Produced Water Treatment Field Manual

by Stewart, Maurice; Arnold, Ken

• ISBN13: 9781856179843
• ISBN10: 1856179842
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2011-08-08
• Publisher: Elsevier Science Ltd

Summary

Produced water is mainly salty water trapped in the reservoir rock and brought up along with oil or gas during production. Almost all offshore oilfields produce large quantities of contaminated water that can have significant environmental effects if not handled properly. Over the life of a well, the volume of water produced will exceed the volume of oil by a factor of 3-6 times. Since produced water has no commercial value, operators must find a way to treat relatively large amounts of water at the lowest possible cost. Packed with over 500 tables, figures, and equations, the objective of this book is to provide any one who is involved in the design, operation, maintenance and sizing of produced water treatment systems, with a handy reference to the latest technology, management, treatment, and handling practices.This book will provide readers with the necessary insight to:Present a description of the various water treating equipment that are currently in useProvide performance data for each unitDevelop a "feel" for the parameters needed for design and their relative importanceDevelop and understanding of the uncertainties and assumptions inherent in the design of the various items of equipmentOutline sizing procedures and equipment selectionThe objective of this book is to provide the reader with sufficient information to make better logical choices in designing and operating the system. To a large extent, the design of a system, the sizing of individual pieces of equipment and the operation of the system must be tempered by the experience and judgement of the designer and operator. Present a description of the various water treating equipment that are currently in use Provide performance data for each unit Develop a "feel" for the parameters needed for design and their relative importance Develop and understanding of the uncertainties and assumptions inherent in the design of the various items of equipment Outline sizing procedures and equipment selection

