Properties of Materials Anisotropy, Symmetry, Structure

by Newnham, Robert E.

• ISBN13: 9780198520764
• ISBN10: 019852076X
• eBook ISBN(s): 9780191523403
• Additional ISBN(s): 9780198520757
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-01-27
• Publisher: Oxford University Press
• More Book Details

Summary

Crystals are sometimes called "Flowers of the Mineral Kingdom." In addition to their great beauty, crystals and other textured materials are enormously useful in electronics, optics, acoustics, and many other engineering applications. This richly illustrated text describes the underlying principles of crystal physics and chemistry, covering a wide range of topics, and illustrating numerous applications in many fields of engineering using the most important materials. It has been written at a level suitable for science and engineering students and cab be used for teaching a one- or two-semester course. Tensors, matrices, symmetry, and structure-property relationships form the main subjects of the book. While tensors and matrices provide the mathematical framework for understanding anistropy, on which the physical and chemical properties of crystals and textured materials often depend, atomistic arguments are also needed to qualify the property coefficients in various directions. The atomistic arguments are partly based on symmetry and party on the basic physics and chemistry of materials. After introducing the point groups appropriate for single crystals, textured materials, and ordered magnetic structures, the directional properties of many different materials are described: linear and nonlinear elasticity, piezoelectricity and electrostriction, magnetic phenomena, diffusion and other transport properties, and both primary and secondary ferroic behavior. With crystal optics (its roots in classical mineralogy) having become an important component of the information age, nonlinear optics is described along with the piezo-optics and electro-optics, and analagous linear and nonlinear acoustic wave phenomena. Enantiomorphism, optical activity, and chemical anisotropy are discussed in the final chapters of the book.

