Principles of Public International Law

by Brownlie, Ian

• ISBN13: 9780198762997
• ISBN10: 0198762992
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-01-14
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

This is the fifth edition of the leading textbook on Public International Law. The material has been thoroughly revised and updated to take account of developments since 1990, and a new chapter on international environmental protection has been added. The book retains all its original strengths - clear exposition, rigorous analysis, detailed referencing and comprehensive coverage.

Table of Contents

Table of Cases	xxvii
Abbreviations	xliii
Glossary	xlvii
PART I PRELIMINARY TOPICS
Sources of the Law	1	(30)
Introductory	1	(2)
The Statute of the International Court of Justice	3	(1)
International Custom	4	(7)
`Law-Making' Treaties and Other Material Sources	11	(4)
General Principles of Law	15	(3)
General Principles of International Law	18	(1)
Judicial Decisions	19	(5)
The Writings of Publicists	24	(1)
Equity in Judgments and Advisory Opinions of the International Court	25	(2)
Considerations of Humanity	27	(1)
Legitimate Interests	28	(3)
Note on Comity	29	(1)
Note on Codification	30	(1)
The Relation of Municipal and International Law	31	(26)
Theoretical Problems	31	(2)
Theories of Co-ordination	33	(1)
The Relation between Obligations of States and Municipal Law	34	(2)
The Position of the Individual	36	(1)
Issues of Municipal Law before International Tribunals	36	(3)
Municipal Laws as `Facts' before International Tribunals	39	(2)
Issues of International Law before Municipal courts	41	(1)
The Doctrine of Incorporation in British and Commonwealth Courts	42	(5)
Treaties and the Interpretation of Statutes in the United Kingdom	47	(2)
Treaties and the Determination of Common Law	49	(1)
The Reception of International Law in Other States	49	(2)
Relation of Executive and Judiciary	51	(1)
Res judicata and the Two Systems	52	(2)
Relation to the Sources of International Law	54	(1)
Conclusion	55	(2)
PART II PERSONALITY AND RECOGNITION
Subjects of the Law	57	(12)
Introductory	57	(2)
Personality and Protected Status	59	(1)
Established Legal Persons	59	(3)
Special Types of Personality	62	(4)
Controversial Candidatures	66	(2)
Some Consequences	68	(1)
Incidence and Continuity of Statehood	69	(16)
Introductory	69	(1)
Legal Criteria of Statehood	70	(7)
States in Statu Nascendi	77	(1)
Illegal Occupation and the Influence of jus Cogens	78	(1)
Necessary Legal Constructions	78	(1)
Membership of International Organizations and Agencies	79	(1)
Identity and Continuity of States	80	(3)
Micro-States	83	(2)
Recognition of States and Governments	85	(20)
Recognition as a General Category	85	(1)
States and Governments in Relation to Recognition	86	(3)
The Varied Legal Consequences of Acts of Recognition and Policies of Non-Recognition	89	(1)
Is there a Duty of Recognition?	90	(1)
Recognition of Governments	90	(1)
De jure and De Facto Recognition	91	(2)
Retroactivity	93	(1)
Implied Recognition	94	(1)
Collective Recognition: Membership of Organizations	94	(2)
Non-recognition and Sanctions	96	(1)
Issues of Recognition before National Courts	97	(7)
British Policy on Recognition of Governments	104	(1)
PART III TERRITORIAL SOVEREIGNTY
Territorial Sovereignty	105	(20)
The Concept of Territory	105	(1)
Sovereignty and Jurisdiction	105	(1)
Sovereignty and Ownership	106	(1)
Administration and Sovereignty	107	(1)
Sovereignty and Responsibility. The Ownership of Rights	107	(1)
Administration Divorced from State Sovereignty	108	(1)
Territory the Sovereignty of which is Indeterminate	108	(1)
Terminable and Reversionary Rights	109	(1)
Residual Soverignty	110	(1)
International Leases	111	(1)
Use and Possession Granted in Perpetuity	112	(1)
Demilitarized and Neutralized Territory	113	(1)
The Concept of Territory: the Principle of Effective Control Applied by National Courts	113	(1)
Condominia	114	(1)
Vassalage, Suzerainty, and Protection	115	(1)
Mandates and Trust Territories	116	(1)
Parts of State Territory	116	(2)
Restrictions on Disposition of Territory	118	(2)
Capacity to Transfer or Acquire Territory	120	(1)
The Concept of Title	120	(1)
The Determination of Frontiers	121	(1)
