Professional Issues in Speech-language Pathology And Audiology

by Lubinski, Rosemary; Golper, Lee Ann C.; Frattali, Carol

• ISBN13: 9781418015480
• ISBN10: 1418015482
• Additional ISBN(s): 9781111309107
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-11-03
• Publisher: CENGAGE Delmar Learning
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Summary

This book provides comprehensive coverage of the issues critical to professional practice in communication sciences. The text is multi-contributed and each chapter is written by a leading expert in the field. This is the most up-to-date text on the market, and it provides in-depth coverage of the recently updated 2005 Standards of Clinical Competence. The text is clearly organized and highly approachable for readers, and it provides a number of excellent pedagogical features such as case studies, tables and decision-trees to help reinforce the material.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xxxi
Preface	xxxiii
About the Authors	xxxvi
Acknowledgments	xxxviii
Contributors	xxxix
Table A	xlii
SECTION I Overview of the Professions	1	(23)
Professional Issues: From Roots to Reality	3	(21)
Scope of Chapter	3	(2)
History of the Professions	5	(10)
What Is a Profession?	5	(1)
Roots	5	(2)
What's in a Name?	7	(2)
University of Iowa and Lee Edward Travis	9	(1)
Stuttering and Autonomy	10	(1)
Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology in the United States	10	(1)
Professional Associations and ASHA	11	(1)
Chronology	11	(4)
Observations on Our History	15	(1)
Access	15	(4)
Demographics	15	(1)
Outcome Measurement	16	(1)
Funding	16	(1)
Technology	17	(1)
Community Inclusion	18	(1)
Currency	19	(1)
Positive Workplace Skills	20	(1)
Summary	21	(1)
Critical Thinking	22	(1)
References	22	(2)
Resources	24	(1)
APPENDIX 1--A Scope of Practice in Audiology	24	(12)
Statement of Purpose	24	(1)
Framework for Practice	25	(2)
Definition of an Audiologist	27	(1)
Professional Roles and Activities	28	(3)
Practice Settings	31	(1)
References	31	(1)
Resources	31	(1)
General	31	(1)
Amplification	32	(1)
Audiologic Rehabilitation	33	(1)
Audiologic Screening	33	(1)
(Central) Auditory Processing Disorders	33	(1)
Business Practices	33	(1)
Diagnostic Procedures	34	(1)
Educational Audiology	34	(1)
Electrophysiological Assessment	34	(1)
Geriatric Audiology	34	(1)
Occupational Audiology	35	(1)
Pediatric Audiology	35	(1)
Vestibular	35	(1)
APPENDIX 1--B Scope of Practice in Speech-Language Pathology	36	(61)
Statement of Purpose	36	(2)
Framework for Practice	38	(1)
Education and Qualifications	39	(1)
Scope of Practice	40	(1)
Professional Roles and Activities	41	(1)
Practice Settings	41	(1)
Reference and Resource List	42	(4)
General	42	(1)
Augmentative and Alternative Communication	42	(1)
Cognitive Aspects of Communication	43	(1)
Deaf and Hard of Hearing	43	(1)
Hearing Screening	43	(1)
Language and Literacy	43	(1)
Multicultural Issues	44	(1)
Prevention	44	(1)
Research	44	(1)
Speech: Articulation, Fluency, Voice, Resonance	44	(1)
Supervision	45	(1)
Swallowing/Upper Aerodigestive Function	45	(1)
Establishing Professional Competencies Through Education, Certification, and Licensure	46	(28)
Scope of Chapter	46	(1)
Professional Education	47	(10)
Undergraduate Preprofessional Education	48	(1)
Graduate Education	49	(4)
Doctoral Education	53	(3)
Postdoctoral Study	56	(1)
Distance Education	56	(1)
Professional Licensure and Certification	57	(7)
The State License	57	(7)
Support Personnel	64	(2)
Support Personnel in SLP	64	(1)
Support Personnel in Audiology	65	(1)
ASHA and Support Personnel	65	(1)
Professional Certification: Certificate of Clinical Competence and Board Certification	66	(1)
ASHA Certification	66	(2)
Requirements for the Certificate of Clinical Competence	66	(1)
