Professional Nursing Practice : Concepts and Perspectives

by Blais, Kathleen Koenig; Hayes, Janice S; Kozier, Barbara J; Erb, Glenora

• ISBN13: 9780131188198
• ISBN10: 0131188194
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This book provides knowledge of the historical, theoretical, ethical, and legal foundations of professional nursing.This resource explores the changing health care system especially related to health care economics, nursing in a culture of violence, and nursing in a culturally and spiritually diverse world. Also included is a chapter on returning to school after already practicing nursing in the field. The book serves as a refresher for topics and issues previously covered in nursing school, but also addresses issues that nurses will face in their new professional practice.An excellent resource for professionals in the nursing field. Specifically designed the transition from RN-to-BSN. These are professionals that have their RN, but are returning for their BSN to further advance their careers.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Contributors	xvii
Reviewers	xix
Beginning the Transition: Journey to Professionalism	1	(12)
Factors in Society That Promote the Nurse's Return to School	1	(3)
Changing Perceptions of Nursing as a Profession	2	(2)
Factors in the Profession That Promote the Nurse's Return to School	4	(1)
Credentialing Requirements	4	(1)
Professional Role Transitions	4	(3)
Bridges' Model of Transition	4	(1)
Spencer and Adams' Model of Transition	5	(2)
What Will It Take to Get There: Overcoming Barriers	7	(4)
Time Management	7	(1)
Money	8	(1)
Social Supports	8	(1)
Working with Faculty	9	(1)
Study Skills	10	(1)
References	11	(2)
Unit I: Foundations of Professional Nursing Practice
Socialization to Professional Nursing Roles	13	(18)
Challenges and Opportunities	14	(1)
Professionalism	14	(3)
Nursing as a Discipline and Profession	14	(1)
Standards of Clinical Nursing Practice	15	(2)
Professional Socialization	17	(6)
Critical Values of Professional Nursing	18	(1)
The Initial Process of Professional Socialization	19	(2)
Ongoing Professional Socialization and Resocialization	21	(2)
Role Theory	23	(2)
Elements of Roles	23	(2)
Boundaries for Nursing Roles	25	(1)
Role Stress and Role Strain	25	(4)
Stress Reduction Strategies	27	(1)
Managing Role Stress and Role Strain	27	(2)
Summary	29	(1)
References	30	(1)
Historical Foundations of Professional Nursing	31	(16)
Challenges and Opportunities	32	(1)
Nursing in Primitive Societies	32	(1)
Nursing in Ancient Civilizations	32	(1)
The Role of Religion in the Development of Nursing	33	(2)
The Development of Modern Nursing	35	(1)
The Development of Nursing in the Americas	36	(1)
Historical Leaders in Nursing	37	(4)
The Founders	37	(1)
The Men	37	(1)
The Risk Takers	38	(1)
The Social Reformers	39	(2)
Nursing: A History of Caring	41	(1)
The Development of Professional Nursing Organizations	42	(3)
American Nurses Association	42	(1)
National Student Nurses Association	43	(1)
National League for Nursing	43	(1)
American Association of Colleges of Nursing	43	(1)
International Council of Nurses	43	(1)
Sigma Theta Tau International	43	(1)
Specialty Nursing Organizations	43	(1)
Special Interest Organizations	44	(1)
Summary	45	(1)
References	45	(2)
Ethical Foundation of Professional Nursing	47	(26)
Challenges and Opportunities	48	(1)
Values	48	(3)
Values Transmission	48	(1)
Values Clarification	49	(1)
Identifying Personal Values	49	(1)
Helping Clients Identify Values	50	(1)
Morals	51	(4)
Moral Development	51	(1)
Kohlberg	51	(1)
Gilligan	52	(2)
Moral Frameworks	54	(1)