Nemo dat quod non habet	122	(3)
The Creation and Transfer of Territorial Sovereignty	125	(44)
Introductory	125	(1)
Historical Changes in Concepts of Law	126	(1)
The Doctrine of Inter-temporal Law	126	(2)
Critical Dates	128	(1)
The Modes of Acquisition	129	(1)
Original and Derivative Title	130	(1)
Roots of Title	131	(5)
Effective Occupation	136	(6)
Abandonment or Derelictio	142	(1)
Discovery	143	(2)
Symbolic Annexation	145	(1)
Original or Historic Title	146	(1)
Extent of Sovereignty: Geographical Doctrines	147	(1)
Arctic and Antarctic Sectors	148	(1)
Accretion, Erosion, and Avulsion	149	(1)
Acquisitive Prescription	150	(6)
Acquiescence and Recognition	156	(2)
Estoppel	158	(1)
Novation	159	(1)
Doctrine of Reversion	160	(1)
Relative Title	160	(2)
Historical Consolidation of Title	162	(1)
Acquisition of Maritime Territory and Other Topics	163	(3)
Problems of Alienability	166	(3)
Status of Territory: Further Problems	169	(8)
International Procedures Relating to Territorial Dispositions	169	(3)
Capacity of the United Nations to Administer Territory	172	(1)
Legal Regimes apart from State Sovereignty	173	(4)
PART IV LAW OF THE SEA
Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zones, and Exclusive Economic Zones	177	(34)
Territorial Sea	177	(1)
Introductory	177	(3)
Baseline for Measurement of the Territorial Sea	180	(4)
Straight Baselines: Recent Developments	184	(1)
Breadth of the Territorial Sea	185	(2)
Baselines: Further Problems	187	(4)
Legal Regime of the Territorial Sea	191	(6)
Specialized Rights	197	(1)
Introductory	197	(1)
The Concept of the Contiguous Zone	198	(1)
Permissible Types of Zone	199	(2)
Delimitation of the Contiguous Zone	201	(1)
Problem of Enforcement	201	(2)
Other Zones for Special Purposes	203	(8)
The Continental Shelf: Delimitation of Shelf Areas and Exclusive Economic Zones	211	(18)
Introduction	211	(1)
Continental Shelf: Background	211	(3)
Sources of the Law	214	(1)
Rights of the Coastal State in the Shelf	214	(2)
Natural Resources of the Shelf	216	(1)
Artificial Islands and Installations on the Shelf	216	(1)
Regime of the Subsoil	217	(1)
Outer Limit of the Shelf	218	(3)
The Continental Shelf and the Exclusive Economic Zone Compared	221	(1)
Shelf Delimitation between Opposite or Adjacent States	221	(6)
Exclusive Economic Zone Delimitation between Opposite or Adjacent States	227	(1)
The Regime of Islands	228	(1)
The Regime of the High Seas	229	(26)
Introductory	229	(1)
The Freedom of the High Seas	230	(4)
The Maintenance of Order on the High Seas	234	(1)
Exceptions to the Principle of the Freedom of the High Seas	235	(11)
Jurisdiction over Ships on the High Seas	246	(1)
Oil Pollution Casualties, `Pirate' Radio and Terrorism	247	(2)
The Seabed and Ocean Floor beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction	249	(6)
PART V COMMON AMENITIES AND CO-OPERATION IN THE USE OF RESOURCES
Common Amenities and Co-Operation in the use of Resources	255	(28)
Introduction	255	(1)
Economic Aid	256	(2)
Access to Resources: The Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy	258	(1)
Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas	258	(3)
Antarctica	261	(1)
Outer Space	262	(5)
International Rivers	267	(5)
Canals	272	(4)
Straits	276	(5)
Land-locked States and Enclaves	281	(2)
Legal Aspects of the Protection of the Environment	283	(6)
Introductory: the Relevant Legal Categories	283	(1)
The Relevance of Existing Principles of General International Law	284	(1)
Deficiencies in the Use of the Adversarial System of State Responsibility	284	(1)
Emergent Legal Principles	285	(1)
The Importance and Role of Multilateral Standard-Setting Conventions	286	(1)
The Concept of Sustainable Development	287	(1)
Evaluation	287	(2)
PART VI STATE JURISDICTION
Sovereignty and Equality of States	289	(12)
General	289	(1)
Sovereignty and the Application of Rules	290	(1)
Sovereignty and Competence	291	(1)
Membership of Organizations	292	(1)
The Reserved Domain of Domestic Jurisdiction	293	(1)
Article 2, Paragraph 7, of the United Nations Charter	294	(3)
International Tribunals and the Plea of Domestic Jurisdiction	297	(4)
Jurisdictional Competence	301	(24)
In General	301	(1)
Civil Jurisdiction	302	(1)