Certification by the American Board of Audiology	67	(1)
Specialty Recognition	68	(1)
The ASHA Program of Specialty Recognition	68	(1)
Board Certification in Neurologic Communication Disorders (BC-NCD)	68	(1)
ABA Specialization in Cochlear Implants	69	(1)
International Issues	69	(1)
International Guidelines for Education in Speech-Language Pathology	69	(1)
ASHA Certification: International Issues	69	(1)
The Bologna Agreement in Europe	70	(1)
Mutual Recognition Agreement Among English-Speaking Countries	70	(1)
International Terminology	70	(1)
Code of Ethics	70	(1)
Summary	71	(1)
Critical Thinking	71	(1)
References	72	(1)
Resources	73	(1)
Financial Aid and Scholarships	73	(1)
Professional Organizations	74	(13)
Scope of Chapter	74	(1)
Practical Dilemmas and Affiliation	75	(1)
How Do Professional Associations Work?	75	(1)
ASHA: A National Professional Organization for Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists	76	(5)
Purpose	76	(1)
Membership	77	(1)
Standards	78	(1)
Governance	78	(1)
The National Office	78	(2)
The Future	80	(1)
Special Interest Divisions	80	(1)
AAA: A National Professional Organization for Audiologists	81	(2)
Purpose	81	(1)
Membership	81	(1)
Standards	82	(1)
Governance and the National Office	82	(1)
The Future	82	(1)
Related Professional Organizations	83	(1)
State Organizations	83	(1)
Student Organizations	83	(1)
NSSLHA	84	(1)
NAFDA	84	(1)
International Professional Organizations	84	(1)
Summary	84	(1)
Critical Thinking	85	(1)
References	85	(1)
Resources	85	(2)
Related Professional Organizations	86	(1)
Professional Ethics	87	(10)
Scope of Chapter	87	(1)
Role of a Professional	88	(1)
Regulation of the Professions	88	(1)
Ethical Standards of Conduct	88	(2)
Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology Codes of Ethics	89	(1)
Unethical Practice Complaint Process	90	(1)
Types of Complaints	91	(1)
Sanctions	91	(1)
Disclosure	91	(1)
Appeals	91	(1)
Preparing for Future Ethical Practice Concerns	91	(3)
Ethical Practice Risk Management	94	(1)
What to Do If You Face an Ethical Dilemma	94	(1)
Summary	95	(1)
Critical Thinking	95	(1)
References	95	(1)
Resources	96	(1)
APPENDIX 4--A ASHA Code of Ethics	97	(3)
Preamble	97	(1)
Principle of Ethics I	97	(1)
Rules of Ethics	97	(1)
Principle of Ethics II	98	(1)
Rules of Ethics	98	(1)
Principle of Ethics III	99	(1)
Rules of Ethics	99	(1)
Principle of Ethics IV	99	(1)
Rules of Ethics	99	(1)
APPENDIX 4--B Code of Ethics of American Academy of Audiology	100	(39)
Preamble	100	(1)
Part I. Statement of Principles and Rules	100	(2)
Part II. Procedures for the Management of Alleged Violations	102	(4)
Introduction	102	(1)
Procedures	102	(3)
Confidentiality and Records	105	(1)
Professional Liability	106	(17)
Scope of Chapter	106	(1)
Sources of Law	107	(8)
United States Constitution	107	(1)
State Government	108	(1)
Federal Government	108	(1)
Rights and Duties	109	(4)
The Law of Negligence	113	(2)
Professional Negligence (Malpractice)	115	(4)
Duty, Breach, Causation, and Damages	116	(2)
Liability of Health Care Institutions	118	(1)
Managing Risk	119	(1)
Summary	120	(1)
Critical Thinking	120	(1)
References	121	(2)
International Alliances	123	(16)
Scope of Chapter	123	(1)
Benefits of International Alliances	124	(3)
The Benefit of Learning New Skills, Procedures, and Perspectives	125	(1)
The Benefit of Gaining New Perspectives of Cultural Diversity	126	(1)
The Benefit of Pooling Resources	126	(1)
Strategies for International Alliances	127	(1)
Practice in Other Countries	128	(3)
Australia	128	(1)
Canada	129	(1)
Ireland	130	(1)
New Zealand	130	(1)
South Africa	130	(1)
United Kingdom	130	(1)
International Professional Associations	131	(1)
International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics	131	(1)
