Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections

by Champion, Dean John

• ISBN13: 9780130408525
• ISBN10: 0130408522
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

For Probation and Parole courses at the sophomore/junior undergraduate level. Suggesting that all components of the criminal and juvenile justice systems are interrelated to varying degrees, this thorough study describes the objectives of probation and parole for criminally convicted adults and juveniles and whether these objectives are achieved. Helping students deepen their understanding of these philosophies through an examination of the history of parole and probation in the United States, it describes probation and parole programs, considers various classes of offenders, and highlights several problems associated with the selection and training of probation and parole officers including their relationships with offender-clients. It remains the only major text of its kind to combine the standard topics in probation and parole with full coverage of recent trends in community corrections. Exceptionally well organized, it emphasizes a legalistic approach, noting our key legal cases where appropriate and including our most recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
PART I Probation, Community Corrections, and the Sentencing Process
Criminal Justice System Components: Locating Probation and Parole	1	(28)
Introduction	3	(1)
An Overview of the Criminal Justice System	3	(3)
Types of Offenses	6	(3)
Felonies and Misdemeanors	6	(1)
Violent and Property Crimes	7	(1)
The Uniform Crime Reports and the National Crime Victimization Survey	8	(1)
Classifying Offenders	9	(4)
Traditional Offender Categorizations	9	(4)
Criminal Justice System Components	13	(12)
Law Enforcement	13	(3)
Prosecutorial Descision Making	16	(6)
Courts and Judges	22	(1)
Corrections	23	(2)
Probation and Parole Distinguished	25	(4)
Summary	26	(1)
Key Terms	27	(1)
Questions for Review	28	(1)
Suggested Readings	28	(1)
An Overview of Community Corrections: Types, Goals, and Functions	29	(46)
Introduction	31	(1)
Community Corrections and Intermediate Punishments	31	(3)
The Community Corrections Act	34	(1)
The Philosophy and History of Community Corrections	35	(2)
Characteristics, Goals, and Functions of Community Corrections Programs	37	(8)
The Goals of Community-Based Corrections	39	(1)
The Functions of Community-Based Corrections	39	(6)
Selected Issues in Community Corrections	45	(6)
Public Resistance to Locating Community Programs in Communities (The NIMBY Syndrome: ``Not In My Back Yard'')	45	(1)
Punishment and Public Safety versus Offender Rehabilitation and Reintegration	46	(1)
Net-Widening	47	(1)
Privatization of Community-Based Correctional Agencies	48	(2)
Services Delivery	50	(1)
Home Confinement Programs	51	(9)
Home Confinement Defined	51	(1)
The Early Uses of Home Confinement	51	(6)
The Goals of Home Confinement Programs	57	(1)
A Profile of Home Confinement Clients	57	(1)
Selected Issues in Home Confinement	58	(2)
Electronic Monitoring Programs	60	(8)
Electronic Monitoring Defined	60	(1)
Early Uses of Electronic Monitoring	61	(1)
Types of Electronic Monitoring Systems	62	(1)
Electronic Monitoring with Home Confinement	63	(2)
Arguments for and against Electronic Monitoring	65	(1)
A Profile of Electronic Monitoring Clients	65	(1)
Selected Issues in Electronic Monitoring	66	(2)
Day Reporting Centers	68	(7)
An Example of a Day Reporting Center in Action	70	(1)
Summary	71	(2)