Criminal Jurisdiction	303	(6)
The Relations of the Separate Principles	309	(1)
Extra-territorial Enforcement Measures	310	(2)
A General View of the Law	312	(6)
Cognate Questions, Including Extradition	318	(2)
Special Cases of Concurrent Jurisdiction	320	(5)
Privileges and Immunities of Foreign States	325	(24)
Introductory	325	(1)
The Distinction between Non-justiciability and Immunity as a Jurisdictional Bar	326	(2)
The Rationale of Jurisdictional Immunity	328	(1)
State Immunity: Controversy over its Extent	329	(3)
The Current Legal Position	332	(3)
The Modalities of Restrictive Immunity	335	(4)
The European Converntion on State Immunity	339	(1)
The United Kingdom State Immunity Act	340	(3)
Waiver of Immunity	343	(1)
Political Subdivisions and State Agencies	344	(2)
Attachment and Seizure in Execution	346	(1)
Treaty Provisions	347	(1)
Specialized Privileges and Immunities	348	(1)
Diplomatic and Consular Relations	349	(20)
Diplomatic Relations: Introductory	349	(1)
General Legal Aspects of Diplomatic Relations	350	(2)
Staff, Premises, and Facilities of Missions	352	(4)
Inviolability of Missions	356	(2)
Inviolability of Diplomatic Agents	358	(1)
Personal Immunities from Local Jurisdiction	359	(2)
Immunity from Jurisdiction for Official Acts (Ratione Materiae)	361	(1)
Immunities from Appllication of Certain Local Laws	362	(1)
Some other Aspects of Immunity	362	(2)
Consular Relations	364	(3)
Special Missions	367	(1)
The Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons	367	(2)
Reservations from Territorial Sovereignty	369	(16)
Territorial Privileges by Concession	369	(11)
Other Restrictions on Territorial Supremacy	380	(1)
External Imposition of Governmental Functions without the Consent of the Soverign	380	(1)
The Regulation of Rights	381	(4)
PART VII RULES OF ATTRIBUTION (APART FROM TERRITORIAL SOVEREIGNTY AND STATE JURISDICTION)
The Relations of Nationality	385	(40)
The Doctrine of the Freedom of States in Matters of Nationality	385	(3)
Opinions of Governments on the Issue of Autonomy	388	(2)
The Convention Concerning Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws	390	(1)
Nationality Rules Commonly Adopted by States	390	(7)
Legal Status of the `General Principles'	397	(2)
The Logical Application of Rules of International Law	399	(2)
State Responsibility and the Doctrine of the Genuine Link	401	(2)
Nationality of Claims	403	(3)
Diplomatic Protection	406	(1)
Nationality by Estoppel	407	(2)
Compulsory Change of Nationality	409	(1)
The Functional Approach to Nationality	410	(1)
The Principle of Effective Link and the Judgment in the Nottebohm Case	411	(14)
Some Rules of Attribution: Corporations and Specific Assets	425	(10)
General Aspects	425	(1)
Corporations	425	(3)
Ships	428	(2)
Aircraft	430	(2)
Space Objects	432	(1)
Property in General	432	(1)
Assets of International Organizations	433	(2)
PART VIII THE LAW OF RESPONSIBILITY
The Responsibility of States	435	(44)
The Relations of the Subject	435	(1)
The Basis and Nature of State Responsibility	436	(3)
Boundaries of Responsibility	439	(1)
Objective Responsibility	440	(3)
Culpa	443	(1)
Interntion and Motive	444	(1)
The Individuality of Issues: the Corfu channel Case	445	(1)
Liability for Lawful Acts. Abuse of Rights	446	(3)
Responsibility for the Acts of State Organs, Officials, Revolutionaries, and Others	449	(8)
Agency and Joint Tortfeasors	457	(3)
The Types of Damage and the Forms and Functions of Reparation	460	(6)
Compensation, Damages (Dommages-Interets)	466	(1)
Justifications	467	(2)
The Nature of a Legal Interest: Locus Standi	469	(7)
Causes of Action	476	(3)
The Admissibility of State Claims	479	(32)
Introductory	479	(1)
Diplomatic Negotiations	480	(1)
Legal Disputes	480	(1)
Absence of a Legal Interest of the Plaintiff	481	(1)
Diplomatic Protection: The Nationality of Claims	482	(14)
Exhaustion of Local Remedies	496	(10)
Extinctive Prescription	506	(1)
Waiver of Claims	507	(1)
Other Grounds of Inadmissibility	508	(1)
Counter-Claims	509	(1)
Foreign Acts of State in Municipal Courts	509	(2)
Some Incidents of Illegality and The Concept of jus Cogens	511	(10)
The Varying Content of Illegality	511	(1)
Objective Consequences of Illegal Events	512	(1)