International Society of Audiology (ISA)	131	(1)
Developing and Other Nations	131	(1)
Summary	132	(1)
Critical Thinking	133	(1)
References	133	(2)
Resources	135	(4)
Speech-Language Pathology	135	(1)
Audiology	136	(1)
Additional Resources	137	(2)
SECTION II Employment Issues	139	(44)
Workforce Issues in Communication Sciences and Disorders	141	(17)
Scope of Chapter	141	(1)
A Look Back	142	(1)
The Current Workforce	142	(1)
ASHA Membership and Affiliation Data	143	(5)
Demographics	143	(1)
Employment Characteristics	144	(2)
U.S. Department of Education Data	146	(1)
Enrollment and Graduation Data	147	(1)
A Look Forward: Factors Affecting Employment in Future Years	148	(7)
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Projections	148	(1)
Health Care and Reimbursement Reform	149	(1)
Competition	149	(1)
Federal Policy	150	(1)
Changing Demographics	151	(1)
Technological Change	152	(1)
Telehealth	152	(1)
ASHA Data	153	(2)
Summary	155	(1)
Critical Thinking	155	(1)
References	155	(2)
Resources	157	(1)
Preparing for Employment	158	(25)
Scope of Chapter	158	(1)
Career Development	159	(1)
Employment Settings	160	(1)
Job Search	160	(4)
Self-Assessment and Job Analysis	161	(3)
Cover Letter	164	(1)
Style Suggestions	164	(1)
Content Suggestions	165	(1)
Resume	165	(3)
Style Suggestions	166	(1)
Content Suggestions	167	(1)
Letters of Recommendation	168	(1)
Interview	169	(6)
Preinterview	169	(2)
Polished Professionalism of Attire and Style	171	(1)
Location of Interview	172	(1)
Interview	172	(1)
What Is the Interviewer Evaluating?	173	(1)
End of Interview	173	(1)
Postinterview Follow-up	174	(1)
Second Interview	174	(1)
Is This Where I Want to Work?	174	(1)
Formal Offer	175	(1)
Advancement	175	(1)
Changing Employment	176	(1)
Financial Considerations	177	(1)
The Between Jobs Interval	177	(1)
Salary	177	(1)
Part-Time Employment	178	(1)
Benefits	178	(1)
Retirement	179	(1)
Summary	179	(1)
Critical Thinking	180	(1)
References	180	(1)
Resources	181	(2)
Securing Employment	181	(1)
Federal Government Uniformed Services Positions	181	(1)
Internet Sources	182	(1)
Sample Interview Questions	182	(1)
State and Local Association Resources	182	(1)
APPENDIX 8--A Sample Cover Letter	183	(1)
APPENDIX 8--B Sample Resume	184	(42)
Professional Autonomy and Collaboration	186	(13)
Scope of Chapter	186	(1)
Definitions of Autonomy and Collaboration	187	(5)
Sources of Professional Autonomy	187	(2)
Legal Autonomy of the Professions	189	(1)
Referrals	189	(2)
Prescription and Threats to Professional Autonomy	191	(1)
Employer Challenges to Professional Autonomy	191	(1)
Autonomy and Liability	192	(1)
Models of Collaboration	192	(2)
Medical Model	193	(1)
Educational Model	193	(1)
Collaboration and Scope of Practice	194	(1)
Multiskilled Providers and Encroachment on the Scope of Practice	194	(2)
Adding Basic Client Care Skills	195	(1)
Additional Threats to Autonomy	196	(1)
Interdependence of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology	196	(1)
Collaboration and Confidentiality	197	(1)
Summary	197	(1)
Critical Thinking	197	(1)
References	198	(1)
Support Personnel in Communication Sciences and Disorders	199	(27)
Scope of Chapter	199	(1)
Rationale for the Use of Support Personnel	200	(1)
Concerns about the Use of Support Personnel	201	(1)
Evolving Professional Policies and Practices	201	(4)
Ethical Responsibilities	203	(1)
Chronology of Professional Practice Policies	203	(1)
SLP Support Personnel	204	(1)
Audiology Support Personnel	204	(1)
State Regulation	205	(4)
Current Use of Support Personnel	209	(1)
SLP Support Personnel	209	(1)
Audiology Support Personnel	209	(1)
Training for Support Personnel	209	(2)
Training SLP Support Personnel	209	(1)
Training Audiology Support Personnel	210	(1)
Supervision of Support Personnel	211	(2)
