Processing Digital Images in GIS A Tutorial Featuring ArcView and ARC/INFO

by David Verbyla; Kang-tsung (Karl) Chang

• ISBN13: 9781566901352
• ISBN10: 1566901359
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1997-10-01
• Publisher: Onword Press (Acquired Ti

Summary

This book is a tutorial that will enable readers to become proficient with the use of image data in projects using geographical information systems (GIS). It begins with an introduction to image display, scanned maps, and remotely sensed imagery. Subsequent chapters focus on transforming pixel coordinates to real-world coordinates, image classification, classification accuracy assessment, and grid operations. The book’s practical, hands-on approach facilitates rapid learning of how to process remotely sensed images, digital orthophotos, digital elevation models, and scanned maps, and how to integrate them with points, lines, and polygon themes. The companion CD-ROM includes files, images, and data sets employed in exercises throughout the book.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(18)
Typographical Conventions	2	(1)
Companion CD-ROM	3	(16)
File Installation	5	(4)
CD Files by Chapter	9	(10)
Part I. Image Display	19	(74)
Chapter 1 Grayscale and Color	19	(38)
Panchromatic Display	21	(3)
Contrast Enhancements	22	(2)
Panchromatic Display Using ARC INFO	24	(1)
Panchromatic Display Using ArcView	25	(1)
Grid Display	26	(10)
Grid Display Using ARCPLOT	26	(4)
Grid Display Using ArcView GIS Spatial Analyst	30	(6)
Color Display	36	(11)
Color Models in ARC INFO	36	(6)
Color Image Display Using ARC INFO	42	(2)
Color Display Using ArcView	44	(3)
Image-Based Slide Shows	47	(3)
Slide Show Using ARCPLOT	48	(2)
Hot Link in ArcView	50	(7)
Chapter 2 Surfaces	57	(36)
Perspective Views	58	(5)
Perspective Views Using ARCTOOLS	63	(15)
Simple 3D View	63	(8)
Hypsometric Coloring and 3D Views	71	(4)
Draping Images and Coverages	75	(3)
Perspective Views Using ARCPLOT Commands	78	(4)
Simple 3D Surface	79	(1)
Draping Features on a Surface	80	(1)
Hypsometric Coloring	81	(1)
Shaded Relief	82	(1)
Shaded Relief Display Using ARCTOOLS	82	(3)
Shaded Relief Display Using ARCPLOT	85	(1)
Shaded Relief Display in ArcView	86	(7)
Variations in Shaded Relief Display Using ArcView	88	(5)
Part II. Image Data	93	(46)
Chapter 3 Scanning	93	(20)
Bits and Bytes	94	(1)
Color versus Grayscale Scanning	94	(1)
Binary Threshold Scanning	95	(2)
Scanning Density	97	(2)
Computing Scan File Size Requirements	99	(1)
Packaging Scanned Images	99	(2)
Generic Image Formats	99	(1)
Proprietary Image Formats	100	(1)
Heads-up Digitizing Using ARCSCAN	101	(1)
Simple Raster to Vector Data Conversion	102	(8)
Changing the Straightening Properties	106	(1)
Changing Raster Line Parameters	107	(3)
Arc Editing Environment	110	(1)
Using ARCSCAN Utilities with ARCEDIT	110	(3)
Chapter 4 Remote Sensing	113	(26)
Spectral Regions	114	(7)
Image Resolution	121	(4)
Spatial Resolution	121	(2)
Spectral Resolution	123	(1)
Temporal Resolution	124	(1)
Radiometric Resolution	124	(1)
Satellite Imagery	125	(3)
Historic Data	125	(1)
High Spatial Resolution Satellite Images	125	(1)
Quality Control	126	(2)
Digital Orthophotographs	128	(1)
Displaying Remotely Sensed Images	128	(11)
Single-Band	128	(4)
Multi-Band Images	132	(7)
Part III Unwarping Images	139	(48)
Chapter 5 Map Projection and Coordinate Systems	139	(18)
