The Process of Community Health Education and Promotion

by Doyle, Eva; Ward, Susan

• ISBN13: 9780767415613
• ISBN10: 0767415612
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-11-01
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill College

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
PART I Health and Community Perspectives	1	(120)
What Is Health?	3	(23)
Chapter Objectives	3	(1)
Definitions of Health	4	(4)
Health Defined by Children, Parents, and Teachers	4	(1)
Health Defined by Health Professionals	4	(4)
Healthy People 2000	8	(1)
Immediate Factors That Influence Health	8	(2)
Knowledge, Attitude, Beliefs, Confidence, and Culture	8	(2)
Social Influences and Health	10	(2)
Social Indicators	11	(1)
Health as a Reflection of the Condition of Society	11	(1)
Global Influences on Social Issues and Health	12	(3)
Community Resources	12	(1)
Political Structure	13	(1)
Geographic Location	13	(1)
Historical Events	13	(1)
Prevailing Cultural Perspectives	14	(1)
Physical Environment/Settings	14	(1)
Health Education and Health Educators	15	(7)
Health Education Defined	15	(1)
Health Education	16	(1)
Seven Areas of Responsibility	16	(2)
The Competencies and Subcompetencies of Assessment	18	(4)
Professional Development	22	(2)
Ethics and Professionalism in Health Education	23	(1)
In Conclusion	24	(1)
Review Questions	24	(1)
For Your Application: Cognitive Mapping	24	(1)
For Your Portfolio: Creating the Framework	25	(1)
Understanding Community Perspectives	26	(23)
Chapter Objectives	26	(1)
What is a Community?	27	(3)
Community Defined	27	(1)
Identifying Your Community of Interest: Needs Versus Assets	28	(1)
The RISE Approach to Community Identification	29	(1)
People and Community	30	(2)
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs	30	(2)
Why Community Subgroups Bond	32	(1)
Culture and Community	32	(4)
Cultural Concepts and Definitions	32	(2)
Developing Cultural Sensitivity and Competence in Community Identification	34	(2)
Places and Community	36	(11)
A Community's Place in the Environment	36	(1)
Politics and Community Health	36	(1)
Places Where Community Health Happens	37	(10)
In Conclusion	47	(1)
Review Questions	47	(1)
For Your Application: Three Principles of Health and Culture	48	(1)
For Your Portfolio: Creating A Personal Resume	48	(1)
Understanding Epidemiological Concepts	49	(25)
Chapter Objectives	49	(1)
The Epidemiologic Approach in the Community	50	(5)
Mortality	51	(1)
Morbidity	51	(4)
Infectious Disease	55	(9)
Agent	56	(2)
Host	58	(1)
Environment	59	(3)
Mode of Transmission	62	(1)
Noteworthy Infectious Diseases	63	(1)
Noninfectious Diseases	64	(2)
Noteworthy Noninfectious Diseases	66	(1)
Prevention	66	(1)
Primary Prevention	66	(1)
Secondary Prevention	67	(1)
Tertiary Prevention	67	(1)
Sources of Data	67	(1)
Census	67	(1)
Vital Statistics	68	(1)
Research in Epidemiology	68	(2)
Cross-Sectional Studies	69	(1)
Cohort Studies	69	(1)
Case-Control Studies	69	(1)
Experimental Studies	70	(1)
Historical Perspectives	70	(1)
In Conclusion	70	(2)
Review Questions	72	(1)
For Your Application: Investigating an Outbreak	72	(1)
For Your Portfolio: Documenting Professional Development	73	(1)
Understanding Health Through the Life Span	74	(21)
Chapter Objectives	74	(1)
Why Look at Age-Specific Groups?	75	(4)
America's Health Status and Leading Causes of Death	75	(1)
Strengths and Weaknesses of Data Sources	76	(1)
The Underlying Role of Socioeconomics	77	(2)
Infant and Maternal Health	79	(2)
Demographic Characteristics	79	(1)
Mortality and Morbidity Statistics	79	(1)
Factors That Influence Health	80	(1)
Information and Support Resources	80	(1)
Child Health	81	(3)
Demographic Characteristics	81	(1)
Mortality and Morbidity Statistics	81	(2)
Factors That Influence Health	83	(1)
Information and Support Resources	83	(1)
Adolescent and Young Adult Health	84	(3)
Demographic Characteristics	84	(1)
Mortality and Morbidity Statistics	84	(1)
Factors That Influence Health	84	(3)
Information and Support Resources	87	(1)
Adult Health in the Middle Years	87	(4)
Demographic Characteristics	87	(1)
Mortality and Morbidity Statistics	88	(1)
Factors That Influence Health	88	(2)
Information and Support Resources	90	(1)
Older Adult Health	91	(2)