Supervision of SLP Assistants	212	(1)
Supervision of Audiology Support Personnel	213	(1)
Job Responsibilities of SLP Assistants	213	(2)
Job Responsibilities of Audiology Support Personnel	215	(1)
Reimbursement of Services Provided by Support Personnel	215	(1)
Research Related to Support Personnel	216	(4)
Have Any Studies Compared SLP or Audiology Assistants with Professionals?	216	(1)
Do Any Studies Show the Effectiveness of SLP or Audiology Assistants?	217	(1)
Effectiveness of Support Personnel in Audiology	218	(1)
Are There Any Studies on the Amount or Type of SLP or Audiology Assistant Supervision?	219	(1)
Do Any Studies Show the Effectiveness of Training Programs for SLP or Audiology Assistants?	219	(1)
Future Research Issues	219	(1)
Summary	220	(1)
Critical Thinking	220	(1)
References	221	(5)
APPENDIX 10--A Support Personnel in Communication Sciences and Disorders: Key Word Definitions	226	(1)
APPENDIX 10--B Verification of Technical Proficiency of a Speech-Language Pathology Assistant	227	(3)
APPENDIX 10--C Supervisor Log of Direct and Indirect Observations	230	(1)
SECTION III Expanding Clinical Populations and Professional Settings	231	(47)
Working with Special Populations	233	(22)
Scope of Chapter	233	(1)
Definitions of Incidence and Prevalence	234	(1)
Special Populations	234	(11)
Educated Professionals and Consumers	234	(1)
Hearing Impaired	235	(1)
Fetal Alcohol Exposure	236	(1)
Language Learning Disabilities	237	(1)
(Central) Auditory Processing Disorder	237	(1)
Developmental Apraxia of Speech	238	(1)
Autism Spectrum Disorders	238	(1)
Subtractive Bilingualism	239	(1)
Persons with Traumatic Brain Injuries	240	(1)
Medically Fragile Children	241	(1)
The Elderly	242	(2)
Individuals with Dementia	244	(1)
Individuals with Dysphagia	245	(1)
Underserved Populations	245	(3)
Linguistic Minority Populations	245	(1)
Economically Disadvantaged Populations	246	(1)
Prison Populations	247	(1)
Remote/Rural Populations	247	(1)
Native Americans	248	(1)
Summary	248	(1)
Critical Thinking	249	(1)
References	249	(5)
Resources	254	(1)
Health Care Legislation, Regulation, and Financing	255	(23)
Scope of Chapter	255	(1)
Health Care Legislation	256	(4)
Social Security Act Amendments of 1965	256	(1)
Social Security Act Amendments of 1967	257	(1)
Social Security Act Amendments of 1972	257	(1)
Social Security Act Amendments of 1982	257	(1)
Social Security Act Amendments of 1983	257	(1)
United States Public Health Services Act (1944)	258	(1)
The Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973	258	(1)
Technology-Related Assistance for Individuals with Disabilities Act of 1988	259	(1)
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996	259	(1)
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Acts (OBRAS)	260	(3)
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1980	261	(1)
Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985	261	(1)
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986	261	(1)
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987	262	(1)
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989	262	(1)
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990	263	(1)
Social Security Act Amendments of 1993	263	(2)
Health Care Coding	265	(1)
Medicare Physician Fee Schedule	266	(1)
The Balanced Budget Act of 1997	267	(1)
Recent Changes to the Medicare Statute and Impact on SLP and Audiology	268	(3)
The Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Balanced Budget Refinement Act of 1999 (BBRA)	268	(1)
The Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Benefits Improvement and Protection Act of 2000 (BIPA)	268	(1)
The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA)	268	(1)
$1,500 Financial Limitation	269	(1)
Prospective Payment Systems	269	(2)
Role of State Governments	271	(1)