Moral Principles	54	(1)
Ethics	55	(11)
Nursing Codes of Ethics	56	(2)
Types of Ethical Problems	58	(1)
Making Ethical Decisions	59	(5)
Specific Ethical Issues	64	(1)
Strategies to Enhance Ethical Decision Making	65	(1)
Advocacy	66	(3)
The Advocacy Role	66	(1)
Professional/Public Advocacy	66	(3)
Summary	69	(1)
References	70	(3)
Legal Foundations of Professional Nursing	73	(20)
Challenges and Opportunities	74	(1)
The Judicial System	74	(1)
Constitutions	74	(1)
Legislation (Statutes)	74	(1)
Common Law	75	(1)
Types of Legal Actions	75	(1)
Safeguarding the Public	75	(1)
Credentialing	76	(2)
Licensure	76	(1)
Registration	77	(1)
Certification	77	(1)
Accreditation	77	(1)
Standards of Care	78	(1)
Potential Liability Areas	78	(8)
Malpractice	78	(1)
Documentation	79	(1)
Delegation	80	(1)
Informed Consent	81	(1)
Adverse Events and Risk Management	82	(1)
Wills	83	(1)
Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders	84	(1)
Advance Medical Directives	84	(1)
Euthanasia	85	(1)
Death and Related Issues	85	(1)
Organ Donation	85	(1)
Inquest	86	(1)
The Impaired Nurse	86	(1)
Sexual Harassment	87	(1)
Nurses as Witnesses	88	(1)
Collective Bargaining	88	(2)
Summary	90	(1)
References	91	(2)
Theoretical Foundations of Professional Nursing	93	(22)
Challenges and Opportunities	94	(1)
World Views and Knowledge Development	94	(2)
Defining Terms	96	(1)
Theory Development in Nursing	97	(1)
Overview of Selected Nursing Theories	98	(12)
Nightingale's Environmental Theory	98	(1)
Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Model	98	(1)
Henderson's Definition of Nursing	99	(1)
Rogers' Science of Unitary Human Beings	99	(1)
Orem's General Theory of Nursing	100	(2)
King's Goal-Attainment Theory	102	(1)
Neuman Systems Model	102	(1)
Roy's Adaptation Model	103	(1)
Benner's Novice to Expert	104	(1)
The Caring Theorists	105	(5)
One Model Versus Several Models	110	(1)
Relationship of Theories to the Nursing Process and Research	110	(2)
Summary	112	(1)
References	112	(3)
Unit II: Professional Nursing Roles
The Nurse as Health Promoter and Care Provider	115	(20)
Challenges and Opportunities	116	(1)
Defining Health Promotion	117	(1)
Healthy People 2010	118	(3)
Increasing Quality and Years of Healthy Life	118	(2)
Eliminating Health Disparities	120	(1)
Health-Promotion Activities	121	(3)
Types of Health-Promotion Programs	122	(1)
Sites for Health-Promotion Activities	122	(2)
Health-Promotion Models	124	(4)
Pender's Health-Promotion Model	124	(3)
Kulbok's Resource Model of Preventive Health Behavior	127	(1)
Neuman Systems Model	128	(1)
Stages of Health Behavior Change	128	(2)
The Nurse's Role in Health Promotion	130	(2)
Summary	132	(1)
References	132	(3)
The Nurse as Learner and Teacher	135	(28)
Challenges and Opportunities	136	(1)
Nurses as Learners	136	(1)
The Learning Process	137	(9)
Theories of Learning	138	(1)
Social Learning Theory	139	(3)
Applying Learning Theories	142	(1)
Cognitive Learning Processes	143	(1)
Factors Facilitating Learning	143	(2)
Factors Inhibiting Learning	145	(1)
Nurses as Teachers	146	(1)
The Art of Teaching	147	(12)
Guidelines for Learning and Teaching	147	(1)
Assessing Learning Needs	148	(3)
Planning Content and Teaching Strategies	151	(4)
Implementing a Teaching Plan	155	(1)
Evaluating Learning and Teaching	155	(1)
Special Teaching Strategies	156	(2)
Transcultural Client Teaching	158	(1)
Documentation of Teaching	159	(1)
Summary	160	(1)
References	161	(2)
The Nurse as Leader and Manager	163	(20)
Challenges and Opportunities	164	(1)
Nursing Leadership	164	(5)
Leadership, Characteristics	165	(1)
Leadership Style	165	(4)
Nursing Management	169	(5)