Demographic Characteristics	91	(1)
Mortality and Morbidity Statistics	91	(1)
Factors That Influence Health	92	(1)
Information and Support Resources	92	(1)
In Conclusion	93	(1)
Review Questions	93	(1)
For Your Application: Tracking Health Issues Through The Life Span	94	(1)
For Your Portfolio: Gaining Life Span Experience	94	(1)
Understanding the Health of Ethnic Communities	95	(26)
Chapter Objectives	95	(1)
What's in a Label?	96	(5)
The Nature of Data Sources	96	(1)
The Culture of Poverty	97	(2)
The Pen-3 Concept	99	(2)
Hispanic Americans	101	(7)
Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics	101	(3)
Mortality, Morbidity, and Influencing Factors	104	(1)
Health-Related Cultural Norms	105	(1)
Traditional Health Beliefs and Practices	106	(1)
Gatekeepers and Community Dynamics	107	(1)
Information and Support Resources	108	(1)
African/Black Americans	108	(4)
Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics	108	(1)
Mortality, Morbidity, and Influencing Factors	109	(1)
Health-Related Cultural Norms	110	(1)
Traditional Health Beliefs and Practices	111	(1)
Gatekeepers and Community Dynamics	112	(1)
Information and Support Resources	112	(1)
Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders	112	(4)
Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics	112	(1)
Mortality, Morbidity, and Influencing Factors	113	(1)
Health-Related Cultural Norms	113	(1)
Traditional Health Beliefs and Practices	114	(1)
Gatekeepers and Community Dynamics	115	(1)
Information and Support Resources	115	(1)
Native American Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts	116	(3)
Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics	116	(1)
Mortality, Morbidity, and Influencing Factors	116	(1)
Health-Related Cultural Norms	117	(1)
Traditional Health Beliefs and Practices	118	(1)
Gatekeepers and Community Dynamics	118	(1)
Information and Support Resources	118	(1)
In Conclusion	119	(1)
Review Questions	119	(1)
For Your Application: Mapping America's Communities	119	(1)
For Your Portfolio: Gaining Cross-Cultural Experience	120	(1)
PART II The Process of Health Programming	121	(162)
Assessing Community Health Issues	123	(28)
Chapter Objectives	123	(1)
Needs-Assessment Concepts and Definitions	124	(1)
Actual and Perceived Needs	124	(1)
Why Both Are Important	124	(1)
Community Participation and Capacity Building	125	(3)
Assessment Protocol for Excellence in Public Health (APEX/PH)	125	(2)
Planned Approach to Community Health (PATCH)	127	(1)
Knowing What to Look For	128
The Elephant Story	128	(4)
The Precede/Proceed Model	132	(5)
Health Belief Model	137	(2)
Theory of Planned Behavior	139	(1)
Transheoretical Model or Stages of Change	140	(2)
Assessment Strategies: Four Steps to Needs Assessment	142	(7)
Determining the Present State of Health of the Target Population	142	(4)
Analyzing the Data Collected	146	(1)
Prioritizing the Identified Needs	147	(1)
Validating Prioritized Needs	148	(1)
In Conclusion	149	(1)
Review Questions	149	(1)
For Your Application: Developing A Precede Assessment	149	(1)
For Your Portfolio: Creating Assessment Opportunities	150	(1)
Planning Health Programs	151	(22)
Chapter Objectives	151	(1)
Writing Goals and Objectives	152	(7)
Categories of Objectives	153	(2)
Writing Objectives	155	(4)
Selecting Methods	159	(9)
Theoretical-Based Methods	159	(3)
Experiential Methods	162	(3)
Computer-Based Methods	165	(3)
Other Aspects of Program Planning	168	(3)
Budgets	168	(3)
Creating Timelines	171	(1)
In Conclusion	171	(1)
Review Questions	172	(1)
For Your Application: Planning A Program For Teen Mothers	172	(1)
For Your Portfolio: Documenting Goal and Objective writing	172	(1)
Implementing Health Programs	173	(25)
Chapter Objectives	173	(1)
Funding The Program	174	(4)
Grant Writing	174	(3)
Grant Sources	177	(1)
Seeking Donations or Sponsors	177	(1)
Special-Event Fund-Raisers	178	(1)
Social Marketing	178	(7)
Understanding Social Marketing	178	(2)
Developing a Marketing Plan	180	(3)
Assessing Marketing Effectiveness	183	(2)
Other Aspects of Implementation	185	(8)
Selecting Staff	186	(1)
Training New Employees	187	(1)
Facilities	187	(1)
The Content	188	(3)
Program Logistics	191	(2)
Creating Materials	193	(2)
Language Disorders and Literacy Levels	193	(1)
