Psychological Testing: Principles and Applications

by Murphy, Kevin R.; Davidshofer, Charles O.

• ISBN13: 9780130273956
• ISBN10: 0130273953
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

For sophomore/junior-level courses in Psychological Testing or Measurement. Focuses on the use of psychological tests to make important decisions about individuals in a variety of settings. This text explores the theory, methods, and applications of psychological testing. It gives a full and fair evaluation of the advantages and drawbacks of psychological testing in general, and selected tests in particular.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Part I Introduction to Psychological Testing
Tests and Measurements	1	(17)
Psychological Tests-A Definition	3	(3)
Types of Tests	6	(2)
Tests and Decisions-Uses of Psychological Tests	8	(3)
Testing Activities of Psychologists	11	(1)
Information About Tests	12	(1)
Standards for Testing	13	(4)
Critical Discussion: Alternatives to Psychological Tests	16	(1)
Summary	17	(1)
Key Terms	17	(1)
Defining and Measuring Psychological Attributes: Ability, Interests, and personality	18	(31)
Psychological Attributes and Decisions	18	(1)
Intelligence General Mental Ability	19	(16)
Critical Discussion: IQ or EQ?	34	(1)
Interests	35	(4)
Personality	39	(8)
Critical Discussion: The Relationship Among Abilities, Interests, and Personality Characteristics	46	(1)
Summary	47	(1)
Key Terms	48	(1)
Testing and Society	49	(18)
Types of Decisions	50	(2)
Societal Concerns	52	(10)
Critical Discussion: Science and Politics in the Ability-Testing Debate-The &11 Curve	56	(6)
Critical Discussion: The Strange Case of Sir Cyril Burt	62	(1)
Analyzing the Societal Consequences of Tests	62	(3)
Critical Discussion: Are There Technical Solutions to Societal Problems?	65	(1)
Summary	65	(1)
Key Terms	66	(1)
Part II Principles of Psychological Measurement
Basic Concepts in Measurements and Statistics	67	(19)
Psychological Measurement	67	(6)
Evaluating Psychological Tests	73	(2)
Statistical Concepts	75	(9)
Critical Discussion: Measurement Scales and Statistics	83	(1)
Summary	84	(1)
Key Terms	85	(1)
Scales, Transformations, and Norms	86	(22)
Transformations	86	(5)
Equating Scale Scores	91	(4)
Norms	95	(7)
Expectancy Tables	102	(4)
Critical Discussion: Should IQ Scores of Black Examinees Be Based on White Norms?	105	(1)
Summary	106	(1)
Key Terms	107	(1)
Reliability: The Consistency of Test Scores	108	(18)
Sources of Consistency and Inconsistency in Test Scores	109	(2)
General Model of Reliability	111	(2)
Simple Methods of Estimating Reliability	113	(6)
Reliability Estimates and Error	119	(1)
The Generalizability of Test Scores	120	(4)
Critical Discussion: Generalizability and Reliability Theory	123	(1)
Summary	124	(1)
Key Terms	124	(2)
Using and Interpreting Information about Test Reliability	126	(19)
Using the Reliability Coefficient	126	(5)
Factors Affecting Reliability	131	(4)
Special Issues in Reliability	135	(6)
How Reliable Should Tests Be?	141	(2)
Critical Discussion: Precise but Narrow-The Bandwidth-Fidelity Dilemma	143	(1)
Summary	143	(1)
Key Terms	144	(1)
Validity of Measurement: Content and Construct-Oriented Validation Strategies	145	(24)
Validation Strategies	145	(2)
Assessing the Validity of Measurement	147	(1)
Content-Oriented Validation Strategies	148	(6)
Critical Discussion: Face Validity	154	(1)
Construct-Oriented Validation Strategies	154	(11)
Content and Construct Validity	165	(2)