Table of Contents

Produced Water Treating Systems	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Disposal Standards	p. 3
Offshore Operations	p. 3
Onshore Operations	p. 3
Characteristics of Produced Water	p. 4
Dissolved Solids	p. 4
Precipitated Solids (Scales)	p. 5
Scale Removal	p. 5
Controlling Scale Using Chemical Inhibitors	p. 6
Sand and Other Suspended Solids	p. 6
Dissolved Gases	p. 8
Oil-in-Water Emulsions	p. 10
Dissolved Oil Concentrations	p. 11
Lab Tests	p. 12
Dispersed Oil	p. 12
System Description	p. 16
Theory	p. 18
Gravity Separation	p. 19
Coalescence	p. 20
Dispersion	p. 21
Flotation	p. 22
Number of Cells	p. 25
Filtration	p. 26
Equipment Description and Sizing	p. 26
Skim Tanks and Skim Vessels	p. 26
General Considerations	p. 26
Configurations	p. 27
Vertical	p. 27
Horizontal	p. 28
Pressure versus Atmospheric Vessels	p. 30
Retention Time	p. 31
Performance Considerations	p. 31
Skimmer Sizing Equations	p. 33
Horizontal Cylindrical Vessels	p. 33
Horizontal Rectangular
Cross-Section Skimmer	p. 36
Vertical Cylindrical Skimmer	p. 38
Coalescers	p. 39
General Considerations	p. 39
Plate Coalescers	p. 40
Parallel Plate Interceptor (PPI)	p. 42
Corrugated Plate Interceptor (CPI)	p. 43
Cross-Flow Devices	p. 48
Horizontal Units	p. 48
Vertical Units	p. 49
Performance Considerations	p. 50
Downflow	p. 50
Upflow	p. 50
Cross Flow	p. 51
Selection Criteria	p. 52
Coalescer Sizing Equations	p. 53
CPI Sizing	p. 56
Cross-Flow Device Sizing	p. 57
Example 1-1: Determining the Dispersed Oil Content in the Effluent Water from a CPI Plate Separator	p. 58
Oil/Water/Sediment Coalescing Separators	p. 60
Oil/Water/Sediment Coalescing Separator Sizing	p. 63
Performance Considerations	p. 63
Skimmer/Coalescers	p. 63
Matrix Type	p. 64
Loose Media	p. 65
Performance Considerations	p. 65
Precipitators/Coalescing Filters	p. 67
Free-Flow Turbulent Coalescers	p. 69
Performance Considerations	p. 72
Flotation Units	p. 75
Dissolved Gas Units	p. 76
Dispersed Gas Units	p. 78
Hydraulic Induced Units	p. 82
Mechanical Induced Units	p. 84
Other Configurations	p. 86
Sizing Dispersed Gas Units	p. 87
Performance Considerations	p. 90
Hydrocyclones	p. 95
General Considerations	p. 95
Operating Principles	p. 95
Separation Mechanism	p. 97
Orientation and Operating Considerations	p. 97
Static Hydrocyclones	p. 98
Performance	p. 99
Advantages of Hydrocyclones	p. 101
Disadvantages of Hydrocyclones	p. 101
Dynamic Hydrocyclones	p. 103
Selection Criteria and Application Guidelines	p. 105
Sizing and Design	p. 106
Disposal Piles	p. 106
General Considerations	p. 106
Disposal Pile Sizing	p. 108
Disposal Piles (Offshore Platforms)	p. 110
Skim Piles	p. 110
General Considerations	p. 110
Operation	p. 111
Advantages	p. 113
Regulatory Consideration	p. 113
Skim Pile Sizing	p. 113
Drain Systems	p. 114
Pressure (Closed) Drain System	p. 114
Atmospheric (Open) Drain System	p. 114
Environmental Considerations	p. 115
Information Required for Design	p. 115
Design Basis	p. 115
Effluent Quality	p. 115
Produced Water Flow Rate	p. 116
Water Specific Gravity	p. 117
Water Viscosity	p. 117
Oil Concentration	p. 117
Soluble Oil Concentration	p. 118
Oil Specific Gravity	p. 118
Oil Droplet Size Distribution	p. 118
Oil Drop Size Distribution: Open Drains	p. 120
Equipment Selection Procedure	p. 120
Equipment Specification	p. 123
Skim Tank	p. 123
SP Pack System	p. 123
CPI Separator	p. 123
Cross-Flow Devices	p. 124
Flotation Unit	p. 124
Disposal Pile	p. 124
Example 1-2: Design the Produced Water Treating System	p. 124
Nomenclature	p. 133
Water Injection Systems	p. 135
Introduction	p. 135
General Considerations	p. 135
Solids Content	p. 138
Oil Content	p. 139
Produced Water	p. 139
Source Water from Deep Sand Formation	p. 139
Solids Removal Theory	p. 140
Removal of Suspended Solids from Water	p. 140
Filtration	p. 140
Gravity Settling	p. 141
Filtration	p. 143
Inertial Impaction	p. 144
Diffusional Interception	p. 145
Direct Interception	p. 145
Filter Types	p. 146
Nonfixed-Pore Structure Media	p. 146
Fixed-Pore Structure Media	p. 146
Surface Media	p. 148
Summary of Filter Types	p. 148
Removal Ratings	p. 149
General Considerations	p. 149
Nominal Rating	p. 149
Absolute Rating	p. 150
Beta (ß) Rating System	p. 151
Choosing the Proper Filter	p. 152
General Considerations	p. 152
Nature of Fluid	p. 153
Flow Rate	p. 153
Temperature	p. 153
Pressure Drop	p. 154
Surface Area	p. 154
Void Volume	p. 154
Degree of Filtration	p. 155
Prefiltration	p. 155
Coagulants and Floccuation	p. 156
Measuring Water Compatibility	p. 158
Saturation Index (LSI)	p. 158
Stability Index (RSI)	p. 159
Solids Removal Equipment Description	p. 159
Source Water Considerations	p. 159
Water Injection Treatment Steps	p. 159
Produced Water	p. 160
Surface Water	p. 161
Subsurface Water	p. 162
Dissolved Minerals and Salts	p. 163
Water Compatibility	p. 163
Filtration	p. 163
Gravity Settling Tanks	p. 164
Vertical Vessels	p. 164
Horizontal Vessels	p. 166
Horizontal Cylindrical Gravity Settlers	p. 167
Horizontal Rectangular Cross-Sectional Gravity Settlers	p. 170
Vertical Cylindrical Gravity Settlers	p. 171
Plate Coalescers	p. 172
Hydrocyclones	p. 172
Centrifuges	p. 177
Flotation Units	p. 177
Disposable Cartridge Filters	p. 178
Backwashable Cartridge Filters	p. 182
Granular Media Filters	p. 183
Diatomaceous Earth Filters	p. 193
Chemical Scavenging Equipment	p. 196
Design Example: Solid Removal Process	p. 199
Complete Water Injection System	p. 199
Nomenclature	p. 201
Definition of Key Water Treating Terms	p. 203
Water Sampling Techniques	p. 207
Oil Concentration Analysis Techniques	p. 211
Index	p. 217
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