Key Terms	73	(1)
Questions for Review	73	(1)
Suggested Readings	74	(1)
Sentencing and the Presentence Investigation Report: Background, Preparation, and Functions	75	(56)
Introduction	77	(1)
The Sentencing Process: Types of Sentencing Systems and Sentencing Issues	78	(8)
Functions of Sentencing	78	(2)
Types of Sentencing	80	(4)
Sentencing Issues	84	(2)
The Role of Probation Officers in Sentencing	86	(1)
Presentence Investigation (PSI) Reports: Interstate Variations	87	(11)
The Confidentiality of PSI Reports	89	(3)
The Preparation of PSI Reports	92	(1)
Functions and Uses of PSI Reports	93	(3)
The Defendant's Sentencing Memorandum	96	(1)
The Inclusion of Victim Impact Statements	97	(1)
Privatizing PSI Report Preparation	97	(1)
The Sentencing Hearing	98	(1)
Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances	99	(1)
Aggravating Circumstances	99	(1)
Mitigating Circumstances	99	(1)
A Sample PSI Report from North Dakota	100	(6)
A PSI Report from Wisconsin	106	(9)
Changing Responsibilities of Probation Officers Resulting from Sentencing Reforms and Trends	115	(16)
Summary	116	(1)
Key Terms	117	(1)
Questions for Review	118	(1)
Suggested Readings	118	(1)
Appendix: Sample PSI Report	119	(12)
Probation and Probationers: History, Philosophy, Goals, and Functions	131	(38)
Introduction	133	(1)
Probation Defined	134	(1)
The History of Probation in the United States	135	(5)
Judicial Reprieves and Releases on an Offender's Recognizance	135	(1)
John Augustus, the Father of Probation in the United States	136	(1)
The Ideal-Real Dilemma: Philosophies in Conflict	137	(1)
Public Reaction of Probation	137	(3)
The Philosophy of Probation	140	(2)
Models for Dealing with Criminal Offenders	142	(4)
The Treatment or Medical Model	143	(1)
The Rehabilitation Model	143	(1)
The Justice/Due Process Model	144	(1)
The Just-Deserts Model	144	(1)
The Community Model	145	(1)
Functions of Probation	146	(4)
Crime Control	146	(1)
Community Reintegration	146	(1)
Rehabilitation	147	(2)
Punishment	149	(1)
Deterrence	149	(1)
A Profile of Probationers	150	(3)
First-Offenders and Recidivists	153	(1)
Civil Mechanisms in Lieu of Probation	154	(9)
Alternative Dispute Resolution	157	(3)
Pretrial Diversion	160	(1)
Functions of Diversion	161	(2)
Judicial Discretion and the Probation Decision	163	(6)
Summary	166	(2)
Key Terms	168	(1)
Questions for Review	168	(1)
Suggested Readings	168	(1)
Programs for Probationers	169	(44)
Introduction	171	(1)
Standard Probation	172	(5)
Federal and State Probation Orders	173	(4)
Intensive Supervised Probation (ISP)	177	(8)
Three Conceptual Models of ISP	178	(2)
The Georgia ISP Program	180	(1)
The Idaho ISP Program	181	(1)
The South Carolina ISP Program	181	(3)
Criticisms of the Georgia, Idaho, and South Carolina ISP Programs	184	(1)
Shock Probation and Split Sentencing	185	(3)
Shock Probation	185	(1)
Split Sentencing	185	(1)
The Philosophy and Objectives of Shock Probation	186	(2)
The Effectiveness of Shock Probation	188	(1)
Boot Camps	188	(7)
Boot Camps Defined	188	(1)
Goals of Boot Camps	189	(1)
A Profile of Boot Camp Clientele	190	(1)
Boot Camp Programs	190	(1)
Jail Boot Camps	190	(2)
The Effectiveness of Boot Camps	192	(3)
Female Probationers and Parolees: A Profile	195	(5)
Special Programs and Services for Female Offenders	195	(5)
The Probation Revocation Process	200	(3)
Special Circumstances: Federal Mandatory Probation Revocation	202	(1)
Landmark Cases and Special Issues	203	(10)
Summary	210	(1)
Key Terms	211	(1)
Questions for Review	211	(1)