General Wrongs: Abuse of State Competence	512	(1)
Ex Injuria Non Oritur Jus	513	(1)
Jus Congens	514	(3)
The Obligation of Putting and End to an Illegal Situation	517	(4)
PART IX THE PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS
Injury to the Persons and Property of Aliens on State Territory	521	(36)
State and Individual	521	(1)
Admission, Expulsion, and Liabilities of Aliens	522	(2)
General Principles	524	(2)
The Standard of National Treatment	526	(1)
The International Minimum Standard	527	(1)
The Two Standards in Perspective	528	(3)
Relevant Forms of Delictual Responsibility	531	(1)
Denial of Justice	531	(2)
Expropriation of Foreign Property	533	(2)
The Compensation Rule	535	(3)
The Principle of National Treatment	538	(1)
Control of Major National Resources	539	(1)
Expropriation Unlawful per se	540	(2)
The General Assembly Resolution of 1962 on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources	542	(2)
The Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States	544	(2)
Conclusions on Expropriation	546	(2)
Legal Devices Adopted by Investors and Hosts to Foreign Capital	548	(1)
Breaches and Annulment of State Contracts	549	(5)
Stabilization Clauses	554	(3)
The Protection of Individuals and Groups: Human Rights and Self-Determination	557	(50)
Sovereignty and Domestic Jurisdiction	557	(1)
Rights Conferred by Treaty	558	(1)
The Individual and the State	559	(4)
Nationality and the Concept of Territory	563	(2)
The Individual and International Criminal Responsibility	565	(3)
International Protection of Human Rights	568	(13)
Other Developments	581	(3)
The Individual before Tribunals Exercising International Jurisdiction	584	(15)
The Principle of Self-Determination	599	(3)
The Standard of Non-discrimination	602	(3)
Evaluation and Synthesis	605	(2)
PART X INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS
The Law of Treaties	607	(34)
Introductory	607	(3)
Conclusion of Treaties	610	(1)
Reservations	610	(6)
Entry into Force, Deposit, and Registration	616	(1)
Invalidity of Treaties	617	(3)
Withdrawal, Termination and Suspension of Treaties	620	(6)
Invalidity, Termination, and Suspension: General Rules	626	(1)
Application and Effects of Treaties	627	(3)
Amendment and Modification of Treaties	630	(1)
Interpretation of Treaties	631	(7)
Classification of Treaties	638	(1)
Participation in General Multilateral Treaties	639	(2)
Other Transactions including Agency and Representation	641	(8)
Informal Agreements	641	(1)
Quasi-legislative Acts	641	(1)
Unilateral Acts	642	(3)
Estoppel	645	(2)
Agency and Representation	647	(2)
PART XI TRANSMISSION OF RIGHTS AND DUTIES
State Succession	649	(24)
State Succession as a Category	649	(1)
The Pre-emption of Problems by Treaty, Acquiesence, and Estoppel	650	(1)
Territorial Sovereignty and Domestic Jurisdiction	651	(5)
The Interaction of Rules of Law	656	(1)
Particular Legal Issues	656	(12)
Relevance of the Political Form of Territorial Change	668	(2)
The Disintegration of Federal States	670	(1)
Doctrine of Reversion	670	(3)
Other Cases of Transmission of Rights and Duties	673	(4)
Succession between International Organizations	673	(2)
Cases of Agency	675	(1)
Assignment	675	(2)
PART XII INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND TRIBUNALS
International Organizations	677	(26)
Introductory	677	(1)
Legal Personality	678	(3)
Performance of Acts in the Law	681	(6)
Interpretation of the Constituent Instrument: Inherent and Implied Powers	687	(2)
Relations with Member States	689	(2)
The Functional Concept of Membership	691	(1)
Relations with States not Members	691	(2)
Relation to Municipal Law	693	(301)
Law-Making by Organizations	694	(2)
Control of Acts of Organizations	696	(7)
The Judicial Settlement of International Disputes	703	(28)
Peaceful Settlement in General	703	(1)
Arbitration	704	(1)
Permanent Court of Arbitration	705	(1)
Codes of Arbitral Procedure	706	(1)
Judicial Settlement	707	(2)
The Permanent Court of International Justice and the International Court of Justice	709	(2)
Organization of the Court	711	(2)
Jurisdiction of the Court in Contentious Cases	713	(3)
Heads of Jurisdiction	716	(9)
The Advisory Jurisdiction of the Court	725	(3)
An Evaluation of the Court	728	(3)
Index	731