Private Health Insurance	271	(1)
Future of Health Care	272	(2)
Summary	274	(1)
Critical Thinking	275	(1)
References	275	(2)
Resources	277	(1)
APPENDIX 12--A Common Health Care Acronyms and Abbreviations	278	(131)
Service Delivery in Health Care Settings	279	(23)
Scope of Chapter	279	(2)
Clinical Practice in Context: The Business of Health Care	281	(1)
Health Care Accreditation	282	(2)
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations (JCAHO)	282	(1)
CARF: The Rehabilitation Accreditation Commission	283	(1)
Health Care Compliance Programs	284	(6)
HIPAA---Protecting Confidential Health Information	285	(5)
Patient Safety and Quality Improvement	290	(3)
Patient Safety Initiatives	290	(2)
Quality and Performance Improvement	292	(1)
Clinical Accountability: Evidence-Based Practice	293	(2)
Clinical Documentation, Coding, and Payment for Services	295	(1)
Documenting Health Care Services	295	(1)
Health Care Coding	296	(2)
Diagnosis Coding	296	(1)
Procedure Coding	297	(1)
Payment for Services	298	(1)
Summary	299	(1)
Critical Thinking	299	(1)
References	300	(1)
Resources	301	(1)
Education Policy	302	(27)
Scope of Chapter	302	(1)
Federal Legislation	303	(4)
Brown v. Board of Education	303	(1)
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973	303	(1)
PL 94-142 The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975	303	(4)
Federal Eligibility Requirements	307	(2)
Eligibility for Enrollment	307	(2)
Developing the IEP	309	(1)
IEP Implementation	309	(1)
Dismissal	310	(2)
Rationale for Paperwork	312	(2)
Medicaid Reimbursement	312	(1)
Related Service versus Special Education Program	313	(1)
Impact of Educational Policies on SLP Services	314	(9)
Full Continuum of Service	314	(5)
Teaming and Consultative Models	319	(2)
Outcome Data and Evidence-Based Practice	321	(1)
Increased Role of the SLP in Literacy	322	(1)
Impact of Legislation on Audiology in Schools	323	(1)
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973	323	(1)
PL 94-142 The Education for All Handicapped Children Act	323	(1)
PL 99-457 The Education for the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1986	324	(1)
PL 104-476 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)	324	(1)
PL 105-17 1997 IDEA Amendments and PL 108-446 IDEA 2004	324	(1)
Summary	324	(1)
Critical Thinking	325	(1)
References	325	(2)
Resources	327	(2)
Service Delivery in Educational Settings	329	(20)
Scope of Chapter	329	(1)
Special Opportunities for the School-Based SLP	330	(2)
Relevance and Continuity	330	(1)
Developing Collegial Relationships	330	(2)
Procedures for Serving Children in School Settings	332	(3)
Prevention	333	(2)
Comprehensive Assessment Leading to Eligibility	335	(6)
Planning the Assessment	335	(3)
Planning and Providing Intervention	338	(1)
Evidenced-Based Practice (EBP)	338	(1)
Reporting on Progress	339	(1)
Planning for Children with Multiple Disabilities	340	(1)
Service Delivery Models	341	(3)
Consultative Collaborative Service	341	(1)
Family-Centered Service	341	(1)
Classroom-Based Service	342	(1)
Team Teaching	343	(1)
Pull-out Service	343	(1)
Self-Contained Classrooms	344	(1)
How a Workload Approach Differs from a Caseload Approach	344	(1)
Summary	345	(1)
Critical Thinking	346	(1)
References	346	(3)
Service Delivery Issues in Early Intervention	349	(22)
Scope of Chapter	349	(1)
What Is Early Intervention?	350	(1)
Why Early Intervention?	351	(1)
Child Development	351	(1)
Family Support and Assistance	352	(1)
Societal Benefits	352	(1)
Is Early Intervention Cost Effective?	352	(1)
Young Children with Disabilities	352	(6)
Legislation	353	(1)
Early Intervention Eligibility/Developmental Delay	354	(2)
Screening, Evaluation, and Assessment	356	(1)
Evaluation	357	(1)
Areas of Evaluation	358	(1)