Suggested Readings	212	(1)
PART II Jails, Prisons, and Parole
Jails and Prisons	213	(44)
Introduction	215	(1)
Jails and Jail Characteristics	216	(4)
Workhouses	217	(1)
The Walnut Street Jail	217	(1)
Subsequent Jail Developments	218	(1)
The Number of Jails in the United States	219	(1)
Functions of Jails	220	(3)
A Profile of Jail Inmates	223	(1)
Prisons, Prison History, and Prison Characteristics	224	(3)
Prisons Defined	224	(3)
Functions of Prisons	227	(1)
Inmate Classification Systems	228	(7)
A Profile of Prisoners in U.S. Prisons	235	(5)
Some Jail and Prison Contrasts	240	(1)
Selected Jail and Prison Issues	240	(11)
Jail and Prison Overcrowding	240	(2)
Violence and Inmate Discipline	242	(2)
Jail and Prison Design and Control	244	(1)
Vocational/Technical and Educational Programs in Jails and Prisons	245	(3)
Jail and Prison Privatization	248	(1)
Gang Formation and Perpetuation	248	(3)
The Role of Jails and Prisons in Probation and Parole Decision Making	251	(6)
Summary	253	(1)
Key Terms	254	(1)
Questions for Review	255	(1)
Suggested Readings	256	(1)
Parole and Parolees	257	(28)
Introduction	259	(1)
Parole Defined	259	(1)
The Historical Context of Parole	260	(4)
Parole and Alternative Sentencing Systems	264	(6)
Indeterminate Sentencing and Parole	265	(2)
The Shift to Determinate Sentencing	267	(3)
The Philosophy of Parole	270	(1)
Functions of Parole	270	(5)
Offender Reintegration	270	(1)
Crime Deterrence and Control	271	(1)
Decreasing Prison and Jail Overcrowding	271	(1)
Compensating for Sentencing Disparities	272	(1)
Public Safety and Protection	273	(2)
A Profile of Parolees in the United States	275	(10)
The Growing Gang Presence	279	(3)
Summary	282	(1)
Key Terms	283	(1)
Questions for Review	283	(1)
Suggested Readings	284	(1)
Early Release, Parole Programs, and Parole Revocation	285	(60)
Introduction	287	(2)
Prerelease Programs	289	(23)
Definition and Examples	289	(1)
Work Release Programs	290	(3)
Study Release Programs	293	(2)
Furlough Programs	295	(2)
Standard Parole with Conditions	297	(2)
Intensive Supervised Parole	299	(8)
Shock Parole	307	(1)
Halfway Houses and Community Residential Centers	308	(4)
Other Parole Conditions	312	(5)
Day Reporting Centers	312	(1)
Fines	312	(1)
Day Fines	313	(2)
Community Service Orders	315	(1)
Restitution	316	(1)
Parole Boards and Early-Release Decision Making	317	(12)
Parole Boards, Sentencing Alternatives, and the Get-Tough Movement	317	(1)
Parole Board Composition and Diversity	318	(1)
Functions of Parole Boards	319	(3)
Parole Board Decision Making and Inmate Control	322	(2)
Parole Board Orientations	324	(1)
Developing and Implementing Objective Parole Criteria	325	(4)
Salient Factor Scores and Predicting Parolee Success on Parole	329	(4)
The Process of Parole Revocation	333	(1)
Landmark Cases and Selected Issues	333	(12)
Pardons	336	(2)
Parolee Program Conditions	338	(3)
Summary	341	(1)
Key Terms	342	(1)
Questions for Review	343	(1)
Suggested Readings	343	(2)
PART III The Administration of Probation and Parole Organizational Operations: Supervising Special Populations of Offenders
Probation/Parole Organization and Operations: Recruitment, Training, and Officer-Client Relations	345	(40)
Introduction	345	(10)
The Organization and Operation of Probation and Parole Agencies	346	(1)
Functions and Goals of Probation and Parole Services	347	(1)
Organization and Administration of Probation and Parole Departments	347	(4)
Selected Criticisms of Probation and Parole Programs	351	(4)