Theories of Management Style	169	(1)
Management Competencies	170	(1)
Management Roles	171	(3)
Nursing Delivery Models	174	(4)
Total Patient Care	174	(1)
Functional Method	174	(1)
Team Nursing	174	(1)
Primary Nursing	174	(1)
Case Management	175	(1)
Shared Governance	175	(1)
Managed Care	176	(1)
Differentiated Practice	177	(1)
Mentors and Preceptors	178	(1)
Networking	179	(1)
Summary	180	(1)
References	180	(3)
The Nurse as Research Consumer	183	(16)
Challenges and Opportunities	184	(1)
Evidence-Based Practice	184	(1)
Empirical Nursing Knowledge	184	(1)
Research in Nursing	184	(6)
Roles in Research	186	(1)
Historical Perspective	186	(2)
Ethical Concerns	188	(1)
Approaches in Nursing Research	189	(1)
Using Research in Practice	190	(6)
Critiquing Research Reports	190	(1)
Research Utilization	191	(5)
Summary	196	(1)
References	196	(3)
The Nurse as Political Advocate	199	(16)
Challenges and Opportunities	200	(1)
Power	200	(5)
Empowerment	200	(1)
Sources of Power	200	(2)
Caring Types of Power	202	(1)
Laws of Power	202	(3)
Politics	205	(8)
Strategies to Influence Political Decisions	206	(2)
Developing Political Astuteness and Skill	208	(1)
Seeking Opportunities for Political Action	209	(4)
Summary	213	(1)
References	214	(1)
The Nurse as Colleague and Collaborator	215	(14)
Challenges and Opportunities	216	(1)
Collaborative Health Care	216	(5)
Collaborative Practice	218	(1)
The Nurse as a Collaborator	219	(2)
Benefits of Collaborative Care	221	(1)
Competencies Basic to Collaboration	221	(3)
Communication Skills	221	(1)
Mutual Respect and Trust	221	(1)
Giving and Receiving Feedback	222	(1)
Decision Making	222	(1)
Conflict Management	222	(2)
Factors Leading to the Need for Increased Collegiality and Collaboration	224	(2)
Consumer Wants and Needs	224	(1)
Self-Help Initiatives	225	(1)
Changing Demographics and Epidemiology	225	(1)
Health Care Access	225	(1)
Technological Advances	226	(1)
Summary	226	(1)
References	227	(2)
Unit III: Processes Guiding Professional Practice
Communication	229	(20)
Challenges and Opportunities	230	(1)
Definitions of Communication	230	(1)
The Communication Process	230	(2)
Sender	231	(1)
Message	231	(1)
Channel	231	(1)
Receiver	231	(1)
Response	231	(1)
Factors Influencing the Communication Process	232	(3)
Developmental Stage	232	(1)
Gender	232	(1)
Roles and Relationships	233	(1)
Sociocultural Characteristics	233	(1)
Values and Perceptions	233	(1)
Space and Territoriality	234	(1)
Environment	234	(1)
Congruence	234	(1)
Interpersonal Attitudes	234	(1)
Types of Communication	235	(5)
Oral Communication	235	(1)
Nonverbal Communication	236	(1)
Therapeutic Communication	237	(3)
Written Communication	240	(1)
Characteristics of Effective Written Communication	240	(1)
Barriers to Communication	241	(1)
Nursing Documentation	241	(4)
Methods of Documentation	243	(2)
Communication Through Technology	245	(1)
Summary	245	(1)
References	246	(3)
Change Process	249	(18)
Challenges and Opportunities	250	(1)
Meanings and Types of Change	250	(2)
Spontaneous Change	250	(1)
Developmental Change	251	(1)
Planned Change	251	(1)
Change Theory	252	(4)
Approaches to Planned Change	252	(1)
Change Strategies	253	(1)
Frameworks for Change	253	(3)
Managing Change	256	(9)
Change Agent	257	(1)
Coping with Change	258	(2)
Resistance to Change	260	(4)
Examples of Change	264	(1)
Summary	265	(1)
References	266	(1)
Group Process	267	(22)
Challenges and Opportunities	268	(1)
Groups	268	(6)
Types of Groups	268	(1)
Functions of Groups	269	(1)
Levels of Group Formality	269	(2)
Group Development	271	(1)
Characteristics of Effective Groups	272	(2)
Group Dynamics	274	(4)