Assessment of Results	358	(1)
The Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP)	358	(1)
Principles to Guide the IFSP Process	359	(1)
Service Coordination	359	(2)
Service Delivery Collaboration: Teaming	360	(1)
Personnel and Disciplines in Early Intervention	361	(1)
Working with Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Families	362	(1)
Different Cultural Views on Health and Disorders	362	(1)
Different Service Delivery Preferences Among Minority Language Groups	362	(1)
Transition from Early Intervention to Preschool Special Education	362	(1)
Practical Issues for Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists	363	(2)
Employment Opportunities	363	(1)
Home Care Services	363	(1)
Infection Control	363	(1)
Physical Environment	364	(1)
Safety	364	(1)
Continuing Challenges of Providing Early Intervention	365	(1)
Definitions and Eligibility	365	(1)
Family Centeredness	365	(1)
Personnel Preparation	365	(1)
Early Intervention and Advocacy	365	(1)
Summary	366	(1)
Critical Thinking	366	(1)
References	367	(3)
Resources	370	(1)
Service Delivery Issues in Private Practice	371	(16)
Scope of Chapter	371	(1)
Service Delivery Issues in Private Practice	372	(11)
Private Practice Options	372	(7)
Other Issues	379	(4)
Summary	383	(1)
Critical Thinking	384	(1)
References	384	(2)
Resources	386	(1)
Strategically Promoting Access to Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology Services	387	(22)
Scope of Chapter	387	(1)
Barriers to Access	388	(1)
The Need for Service	388	(1)
Optimizing Reimbursement for Clinical Services	389	(3)
Rebutting Denials Based on ``Medical Necessity''	390	(1)
Evidence-Based Practice	391	(1)
Alternative Funding Approaches	392	(1)
Legislation Improving Access	393	(1)
Advocacy and Professional Assertiveness	394	(4)
Advocacy Among Clinicians and Clinical Administrators	395	(2)
Advocacy Among Consumers and Their Significant Others	397	(1)
Advocacy Among Educators and Students	398	(1)
Care Extenders	398	(3)
Support Personnel	398	(1)
Graduate Students	399	(1)
Trained Volunteers	400	(1)
Family Members and Other Caregivers	400	(1)
Multiskilling of Professionals	400	(1)
Technological Access	401	(1)
Telehealth	401	(1)
Information Technology	402	(1)
Educating the Public	402	(1)
Adjustments in Service-Providing Environments	403	(1)
Summary	403	(1)
Critical Thinking	403	(1)
References	404	(4)
Resources	408	(1)
SECTION IV Providing Quality Care	409	(19)
Policies and Procedures	411	(17)
Scope of Chapter	411	(1)
Defining Terminology	412	(2)
What Is a Policy?	412	(1)
What Is a Procedure?	412	(1)
What Are Institutional, Departmental, and Programmatic P&Ps?	413	(1)
What Is a P&P Manual?	413	(1)
Necessity and Value of Policies and Procedures	414	(2)
Accrediting and Regulatory Requirements	414	(1)
Legal Considerations	415	(1)
Identification and Definition of Relevant Rules and Regulations	415	(1)
What to Include in a Policy and Procedure Manual	416	(4)
Accrediting Body Requirements	416	(2)
Other Necessary Policies and Procedures	418	(2)
How to Write Policies and Procedures	420	(2)
Components and Format	420	(2)
Who Should Write Policies and Procedures	422	(1)
Primary Responsibility	422	(1)
Solicitation of Input	422	(1)
Administrative Review and Approval	423	(1)
When Should Policies and Procedures Be Written?	423	(1)
New Policies and Procedures	423	(1)
Policy and Procedure Review and Revision	423	(1)
Access to Policies and Procedures	424	(1)
Summary	425	(1)
Critical Thinking	425	(1)
References	426	(1)
Resources	427	(1)
APPENDIX 19--1 Sample P&P	428	(15)
Leadership and Communication Skills	430	(13)
Scope of Chapter	430	(1)
Leadership	431	(5)
Follow the Leader	431	(1)
Leader versus Manager: What Is the Difference?	431	(1)
Leadership in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology	431	(1)