Probation and Parole Officers: A Profile	355	(6)
Characteristics of Probation and Parole Officers	355	(2)
What Do POs Do?	357	(2)
Recruitment of POs	359	(2)
PO Training and Specialization	361	(8)
Assessment Centers and Staff Effectiveness	361	(1)
The Florida Assessment Center	362	(1)
The Use of Firearms in Probation and Parole Work	363	(2)
Establishing Negligence in Training, Job Performance, and Retention	365	(1)
Liability Issues Associated with PO Work	366	(2)
Probation and Parole Officer Labor Turnover	368	(1)
Probation and Parole Officer Caseloads	369	(3)
Ideal Caseloads	369	(1)
Chaning Caseloads and Officer Effectiveness	370	(1)
Caseload Assignment and Management Models	371	(1)
Officer/Client Interactions	372	(13)
A Code of Ethics	376	(3)
PO Unionization and Collective Bargaining	379	(2)
Summary	381	(2)
Key Terms	383	(1)
Questions for Review	383	(1)
Suggested Readings	384	(1)
Probation and Parole Officer Roles and Responsibilities	385	(36)
Introduction	385	(1)
Probation and Parole: Risk/Needs Assessments	386	(13)
Assessing Offender Risk: A Brief History	386	(2)
Classification and Its Functions	388	(5)
Types of Risk Assessment Instruments	393	(3)
The Effectiveness of Risk Assessment Devices	396	(1)
Some Applications of Risk/Needs Measures	397	(1)
Selective Incapacitation	398	(1)
The Changing Probation/Parole Officer Role	399	(1)
Apprehension Units	400	(2)
Gang Units	402	(3)
Research Units	405	(1)
Stress and Burnout in Probation/Parole Officer Role Performance	405	(6)
Stress	406	(1)
Burnout	407	(1)
Sources of Stress	408	(2)
Mitigating Factors to Alleviate Stress and Burnout	410	(1)
Volunteers in Probation/Parole Work	411	(3)
Criticisms of Volunteers in Correctional Work	412	(2)
Paraprofessionals in Probation/Parole Work	414	(7)
Roles of Paraprofessionals	414	(2)
Legal Liabilities of Volunteers and Paraprofessionals	416	(2)
Summary	418	(2)
Key Terms	420	(1)
Questions for Review	420	(1)
Suggested Readings	420	(1)
Theories of Offender Treatment	421	(30)
Introduction	422	(1)
Theories of Criminal Behavior	423	(2)
Biological Theories	425	(2)
Abnormal Physical Structure	425	(2)
Hereditary Criminal Behaviors	427	(1)
Biochemical Disturbances	427	(1)
Psychological Theories	427	(5)
Psychoanalytic Theory	429	(1)
Cognitive Development Theory	430	(1)
Social Learning Theory	431	(1)
Sociological and Sociocultural Theories	432	(9)
Differential Association Theory	433	(1)
Anomie Theory or Innovative Adaptation	434	(2)
The Subculture Theory of Delinquency	436	(2)
Labeling Theory	438	(2)
Social Control Theory	440	(1)
Conflict/Marxist Theory	441	(1)
Reality Therapy	441	(1)
Social Casework	442	(1)
Which Theory Is Best? An Evaluation	443	(2)
Theories about Adult Offenders	443	(1)
Theories about Delinquency	444	(1)
Treatment Programs and Theories	445	(6)
Summary	448	(1)
Key Terms	449	(1)
Questions for Review	449	(1)
Suggested Readings	450	(1)
Offender Supervision: Types of Offenders and Special Supervisory Considerations	451	(34)
Introduction	451	(2)
Types of Offenders: An Overview	453	(9)
Coping with Special Needs Offenders	454	(2)
Mentally Ill Offenders	456	(1)
Sex Offenders and Child Sexual Abusers	457	(2)
Drug- and Alcohol- Dependent Offenders	459	(1)
AIDS/HIV Offenders	460	(1)
Gang Members	461	(1)
Developmentally Disabled Offenders	462	(1)
Mentally Ill Offenders	462	(3)
Sex Offenders	465	(1)
Offenders with HIV/AIDS	466	(1)
Substance-Abusing Offenders	467	(9)
Drug Screening and Methadone Treatment	470	(1)
Drug Courts and the Drug Court Movement	471	(5)
