Early Receptor Potential	549	(4)
Gordon L. Fain
Nonphotic Standing Potential Responses: Hyperosmolarity, Bicarbonate, and Diamox Responses	553	(4)
Kazuo Kawasaki
Jhoji Tanabe
Kenji Wakabayashi
Direct Current Electroretinogram	557	(8)
Sven Erik G. Nilsson
The Oscillatory Potentials of the Electroretinogram	565	(16)
Pierre LaChapelle
Flicker Electroretinography	581	(4)
David G. Birch
Chromatic Recordings of Electroretinograms	585	(8)
Kazuo Kawasaki
Jhoji Tanabe
Kenji Wakabayashi
Yutaka Shirao
Adaptation Effects on the Electroretinogram	593	(4)
Peter Gouras
Cynthia Mackay
Clinical Electrophysiological and Psychophysical Investigations into Color Defects	597	(18)
Geoffrey B. Arden
Thomas Berninger
Causes and Cures of Artifacts	615	(6)
Geoffrey B. Arden
IX. PRINCIPLES OF CLINICAL TESTING AND EVALUATION OF VISUAL DYSFUNCTION FROM DEVELOPMENTAL, TOXIC, AND ACQUIRED CAUSES	621	(52)
Testing Levels of the Visual System	623	(8)
John R. Heckenlively
Richard G. Weleber
Geoffrey B. Arden
Effects of High Myopia on the Electroretinogram	631	(6)
Steven Nusinowitz
Electrodiagnostic Testing in Malingering and Hysteria	637	(6)
Graham E. Holder
Developmental Amblyopia	643	(8)
Dorothy Thompson
Visual Evoked Potentials in Cortical Blindness	651	(4)
Emiko Adachi-Usami
Drug Side Effects and Toxicology of the Visual System	655	(10)
Eberhardt Zrenner
Mitochondrial Diseases	665	(8)
Alvin B. H. Seah
Nancy J. Newman
X. EVALUATION OF VASCULAR DISEASES, INFLAMMATORY STATES, AND TUMORS	673	(30)
Diseases of the Middle Retina: Venous and Arterial Occlusions	675	(8)
Mary A. Johnson
Acute Disorders of the Outer Retina, Pigment Epithelium and Choroid	683	(8)
Scott E. Brodie
Autoimmune Retinopathy, CAR and MAR Syndromes	691	(8)
John R. Heckenlively
Natalia Aptsiauri
Graham E. Holder
Ischemic Optic Neuropathy	699	(4)
Graham E. Holder
XI. CLINICAL DESCRIPTIONS: RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM DISEASES	703	(72)
Gyrate Atrophy of the Choroid and Retina	705	(12)
Richard G. Weleber
Dominant Drusen	717	(10)
Elise Heon
Francis Munier
Colin Willoughby
Stargardt Disease	727	(8)
David G. Birch
Bietti's Crystalline Dystrophy of the Cornea and Retina	735	(10)
Richard G. Weleber
David J. Wilson
Leber Congenital Amaurosis	745	(12)
Robert K. Koenekoop
Pattern Dystrophies	757	(6)
Michael F. Marmor
Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy	763	(6)
Gerald A. Fishman
Sorsby's Fundus Dystrophy	769	(6)
Michael P. Clarke
Keith W. Mitchell
XII. DISEASES OF THE OUTER RETINA	775	(32)
Choroideremia	777	(4)
Ian M. MacDonald
Miguel C. Seabra
Retinitis Pigmentosa	781	(14)
David G. Birch
Cone Dystrophies and Degenerations	795	(8)
John R. Heckenlively
Vitamin A Deficiency	803	(4)
Ronald E. Carr
XIII. DISEASES OF THE MIDRETINA (INCLUDING NEGATIVE WAVEFORM DISEASES)	807	(36)
Differential Diagnosis of the Electronegative Electroretinogram	809	(14)
Richard G. Weleber
Peter J. Francis
Juvenile X-Linked Retinoschisis	823	(6)
Paul A. Sieving
Ian M. MacDonald
Naheed W. Khan
Congenital Stationary Night Blindness	829	(12)
Yozo Miyake
Quinine Retinopathy	841	(2)
Graham E. Holder
XIV. OPTIC NERVE AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION	843	(54)
Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy	845	(6)
Yoshihisa Oguchi
The Pattern Electroretinogram in Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension	851	(6)
Gary L. Trick
Chiasmal and Retrochiasmal Lesions	857	(10)
Graham E. Holder
Optic Nerve and Central Nervous Dysfunctions: Parkinson's Disease and Multiple Sclerosis	867	(22)
Ivan Bodis-Wollner
Andrea Antal
Diseases of Fatty Acid Storage and Metabolism: Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses and the Long-Chain 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency	889	(8)
David G. Birch
Richard G. Weleber
XV. ANIMAL TESTING	897	(52)
Evaluating Retinal Function in the Mouse Retina with the Electroretinogram	899	(12)
Steven Nusinowitz
John R. Heckenlively
Electroretinograms of Dog and Chicken	911	(12)
Simon Petersen-Jones
Nalinee Tuntivanich
Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira
Naheed W. Khan
Electroretinographic Testing in Larger Animals	923	(12)
Kristina Narfstrom
Visual Evoked Potentials in Animals	935	(14)
William Ridder
Index	949