The Leader's Source of Influence is Power	432	(1)
Mutual Dependency of the Leader and Follower	433	(1)
Development of Leadership Skills: Nature versus Nurture	433	(1)
Leadership Characteristics	434	(1)
The Roles of a Leader	434	(2)
Business Communication	436	(5)
Communication in the Profession of Communication Disorders	436	(1)
Communication in Leadership Roles	437	(1)
Use of Communication in Leadership Roles	437	(3)
Barriers to Effective Communication	440	(1)
Active Listening	440	(1)
Methods of Communication	441	(1)
Summary	441	(1)
Critical Thinking	441	(1)
References	442	(1)
Resources	442	(1)
APPENDIX 20--1 Assessment of Leadership Qualities	443	(102)
Infection Prevention	444	(17)
Scope of Chapter	444	(1)
Importance of Infection Prevention to Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists	445	(1)
Infection and Its Pathway	446	(1)
Examples of Communicable Diseases	447	(4)
Staphylococcal Infections	447	(1)
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)	447	(1)
HIV/AIDS	447	(1)
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)	448	(1)
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)	449	(1)
Tuberculosis	449	(1)
Scabies	450	(1)
Influenza Viruses	450	(1)
Program for Infection Prevention	451	(4)
Preemployment Screening and Follow-Up	451	(1)
Orientation and Training in Infection Prevention	452	(1)
Hygiene Plan	452	(1)
Hygiene Plan Techniques	452	(3)
Regulated Waste Containers	455	(1)
Issues of Special Concern	455	(2)
Educational Settings	456	(1)
Long-Term Care Facilities	456	(1)
Day Care Centers	456	(1)
Staff Who Are Pregnant	457	(1)
Reporting Exposure Incidents	457	(1)
Summary	457	(1)
Critical Thinking	458	(1)
References	458	(2)
Resources	460	(1)
Child Abuse and Elder Mistreatment	461	(13)
Scope of Chapter	461	(1)
Child Abuse and Neglect	462	(4)
Child Abuse	462	(1)
Maltreatment and Neglect	462	(1)
Causes and Risks	462	(2)
Munchausen by Proxy	464	(1)
Who Is an Abuser?	465	(1)
Extent of the Problem	465	(1)
Financial Costs of Child Abuse	465	(1)
What to Do If You Suspect Abuse	465	(1)
Elder Abuse, Neglect, and Exploitation	466	(5)
Elder Abuse	467	(1)
Elder Neglect	467	(1)
Specific Types of Elder Abuse	467	(2)
Who Is Abused?	469	(1)
Who Is at Risk?	469	(1)
Who Is an Abuser?	469	(1)
Extent of the Problem	469	(1)
Why Does Elder Abuse Occur?	470	(1)
Elder Abuse in Long-Term Care Facilities	470	(1)
What to Do?	471	(1)
Summary	471	(1)
Critical Thinking	471	(1)
References	472	(1)
Resources	472	(2)
Service Delivery for Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations	474	(16)
Scope of Chapter	474	(1)
Demographics and Definitions	475	(2)
Minority Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists	476	(1)
ASHA Position Statements	477	(3)
Social Dialects	477	(1)
Clinical Management of Communicatively Handicapped Minority Language Populations	477	(1)
Bilingual Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists	478	(1)
The Speech-Language Pathologist and English as a Second Language	479	(1)
Students and Professionals Who Speak English with Accents and Nonstandard Dialects: Issues and Recommendations	479	(1)
Knowledge and Skills Needed by Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists to Provide Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services	479	(1)
Cultural Competence	480	(1)
Clinical Issues Affecting Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations	480	(5)
Bilingualism and Second Language Acquisition	480	(1)
Assessment	481	(2)
Treatment	483	(2)
Paraprofessionals and Interpreters	485	(1)
Audiology and Multicultural Populations	485	(1)
Summary	486	(1)
Critical Thinking	486	(1)
References	487	(2)
Resources	489	(1)
Supervision and the Supervisory Process	490	(21)
Scope of Chapter	490	(1)
Historical Overview	491	(1)