Map Projections	139	(8)
Commonly Used Map Projections	143	(4)
Datums	147	(1)
Coordinate Systems	148	(3)
Universal Transverse Mercator	149	(1)
Universal Polar Stereographic	150	(1)
State Plane Coordinate	150	(1)
National Map Accuracy Standards	151	(1)
Map Projections and Coordinate Systems in ARC INFO	151	(2)
Map Projections and Coordinate Systems in ArcView	153	(4)
Chapter 6 Image Rectification	157	(30)
Affine Transformation	158	(6)
Developing Affine Transformation Models: A Simple Example	159	(2)
Image Adjustments By Affine Transformation	161	(3)
Unwarping Images in ARC INFO	164	(12)
Transforming Scanned Maps in ARC INFO	171	(5)
Rectifying Images	176	(5)
Resampling Options	176	(3)
Image Rectification Using ARC INFO	179	(2)
Rectifying Grids Using ArcView	181	(6)
Part IV. Classifying Images	187	(46)
Chapter 7 Unsupervised Classification	187	(16)
Unsupervised Classification Using ArcView	188	(6)
Spectral Clustering	189	(2)
Assigning Cover Types to Spectral Classes	191	(3)
Unsupervised Classification Using ARC INFO	194	(9)
Single Band versus Multiband Classification	194	(2)
Spectral Clustering Using ARC INFO GRID	196	(1)
Mapping Spectral Similarity with Hierarchical Cluster Analysis	196	(3)
Assigning Cover Types to Spectral Classes	199	(4)
Chapter 8 Supervised Classification	203	(12)
Training Area Selection	204	(4)
Using ARCEDIT to Delineate Training Areas	205	(1)
Developing Training Area Statistics	206	(2)
Maximum Likelihood Classification	208	(7)
Using ARC INFO GRID	211	(4)
Chapter 9 Accuracy Assessment	215	(18)
Reference Data	216	(2)
Random Sampling of Individual Image Pixels	216	(2)
Using a GIS to Generate an Error Matrix	218	(10)
Stratified Random Sampling with ARC INFO	218	(4)
Assigning Reference Data Values Using ARCEDIT	222	(1)
Producing an Error Table with ARC INFO	223	(1)
Assigning Reference Data ValuesUsing ArcView	224	(3)
Producing An Error Table Using ArcView Spatial Analyst	227	(1)
Creating an Error Matrix from the Error Table	228	(5)
Accuracy Types from the Error Matrix	229	(4)
Part V. Grid Operations and System Integration	233	(56)
Chapter 10 Grid Management, Clipping, and Resampling	233	(14)
Management Operations	233	(3)
Describing, Copying, Renaming, and Deleting Grids in ARC INFO	234	(1)
Describing, Copying, Renaming, and Deleting Grids in ArcView	235	(1)
Clipping and Stitching	236	(5)
Clipping in ARC INFO GRID	236	(1)
Clipping with ArcView Spatial Analyst	237	(3)
Cutting Grids Using a Polygon Coverage in ARC INFO GRID	240	(1)
Stitching Grids in ARC INFO GRID	240	(1)
Cutting and Stitching Grids Using a Polygon in ArcView	241	(1)
Resampling	241	(6)
Grid Resampling Using ARC INFO	242	(2)
Grid Resampling Using ArcView	244	(3)
Chapter 11 Noise Removal with ARCSCAN Tools	247	(16)
Removing Speckles	248	(4)
Removing Noise Regions	252	(2)
ARCSCAN Sketch Tools	254	(6)
Interactive Image Classification	260	(3)
Chapter 12 Filtering and Eliminating Groups of Pixels	263	(16)
Grid Filtering	263	(10)
Edge Enhancement	264	(4)
Filters For Smoothing Grids	268	(5)
Eliminating Groups of Pixels	273	(6)
REGIONGROUP and NIBBLE	273	(2)
GRID	275	(2)
Spatial Analyst	277	(2)
Chapter 13 System Integration	279	(10)
Automatic Batch Processing	280	(2)
ARC INFO Batch Jobs	280	(1)
ARC INFO GRID Batch Jobs	281	(1)
Communication Between ArcView and ARC INFO	282	(7)
Index	289