Commitment	274	(1)
Leadership Style	274	(1)
Decision-Making Methods	274	(2)
Member Behaviors	276	(1)
Interaction Patterns	277	(1)
Cohesiveness	277	(1)
Power	277	(1)
Facilitating Group Discussion	278	(1)
Group Problems	279	(3)
Monopolizing	279	(1)
Conflict	280	(1)
Groupthink	280	(1)
Scapegoating	280	(1)
Silence and Apathy	280	(1)
Transference and Countertransference	281	(1)
Types of Health Care Groups	282	(4)
Committees or Teams	282	(1)
Task Forces	282	(1)
Teaching Groups	282	(1)
Self-Help Groups	282	(1)
Self-Awareness/Growth Groups	283	(2)
Therapy Groups	285	(1)
Work-Related Social Support Groups	285	(1)
Professional Nursing Organizations	285	(1)
Summary	286	(1)
References	286	(3)
Technology and Informatics	289	(12)
Challenges and Opportunities	290	(1)
Nursing Informatics, Health Care Informatics, and Technology	290	(3)
Nursing Roles and Education	290	(1)
Technology and Informatics	291	(1)
Informatics Frameworks	292	(1)
Issues Related to Information Technology	293	(1)
Ethical Concerns	293	(1)
Confidentiality of Medical Records and Data	294	(1)
Data Integrity	294	(1)
Caring in a High-Tech Environment	294	(1)
The Technology Explosion	294	(3)
Evolution of Technology	294	(2)
Computer Technology in Practice, Education, Research, and Administration	296	(1)
Current Applications of Information Technology in Practice	297	(2)
Physician Order Entry	297	(1)
Clinical Information Systems	298	(1)
Wireless and Portable Devices	298	(1)
Computer-Based Patient Record	298	(1)
Summary	299	(1)
References	299	(2)
Unit IV: Professional Nursing in a Changing Health Care Delivery System
Nursing in an Evolving Health Care Delivery System	301	(18)
Challenges and Opportunities	302	(2)
Selected Issues	303	(1)
Concepts of Health, Wellness, and Well-Being	304	(4)
Health	306	(1)
Wellness and Well-Being	306	(1)
Illness and Disease	307	(1)
Models of Health and Wellness	308	(1)
Leavell and Clark's Agent-Host-Environment Model	308	(1)
Dunn's Levels of Wellness	308	(1)
Health and Wellness Continuum	309	(1)
Health Status, Beliefs, and Behaviors	309	(2)
Health Belief Models	311	(2)
Health Locus of Control Model	311	(1)
Rosenstock and Becker's Health Belief Model	311	(2)
International Initiative for Health and Wellness	313	(1)
Nursing in an Era of Shortage	314	(3)
Summary	317	(1)
References	317	(2)
Health Care Economics	319	(16)
Challenges and Opportunities	320	(1)
Issues	320	(1)
Demand Versus Supply of Health Care	320	(1)
Paying for Health Care	320	(1)
Separate Billing for Nursing Services	321	(1)
Cost-Containment Strategies	321	(3)
Competition	321	(1)
Price Controls	321	(2)
Alternative Delivery Systems	323	(1)
Managed Care	323	(1)
Vertically Integrated Health Services Organizations	324	(1)
Health Care Economics	324	(5)
Billing Methods	324	(1)
Payment Sources in the United States	325	(1)
The International Perspective	326	(2)
Voluntary Insurance and the United States	328	(1)
Nursing Economics	329	(1)
The Nursing Shortages	329	(1)
Financial Management	330	(2)
Profit Versus Not-for-Profit Organizations	330	(1)
Costs and Budgeting	331	(1)
Summary	332	(1)
References	333	(2)
Providing Care in the Home and Community	335	(22)
Challenges and Opportunities	336	(1)
Home Health Nursing	336	(5)
Definitions of Home Health Nursing	337	(1)
Perspectives of Home Health Nursing	337	(3)
Applying the Nursing Process in the Home	340	(1)
Differences Between Home Health Nursing and Hospital Nursing	340	(1)
Community Nursing	341	(7)
Definitions of Community and Community Nursing	342	(1)
Settings For Community-Based Nursing Practice	343	(5)
Applying the Nursing Process in the Community	348	(5)