Creating Web Pages	193	(2)
Keeping the Program Alive	195	(1)
In Conclusion	196	(1)
Review Questions	196	(1)
For Your Application: Locating Potential Grant Sources	196	(1)
For Your Portfolio: Create an Action Plan	197	(1)
Program Evaluation	198	(22)
Chapter Objectives	198	(1)
Definition and Purposes	199	(1)
Definition	199	(1)
Purposes	199	(1)
Types of Evaluation	200	(1)
Process Evaluation	200	(1)
Impact Evaluation	200	(1)
Outcome Evaluation	200	(1)
The Evaluation Plan	201	(17)
Writing Objectives	201	(1)
Establishing a Budget and Creating a Tmeline	201	(1)
Developing a Study Desing	202	(5)
Instruments	207	(5)
Implementation	212	(1)
Data Analysis	212	(1)
The Evaluation Report	213	(5)
In Conclusion	218	(1)
Review Questions	218	(1)
For Your Application: Creating an Evaluation Plan	219	(1)
For Your Portfolio: Program Evaliation	219	(1)
Coordinating Provision of Health Education Services	220	(19)
Chapter Objectives	220	(1)
Cooperation	221	(5)
Promotion of Cooperation	221	(1)
Conflict Resolution	222	(4)
Modes of Collaboration	226	(5)
Community Development	226	(3)
Coalitions	229	(2)
Partnerships	231	(1)
The Role of Policy in Service Coordination	231	(6)
Policy Defined	231	(2)
The Patients' Bill of Rights	233	(2)
The Process of Policy Development	235	(2)
In Conclusion	237	(1)
Review Questions	237	(1)
For Your Application: Creating A Community Coalition	237	(1)
For Your Portfolio: Coordinating a Health Event	238	(1)
Acting as a Resource Person	239	(19)
Chapter Objectives	239	(1)
What is a Resource Person?	240	(1)
People as Resources	240	(5)
Health and Allied Health Professionals	240	(2)
Volunteers	242	(1)
Consultants	243	(1)
Networking	244	(1)
Computers as Resources	245	(4)
The World Wide Web	245	(1)
Search Tools	246	(1)
Other Online Databases	247	(1)
Analyzing Computer Resources	247	(2)
Organizations as Resources	249	(7)
Voluntary Health Organizations	249	(1)
Organizations That Deliver Health Care	250	(6)
In Conclusion	256	(1)
Review Questions	256	(1)
For Your Application: Recruiting and Keeping Volunteers	257	(1)
For Your Portfolio: Recruiting Volunteers	257	(1)
Advocating for Health	258	(25)
Chapter Objectives	258	(1)
Advocacy	259	(7)
Knowledge	259	(1)
Coanlitions and Partnerships	259	(1)
Lobbying	260	(1)
Grassroots Activities	260	(1)
Media	261	(1)
Legislative Advocacy	261	(5)
Addictions	266	(3)
Alcohol	267	(1)
Drugs	267	(1)
Gambling	268	(1)
Chronic Diseases	269	(3)
Cardiovascular Diseases	269	(1)
Cancer	270	(2)
Environment	272	(3)
Food Quality	272	(1)
Water Quality	273	(2)
Air Quality	275	(1)
Mental Health	275	(4)
Eating Disorders	275	(2)
Depression	277	(1)
Stress	278	(1)
Social Issues	279	(1)
Violence	279	(1)
In Conclusion	280	(1)
Review Questions	280	(1)
For Your Application: Preparing For Advocacy	281	(1)
For Your Portfolio: Putting Advocacy to Practice	281	(2)
PART III Communicating Health Education Needs	283	(45)
Communicating Health and Health Education Needs	285	(23)
Chapter Objectives	285	(1)
Effective Communication	286	(7)
Communication Defined	287	(4)
The Communication Effect	291	(2)
Communication Strategies and Principles	293	(13)
Stages of Health Communication	293	(3)
General Communication Principles	296	(2)
Strategies for Selected Communication Media	298	(8)
In Conclusion	306	(1)
Review Questions	306	(1)
For Your Application: Learning to Write Concisely	307	(1)
For Your Portfolio: Gaining Communication Experience	307	(1)
Quality of Life and Future Trends	308	(20)
Chapter Objectives	308	(1)
Quality of Life	309	(1)
What is High Quality of Life?	309	(1)
Quality of Life and the Health Education Process	310	(1)
Future Trends	310	(15)
Predictions for Future Health-Related Needs	311	(5)
Predictions for the Future fo the Community Health Eduction Profession	316	(9)
In Conclusion	325	(1)
Review Questions	326	(1)
For Your Application: Addressing Quality-of-Life Issues	326	(1)
For Your Portfolio: Polishing Your Portfolio	327	(1)
Appendix A Seven Areas of Responsibility for Entry-Level Health Educators	328	(8)
Appendix B Code of Ethics for the Health Education Profession	336	(7)
Appendix C A Professional Portfolio for Health Educators	343	(5)
Appendix D Health Agency, Organization, and Resource List	348	(10)
References	358	(13)
Credits	371	(2)
Index	373