Definitions	492	(1)
Continuum Model of the Supervisory Process	492	(3)
Stages of the Continuum	493	(1)
Styles of Supervisor Behavior	494	(1)
Phases of Supervision	495	(3)
Understanding Phase	495	(1)
Planning Phase	496	(1)
Observation and Data Collection Phase	496	(1)
Analysis Phase	497	(1)
Integration Phase	497	(1)
Considerations Across Different Levels of Supervisees	498	(1)
Critical Thinking and the Supervisory Process	499	(1)
Expectations of Students About Supervision	499	(1)
Supervision in Service Delivery Settings	499	(1)
Utilization and Supervision of Speech-Language Pathology Assistants	500	(1)
Supervision Standards of SLPAs	500	(1)
Amount of Supervision for SLPAs	500	(1)
Phases of SLPA Supervision	501	(1)
Supervision in the Work Place	501	(4)
Supervision of Clinical Fellows and Audiology Externs	502	(1)
Credential Verifications	502	(1)
Orientations and Probationary Periods, and Performance Appraisals	503	(1)
Performance Appraisals	503	(1)
360 Degree Assessments	504	(1)
Evaluating the Supervisor	504	(1)
Professional Development	504	(1)
Supervisor Competencies	505	(1)
Individual Supervisor Accountability	506	(1)
Summary	507	(1)
Critical Thinking	507	(1)
References	508	(1)
Resources	509	(2)
Technology as a Professional Issue	511	(15)
Scope of Chapter	511	(1)
Technology Time Line	512	(1)
Computing Basics	512	(3)
Machine Language	512	(1)
The Network	513	(2)
Importance of Technology to Practice	515	(1)
Ethics and Technology	516	(1)
Office Software	516	(1)
Considerations for Using Electronic Documentation	517	(3)
Therapy Tools (Noninstrumental)	518	(1)
Instrumentation	518	(2)
Technological Competencies of Clinicians	520	(1)
The Future of Clinical Practice	521	(1)
Telepractice	521	(2)
Distance Learning	523	(1)
Summary	523	(1)
Critical Thinking	523	(1)
References	524	(1)
Resources	525	(1)
Stress, Conflict, and Coping in the Workplace	526	(19)
Scope of Chapter	526	(2)
Definitions and Symptoms	528	(5)
Stress	528	(1)
Burden	528	(1)
Burnout	529	(2)
Stages of Burnout	531	(1)
Effects of Burnout	531	(2)
Stress in Human Service Professions	533	(1)
Burnout in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology	534	(1)
Self-Identification Strategies	535	(1)
Remediation of Stress and Burnout	535	(4)
Changing Yourself and Your Attitudes	535	(3)
Humor	538	(1)
Conflict Resolution on the Job	538	(1)
Changing Jobs	539	(1)
Prevention of Burnout	539	(1)
Needed Research	540	(1)
Stress and Burnout Among Caregivers	540	(1)
Summary	541	(1)
Critical Thinking	542	(1)
References	542	(3)
SECTION V Evidence-Based Practice	545	(14)
The Future of Science	547	(12)
Scope of Chapter	547	(1)
Science and the Social Contract	548	(1)
The Clinical Imperative: Doing Good at an Acceptable Cost	549	(1)
Dissemination: The First Fruits of Research	550	(3)
Clinical Trials	551	(1)
Placebos	552	(1)
Reviews and Meta-Analyses	552	(1)
Consensus Conferences	552	(1)
Translational Research	553	(1)
Technology	553	(1)
Interdisciplinary Research	553	(1)
The Challenge of Population Diversity	554	(1)
International Perspectives	554	(1)
Promoting Research and Research Training Within the Profession	555	(1)
Summary	555	(1)
Critical Thinking	556	(1)
References	556	(3)
APPENDIX 27--1 Guidelines for Written Review	559	(18)
Applying Evidence to Clinical Practice	560	(17)
Scope of Chapter	560	(1)
Ranking Research and Recommendations	561	(3)
Research and Scientific Affairs Committee (RSAC) Report	562	(1)
Meta-analysis	563	(1)
Conducting Systematic Reviews	563	(1)
Conducting Phased Research	564	(3)
Outcomes, Efficacy, and Effectiveness	564	(3)
Evaluating Diagnostic and Screening Procedures	567	(7)
Specificity and Sensitivity	567	(5)
Likelihood Ratios	572	(2)
Summary	574	(1)
Critical Thinking	574	(1)
References	575	(1)
Resources	576	(1)
Index	577