Progress In Optics

by Wolf

• ISBN13: 9780444532114
• ISBN10: 0444532110
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-03-10
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

In the fourty-six years that have gone by since the first volume of Progress in Optics was published, optics has become one of the most dynamic fields of science. The volumes in this series which have appeared up to now contain more than 300 review articles by distinguished research workers, which have become permanent records for many important developments. - Metamaterials - Polarization Techniques - Linear Baisotropic Mediums - Ultrafast Optical Pulses - Quantum Imaging - Point-Spread Funcions - Discrete Wigner Functions

Table of Contents

Preface	p. v
Negative refractive index metamaterials in optics	p. 1
Introduction	p. 3
Ambidextrous light in a left-handed world	p. 3
Negative index: Brief history	p. 8
Optical negative index metamaterials: State of the art	p. 8
Plasmonic NIMs	p. 9
Loss management	p. 13
Alternative approaches to negative refraction	p. 15
Negative refraction and superlens	p. 20
Negative refraction	p. 20
Superlens	p. 22
Enhanced nonlinearity and its origin in metamaterials	p. 25
Optical bistability and solitons	p. 27
Generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equation	p. 28
Solitons in plasmonic nanostructures	p. 30
Gap solitons	p. 33
Optical bistability	p. 35
Ultra-narrow spatial solitons	p. 36
"Backward" phase-matching conditions: Implications for nonlinear optics	p. 38
Second-harmonic generation	p. 39
Optical parametric amplification	p. 42
Surface polaritons, waveguides and resonators	p. 44
Linear surface polaritons	p. 44
Nonlinear surface polaritons	p. 47
NIM slab as a linear waveguide	p. 48
Linear waveguide in nonlinear surroundings	p. 51
Nano-resonators	p. 53
New frontiers: Metamaterials for cloaking	p. 55
Summary	p. 59
Acknowledgements	p. 60
References	p. 60
Polarization techniques for surface nonlinear optics	p. 69
Introduction	p. 71
Polarization effects in the nonlinear response of surfaces and thin films	p. 73
Functional form of the measured signals	p. 74
Approximation of unity refractive indices	p. 76
Polarization arrangements for the characterization of nonlinear samples	p. 78
Low-symmetry samples	p. 86
Experimental considerations	p. 87
Applications of polarization techniques	p. 90
Chirality and circular-difference response	p. 90
Higher-multipole contributions to the surface nonlinearity of isotropic materials	p. 93
Complete theoretical model including linear optics	p. 101
Geometry and notational conventions	p. 104
Second-harmonic field exiting from a thick sample	p. 108
Limit of zero thickness	p. 111
Effect on the susceptibility components	p. 113
Conclusions and outlook	p. 115
Acknowledgements	p. 116
References	p. 117
Electromagnetic fields in linear bianisotropic mediums	p. 121
Introduction	p. 123
The Maxwell postulates and constitutive relations	p. 124
Maxwell postulates	p. 125
Constitutive relations	p. 126
The frequency domain	p. 127
6-vector/6 x 6 dyadic notation	p. 129
Form invariances	p. 130
Constitutive dyadics	p. 135
Linear mediums	p. 142
Isotropy	p. 143
Anisotropy	p. 144
Bianisotropy	p. 151
Nonhomogeneous mediums	p. 153
Plane-wave propagation	p. 156
Uniform and non-uniform plane waves	p. 157
Eigenanalysis	p. 158
Isotropic scenarios	p. 160
Anisotropic scenarios	p. 161
Bianisotropic scenarios	p. 168
Nonhomogeneous mediums	p. 170
Plane waves with negative phase velocity	p. 174
Dyadic Green functions	p. 175
Definition and properties	p. 176
Closed-form representations	p. 178
Eigenfunction representations	p. 183
Depolarization dyadics	p. 185
Homogenization	p. 192
Constituent mediums	p. 193
Maxwell Garnett formalism	p. 194
Bruggeman formalism	p. 195
Strong-property-fluctuation theory	p. 197
Anisotropy and bianisotropy via homogenization	p. 200
Closing remarks	p. 201
References	p. 202
Ultrafast optical pulses	p. 21
Overview of ultrashort optical pulses	p. 213
Historic developments in short optical pulse development	p. 213
Outline of chapter	p. 214
Fundamental properties of optical pulses	p. 215
Amplitudes, envelopes, and intensity	p. 215
Phase, frequency, and group delay	p. 218
Time-bandwidth product	p. 220
The "zero area" pulse	p. 221
Ultrashort-pulse generation	p. 222
Spectral properties of ultrafast laser materials	p. 222
Modelocking issues	p. 224
Active and passive modulation	p. 226
Modelocking schemes	p. 228
Ultrafast-pulse characterization	p. 236
Autocorrelation	p. 237
Frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG)	p. 239
Ultrafast Ti:sapphire lasers and amplifiers	p. 240
Dispersion control	p. 240
Ultrashort Ti:sapphire lasers	p. 242
Ti:sapphire amplifiers	p. 243
Attosecond pulses	p. 244
Conclusion	p. 246
References	p. 247
Quantum imaging	p. 251
Introduction to quantum imaging	p. 253
Optical parametric down-conversion of type I	p. 255
Spatially multimode versus single-mode squeezing	p. 260
Spatial structure of squeezed vacuum states in the degenerate optical parametric oscillator below threshold	p. 261
Quantum images in the OPO above and below threshold	p. 264
The interference of signal and idler waves in type I PDC	p. 271
Quantum spatial intensity correlations in optical parametric down-conversion	p. 274