Assessing	348	(2)
Diagnosing	350	(3)
Planning and Implementing	353	(1)
Evaluating	353	(1)
Integration of Home and Community Nursing	353	(2)
Summary	355	(1)
References	355	(2)
Nursing in a Culture of Violence	357	(16)
Challenges and Opportunities	358	(1)
Family Violence and Abuse	358	(6)
Domestic Violence	358	(1)
Intimate Partner Abuse	358	(2)
Effects of Domestic Violence on Children	360	(1)
Elder Abuse	361	(1)
Violence in the Community	362	(1)
School Violence	363	(1)
Violence in the Workplace	363	(1)
Assessing the Effects of Violence and Abuse	364	(1)
Planning/Implementing Interventions for the Abused	365	(2)
Short-Term Interventions	365	(1)
Long-Term Interventions	366	(1)
Prevention of Violence and Abuse	367	(1)
Violence and Public Health	368	(2)
Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction	368	(1)
Strengthening the Public Health System	369	(1)
Summary	370	(1)
References	371	(2)
Nursing in a Culturally Diverse World	373	(24)
Challenges and Opportunities	374	(1)
Concepts Related to Culture	375	(2)
Characteristics of Culture	377	(1)
Components of Culture	377	(1)
Culture and Health Care	377	(1)
Leininger's Sunrise Model	378	(1)
Culturally Sensitive Care	378	(4)
Barriers to Cultural Sensitivity	378	(2)
Conveying Cultural Sensitivity	380	(2)
Selected Cultural Parameters Influencing Nursing Care	382	(9)
Health Beliefs and Practices	382	(1)
Family Patterns	383	(1)
Communication Style	384	(3)
Space Orientation	387	(1)
Time Orientation	387	(1)
Nutritional Patterns	387	(1)
Pain Responses	388	(1)
Childbirth and Perinatal Care	388	(2)
Death and Dying	390	(1)
Providing Culturally Competent Care	391	(3)
Summary	394	(1)
References	394	(3)
Nursing in a Spiritually Diverse World	397	(18)
Challenges and Opportunities	398	(1)
Concepts Related to Spirituality	398	(5)
Spirituality, Religion, and Faith	398	(3)
Spiritual Development	401	(1)
Prayer and Meditation	401	(2)
Selected Spiritual and Religious Beliefs Influencing Nursing Care	403	(4)
Holy Days	403	(1)
Sacred Writings and Symbols	403	(1)
Dress	404	(1)
Health Beliefs and Practices	405	(2)
Spiritual Distress	407	(1)
Providing Spiritually Competent Care	407	(4)
Spiritual Assessment	407	(1)
Diagnosing, Planning, and Implementing Spiritually Competent Care	407	(4)
Summary	411	(1)
References	412	(3)
Unit V: Into the Future
Advanced Nursing Education and Practice	415	(20)
Challenges and Opportunities	416	(1)
Advanced Nursing Education	416	(4)
Preparation for Advanced Clinical Practice	416	(2)
Master's Degree in Nursing	418	(1)
Doctoral Programs in Nursing	419	(1)
Advanced Nursing Practice	420	(9)
Types of Advanced Practice	420	(6)
Regulation of Advanced Practice	426	(1)
The International Perspective	427	(2)
The Future of Advanced Practice Nursing	429	(1)
Selecting a Graduate Program	429	(4)
Professional Career Goals	429	(1)
Personal and Family Factors	430	(1)
Program Characteristics	431	(2)
Summary	433	(1)
References	433	(2)
Visions for the Future	435	(16)
Challenges and Opportunities	436	(1)
Past Events That Have Affected Nursing	436	(4)
Events That Promoted Nursing's Growth and Development	436	(2)
Events That Have Indirectly Affected Nursing	438	(1)
Social Movements and Technological Initiatives That Have Affected Nursing	438	(2)
Future Events That Will Affect Nursing	440	(6)
Computer Technology and Its Effect on Health and Nursing Care	440	(3)
Health Care System Changes	443	(1)
Regulatory Changes	444	(1)
Continued Medical, Surgical, and Pharmacological Advances	444	(2)
Past Lessons That Can Help Nurses in the Future	446	(1)
Visions of Tomorrow	446	(4)
Summary	450	(1)
References	450	(1)
Index	451