Author Biography

Robert E. Newnham is Alcoa Professor of Solid State Science in the Materials Research Laboratory at The Pennsylvania State University, USA.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(8)
Outline	1	(2)
Structure-property relationships	3	(1)
Symmetry of physical properties	4	(1)
Atomistic arguments: Density	5	(4)
Transformations	9	(5)
Why transformations?	9	(1)
Axis transformations	9	(1)
Orthogonality conditions	10	(2)
General rotation (Eulerian angles)	12	(2)
Symmetry	14	(9)
Symmetry operations	14	(1)
Symmetry elements and stereographic projections	15	(2)
Point groups and their stereograms	17	(3)
Crystallographic nomenclature	20	(1)
Point group populations	20	(3)
Transformation operators for symmetry elements	23	(7)
Transformation operators for the crystallographic symmetry elements	23	(2)
Transformation operations for the thirty-two crystal classes	25	(1)
Standard settings	26	(1)
Curie group symmetries	26	(4)
Tensors and physical properties	30	(7)
Physical properties	30	(1)
Polar tensors and tensor properties	31	(1)
Axial tensor properties	32	(1)
Geometric representations	33	(1)
Neumann's Principle	34	(1)
Analytical form of Neumann's Principle	34	(3)
Thermodynamic relationships	37	(6)
Linear systems	37	(1)
Coupled interactions: Maxwell relations	38	(2)
Measurement conditions	40	(3)
Specific heat and entropy	43	(7)
Heat capacity of solids	43	(3)
Lattice vibrations	46	(2)
Entropy and the magnetocaloric effect	48	(2)
Pyroelectricity	50	(8)
Pyroelectric and electrocaloric tensors	50	(1)
Symmetry limitations	50	(2)
Polar axes	52	(1)
Geometric representation	53	(1)
Pyroelectric measurements	54	(1)
Primary and secondary pyroelectric effects	54	(1)
Pyroelectric materials	55	(1)
Temperature dependence	55	(2)
Applications	57	(1)
Dielectric constant	58	(14)
Origins of the dielectric constant	58	(2)
Dielectric tensor	60	(2)
Effect of symmetry	62	(1)
Experimental methods	63	(4)
Geometric representation	67	(2)
Polycrystalline dielectrics	69	(1)
Structure--property relationships	69	(3)
Stress and strain	72	(7)
Mechanical stress	72	(2)
Stress transformations	74	(1)
Strain tensor	75	(2)
Matrix transformation for strain	77	(2)
Thermal expansion	79	(8)
Effect of symmetry	79	(2)
Thermal expansion measurements	81	(1)
Structure--property relations	82	(3)
Temperature dependence	85	(2)
Piezoelectricity	87	(16)
Tensor and matrix formulations	87	(2)
Matrix transformations and Neumann's Law	89	(2)
Piezoelectric symmetry groups	91	(2)
Experimental techniques	93	(1)
Structure--property relations	94	(3)
Hydrostatic piezoelectric effect	97	(2)
Piezoelectric ceramics	99	(1)
Practical piezoelectrics: Quartz crystals	100	(3)
Elasticity	103	(19)
Tensor and matrix coefficients	103	(2)
Tensor and matrix transformations	105	(1)
Stiffness-compliance relations	106	(1)
Effect of symmetry	107	(2)
Engineering coefficients and measurement methods	109	(1)
Anisotropy and structure--property relations	110	(3)
Compressibility	113	(1)
Polycrystalline averages	114	(2)
Temperature coefficients	116	(2)
Quartz crystal resonators	118	(4)
Magnetic phenomena	122	(25)
Basic ideas and units	122	(2)
Magnetic structures and time reversal	124	(1)
Magnetic point groups	125	(5)
Magnetic axial vectors	130	(1)
Saturation magnetization and pyromagnetism	131	(3)
Magnetic susceptibility and permeability	134	(1)
Diamagnetic and paramagnetic crystals	135	(2)
Susceptibility measurements	137	(1)
Magnetoelectricity	138	(4)
Piezomagnetism	142	(4)
Summary	146	(1)
Nonlinear phenomena	147	(15)
Nonlinear dielectric properties	147	(1)
Nonlinear elastic properties	148	(3)
Electrostriction	151	(2)
Magnetostriction	153	(1)
Modeling magnetostriction	154	(5)
Magnetostrictive actuators	159	(1)
Electromagnetostriction and pseudopiezoelectricity	160	(2)
Ferroic crystals	162	(26)
Free energy formulation	162	(3)
Ferroelasticity	165	(3)
Ferromagnetism	168	(2)
Magnetic anisotropy	170	(4)
Ferroelectricity	174	(3)
Secondary ferroics: Ferrobielectricity and ferrobimagnetism	177	(2)
Secondary ferroics: Ferrobielasticity and ferroelastoelectricity	179	(3)
Secondary ferroics: Ferromagnetoelectrics and ferromagnetoelastics	182	(1)
Order parameters	183	(5)
Electrical resistivity	188	(15)
Tensor and matrix relations	188	(1)
Resistivity measurements	189	(2)
Electrode metals	191	(2)
Anisotropic conductors	193	(1)
Semiconductors and insulators	194	(2)
Band gap and mobility	196	(3)
Nonlinear behavior: Varistors and thermistors	199	(3)
Quasicrystals	202	(1)
Thermal conductivity	203	(8)
Tensor nature and experiments	203	(3)
Structure--property relationships	206	(2)
Temperature dependence	208	(2)
Field dependence	210	(1)
Diffusion and ionic conductivity	211	(12)
Definition and tensor formulation	211	(1)
Structure--property relationships	212	(5)
Ionic conductivity	217	(2)
Superionic conductors	219	(1)
Cross-coupled diffusion	220	(3)
Galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic phenomena	223	(11)
Galvanomagnetic effects	224	(2)
Hall Effect and magnetoresistance	226	(1)
Underlying physics	227	(2)
Galvanomagnetic effects in magnetic materials	229	(3)
Thermomagnetic effects	232	(2)
Thermoelectricity	234	(9)
Seebeck Effect	234	(1)
Peltier Effect	235	(1)
Thomson Effect	235	(1)
Kelvin Relations and absolute thermopower	236	(2)
Practical thermoelectric materials	238	(1)
Tensor relationships	239	(1)
Magnetic field dependence	240	(3)
Piezoresistance	243	(6)
Tensor description	243	(1)
Matrix form	244	(1)
Longitudinal and transverse gages	245	(2)
Structure--property relations	247	(2)
Acoustic waves I	249	(12)
The Christoffel Equation	249	(3)
Acoustic waves in hexagonal crystals	252	(3)
Matrix representation	255	(1)
Isotropic solids and pure mode directions	256	(2)
Phase velocity and group velocity	258	(3)
Acoustic waves II	261	(13)
Acoustic impedance	261	(1)
Ultrasonic attenuation	262	(2)
Physical origins of attenuation	264	(1)
Surface acoustic waves	265	(1)
Elastic waves in piezoelectric media	266	(4)
Nonlinear acoustics	270	(4)
Crystal optics	274	(12)
Electromagnetic waves	274	(2)
Optical indicatrix and refractive index measurements	276	(2)
Wave normals and ray directions	278	(2)
Structure--property relationships	280	(2)
Birefringence and crystal structure	282	(4)
Dispersion and absorption	286	(8)
Dispersion	286	(2)
Absorption, color, and dichroism	288	(3)
Reflectivity and luster	291	(1)
Thermo-optic effect	292	(2)
Photoelasticity and acousto-optics	294	(8)
Basic concepts	294	(1)
Photoelasticity	295	(1)
Static photoelastic measurements	296	(2)
Acousto-optics	298	(2)
Anisotropic media	300	(1)
Material issues	300	(2)
Electro-optic phenomena	302	(11)
Linear electro-optic effect	303	(1)
Pockels Effect in KDP and ADP	304	(4)
Linear electro-optic coefficients	308	(1)
Quadratic electro-optic effect	309	(4)
Nonlinear optics	313	(12)
Structure--property relations	313	(2)
Tensor formulation and frequency conversion	315	(1)
Second harmonic generation	316	(2)
Phase matching	318	(4)
Third harmonic generation	322	(3)
Optical activity and enantiomorphism	325	(17)
Molecular origins	325	(2)
Tensor description	327	(2)
Effect of symmetry	329	(2)
Relationship to enantiomorphism	331	(2)
Liquids and liquid crystals	333	(4)
Dispersion and circular dichroism	337	(3)
Electrogyration, piezogyration, and thermogyration	340	(2)
Magneto-optics	342	(12)
The Faraday Effect	342	(1)
Tensor nature	343	(2)
Faraday Effect in microwave magnetics	345	(1)
Magneto-optic recording media	346	(2)
Magnetic circular dichroism	348	(2)
Nonlinear magneto-optic effects	350	(1)
Magnetoelectric optical phenomena	351	(3)
Chemical anisotropy	354	(15)
Crystal morphology	354	(2)
Growth velocity	356	(2)
Crystal growth and crystal structure	358	(2)
Surface structures and surface transformations	360	(1)
Etch figures and symmetry relations	361	(2)
Micromachining of quartz and silicon	363	(3)
Tensor description	366	(3)
Further Reading	369	(6)
Index	375