Degenerate OPO below threshold, spatial quantum correlation and entanglement	p. 275
Multimode-model for single-pass parametric down-conversion	p. 279
Single-pass PDC of type I. Near-field/far-field duality	p. 282
Single-pass PDC of type II. Simultaneous near-field and far-field spatial correlation	p. 285
Detection of sub-shot-noise spatial correlation in the high gain regime of type II PDC. Spatial analogue of photon antibunching	p. 288
Detection of weak amplitude objects beyond the standard quantum limit	p. 295
Multimode polarization entanglement in high-gain PDC	p. 295
Ghost imaging	p. 298
General theory of ghost imaging with entangled beams	p. 300
Two paradigmatic imaging schemes	p. 302
Spatial average in ghost diffraction: Increase of spatial bandwidth and of speed in retrieval. Homodyne detection scheme	p. 305
Debate: Is quantum entanglement really necessary for ghost imaging?	p. 307
Ghost imaging by splitted thermal-like beams: Theory	p. 309
Resolution aspects, correlation aspects, visibility aspects	p. 311
Ghost imaging with splitted thermal beams: Experiment	p. 313
Complementarity between "thermal" ghost imaging and the classic Hanbury-Brown-Twiss (HBT) correlation technique, with respect to spatial coherence	p. 317
Image amplification by parametric down-conversion	p. 319
Twin (quantum entangled) images	p. 319
Noiseless amplification of images	p. 321
Theory of noiseless amplification of optical images	p. 324
Noiseless amplification of optical images: Experiments in the pumped regime	p. 326
Noiseless amplification of optical images: Experiment in the cw regime. Experimental observation of twin images	p. 328
The quantum laser pointer	p. 329
1D experiment	p. 331
2D quantum laser pointer	p. 332
Miscellaneous	p. 335
Object reconstruction	p. 336
Entangled two-photon microscopy	p. 337
Quantum-optical coherence tomography	p. 338
Quantum ellipsometry	p. 338
Transverse distribution of quantum fluctuations in free-space spatial solitons	p. 338
Quantum fluctuations in cavity solitons	p. 339
Quantum holographic teleportation and dense coding of optical images	p. 339
Quantum-optical lithography	p. 341
References	p. 343
Assessment of optical systems by means of point-spread functions	p. 349
Introduction	p. 351
The optical point-spread function	p. 352
Quality assessment by inverse problem solving	p. 354
Theory of point-spread function formation	p. 355
Field representations and the diffraction integral	p. 355
The Debye integral for focused fields	p. 359
The Rayleigh-I integral for focused fields	p. 362
Comparison of the various diffraction integrals	p. 364
The amplitude of the point-spread function produced by an optical system	p. 367
Analytic expressions for the point-spread function in the focal region (scalar case)	p. 376
Analytic expressions for the point-spread function in the vector diffraction case	p. 384
The point-spread function in a stratified medium	p. 389
Energy density and power flow in the focal region	p. 391
Expression for the electric energy density	p. 391
Expression for the Poynting vector	p. 403
Quality assessment by inverse problem solution	p. 409
Intensity measurements and phase retrieval	p. 410
The optical inverse problem for finite-aperture imaging systems	p. 411
Solving the optical inverse problem using phase diversity	p. 415
Quality assessment using the Extended Nijboer-Zernike diffraction theory	p. 417
Scalar retrieval process using the Extended Nijboer-Zernike theory	p. 419
Pupil function retrieval for high-NA imaging systems	p. 431
Retrieval examples for high-NA systems	p. 435
Conclusion and outlook	p. 454
Acknowledgements	p. 455
Derivation of Weyl's plane wave expansion of a spherical wave	p. 456
The Debye integral in the presence of aberrations	p. 457
Series expansion of the diffraction integral at large defocus	p. 458
Series expansion for the diffraction integral V[superscript m subscript n,j](r, f)	p. 459
Expansion using the functions V[superscript m subscript n] (r, f)	p. 460
Expansion using the functions T[superscript m subscript n] (r, f)	p. 461
The predictor-corrector procedure	p. 463
Zernike coefficients for circularly symmetric polarization states	p. 465
References	p. 466
The discrete Wigner function	p. 469
Introduction	p. 471
Continuous Wigner function	p. 476
Discrete finite space and finite fields	p. 477
The generalized Pauli group	p. 480
Prime-dimensional spaces	p. 480
Power-of-a-prime-dimensional spaces	p. 481
Mutually unbiased bases	p. 485
The discrete Wigner function	p. 488
Wigner function in prime-dimensional spaces	p. 488
Wigner function in composite-dimensional spaces	p. 495
Wigner function for p[superscript N]-dimensional space	p. 496
Reconstruction of the density operator from the discrete Wigner function	p. 498
Lines and rays	p. 498
Marginal probability density and the density operator	p. 500
Tomographic reconstruction	p. 501
Rotation operators	p. 502
The phase of the displacement operator	p. 507
Applications	p. 509
Discussion and outlook	p. 512
Acknowledgements	p. 513
References	p. 514
Author index for Volume 51	p. 517
Subject index for volume 51	p. 533
Contents of previous volumes	p. 537
Cumulative index - Volumes 1-51	p. 549
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