Community Programs for Special Needs Offenders	476	(2)
Therapeutic Communities	476	(1)
Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, and Gamblers Anonymous Programs	477	(1)
Gang Members	478	(7)
Tattoo Removal Programs	481	(1)
Summary	482	(2)
Key Terms	484	(1)
Questions for Review	484	(1)
Suggested Readings	484	(1)
PART IV Juvenile Probation and Parole and Program Evaluation
Juvenile Probation and Parole	485	(58)
Introduction	487	(1)
Juveniles and Juvenile delinquency	488	(1)
Delinquency and Juvenile Delinquents	489	(1)
Status Offenders	489	(1)
An Overview of the Juvenile Justice System	489	(11)
The Origins and Purposes of Juvenile Courts	490	(2)
Major Differences between Criminal and Juvenile Courts	492	(2)
Parens Patriae	494	(1)
Arrest and Other Options	495	(1)
Intake Screenings and Detention Hearings	496	(1)
Petitions and Adjudicatory Proceedings	496	(1)
Transfers, Waivers, or Certifications	497	(3)
Types of Waivers	500	(4)
Judicial Waivers	500	(1)
Direct File	501	(1)
Statutory Exclusion	501	(1)
Demand Waivers	502	(1)
Other Types of Waivers	502	(1)
Waiver Hearings	503	(1)
Reverse Waiver Hearings	503	(1)
Time Standards Governing Waiver Decisions	504	(1)
Implications of Waiver Hearings for Juveniles	504	(1)
Positive Benefits Resulting from Juvenile Court Adjudications	504	(1)
Adverse Implications of Juvenile Court Adjudications	505	(1)
Juvenile Rights	505	(3)
Landmark Cases in Juvenile Justice	505	(3)
Offense Seriousness and Dispositions: Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances	508	(7)
Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances	508	(1)
Judicial Dispositional Options	509	(1)
Nominal and Conditional Sanctions	509	(3)
Custodial Sanctions	512	(1)
Nonsecure Facilities	512	(3)
Secure Confinement	515	(1)
Juvenile Probation Officers and Predispositional Reports	515	(8)
Juvenile Probation Officers	515	(3)
The Predispositional Report and Its Preparation	518	(5)
Juvenile Probation and Parole Programs	523	(10)
Unconditional and Conditional Probation	523	(3)
Intensive Supervised Probation (ISP) Programs	526	(2)
The Ohio Experience	528	(1)
The Allegheny Academy	529	(1)
Boston Offender Project	530	(1)
Other Juvenile Probation and Parole Programs	531	(2)
Revoking Juvenile Probation and Parole	533	(10)
Recidivism and Probation/Parole Revocation	535	(1)
Juvenile Case Law on Probation Revocations	536	(2)
Juvenile Case Law on Parole Revocations	538	(1)
Summary	539	(1)
Key Terms	540	(1)
Questions for Review	540	(1)
Suggested Readings	541	(2)
Evaluating Programs: Balancing Service Delivery and Recidivism Considerations	543	(24)
Introduction	543	(1)
Program Evaluation: How Do We Know Programs Are Effective?	544	(6)
Some Recommended Outcome Measures	547	(3)
Balancing Program Objectives and Offender Needs	550	(2)
Recidivism Defined	552	(6)
Rearrests	555	(1)
Reconvictions	556	(1)
Revocations of Parole or Probation	556	(1)
Reincarcerations	557	(1)
Technical Program Violations	557	(1)
Recidivist Offenders and Their Characteristics	558	(2)
Avertable and Nonavertable Recidivists	558	(2)
Public Policy and Recidivism	560	(1)
Probationers, Parolees, and Recidivism	560	(7)
Probationers and Parolees Compared	561	(1)
Prison versus Probation	562	(1)
Curbing Recidivism	562	(1)
Summary	563	(1)
Key Terms	564	(1)
Questions for Review	564	(1)
Suggested Readings	565	(2)
Internet Addresses for Professional Organizations and Probation/Parole Agencies	567	(2)
Glossary	569	(22)
References	591	(24)
Name Index	615	(7)
Subject Index	622	(11)
Case Cited	633