Critical Discussion: How Do We Know Whether Intelligence Tests Really Measure Intelligence?	166	(1)
Summary	167	(1)
Key Terms	168	(1)
Validity for Decisions: Criterion-Related Validity	169	(23)
Decision and Prediction	169	(2)
Criteria	171	(1)
Criterion-Related Validation Strategies	172	(6)
Construct Validity and Criterion-Related Validity	178	(2)
Interpreting Validity Coefficients	180	(10)
Critical Discussion: Values and Validation	189	(1)
Summary	190	(1)
Key Terms	191	(1)
Item Analysis	192	(23)
Purpose of Item Analysis	192	(1)
Distractor Analysis	193	(2)
Item Difficulty	195	(3)
Item Discrimination	198	(3)
Interactions Among Item Characteristics	201	(2)
Item Response Theory	203	(10)
Critical Discussion: Using Item Response Theory to Detect Test Bias	212	(1)
Summary	213	(1)
Key Terms	214	(1)
Part III Developing Measures of Ability, Interests, and Personality
The process of Test Development	215	(21)
Constructing the Test	215	(12)
Critical Discussion: How Accurately Can Response Sets Be Detected?	224	(2)
Critical Discussion: Do Different Test Formats Give Unique Interpretive Information?	226	(1)
Norming and Standardizing Tests	227	(3)
Test Publication and Revision	230	(3)
Critical Discussion: Should Tests Be Normed Nationally, Regionally, or Locally?	232	(1)
Summary	233	(2)
Key Terms	235	(1)
Computerized Test Administration and Interpretation	236	(16)
Use of Computers in Testing: A Taxonomy	237	(2)
Critical Discussion: Test Information on the Internet	239	(1)
Computerized Test Administration	239	(2)
Computerized Adaptive Testing	241	(3)
Computer-Based Test Interpretation	244	(4)
Detecting Invalid or Unusual Response Patterns	248	(2)
Critical Discussion: The Barnum Effect and Computerized Test Interpretation	249	(1)
Summary	250	(1)
Key Terms	251	(1)
Ability Testing: Individual Tests	252	(24)
The Role of the Examiner	253	(1)
Individual Tests of General Mental Ability	254	(18)
Individual Tests of Specific Abilities	272	(2)
Critical Discussion: Testing Examinees From Different Racial and Ethnic Groups	273	(1)
Summary	274	(1)
Key Terms	275	(1)
Ability Testing: Group Tests	276	(25)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Group Tests	277	(1)
Measures of General Cognitive Ability	278	(4)
Scholastic Tests	282	(10)
Critical Discussion: How Did Large-Scale College Admission Testing Begin?	286	(6)
Multiple-Aptitude Batteries	292	(7)
Critical Discussion: The Case Against Large-Scale Testing	299	(1)
Summary	299	(1)
Key Terms	300	(1)
Issues in Ability Testing	301	(35)
Bias and Fairness in Mental Testing	302	(13)
Critical Discussion: Are Judgments of Item Bias Useful?	315	(1)
Culture-Reduced Testing	315	(9)
Critical Discussion: Intelligence and Adaptive Behavior	323	(1)
Heritability, Consistency, and Modifiability of IQ	324	(10)
Critical Discussion: Intelligence and Social Class	328	(5)
Critical Discussion: Project Head Start	333	(1)
Summary	334	(1)
Key Terms	334	(2)
Interest Testing	336	(41)
The Strong Interest Inventory	337	(15)
The Kuder Interest Inventories	352	(9)
Critical Discussion: A Novel Approach to Interest Measurement: The Kuder Career Search With Person Match	360	(1)
Career Assessment Inventory	361	(7)
Jackson Vocational Interest Survey	368	(5)
Critical Discussion: Should Interest Tests Be Used in Personnel Selection?	373	(1)
Summary	373	(3)
Key Terms	376	(1)
Personality Testing	377	(27)
Development of Personality Testing	377	(1)
Objective Measures of Personality	378	(14)
Critical Discussion: Can the CPI Be Used to Type People?	384	(8)
Projective Tests of Personality	392	(10)
Critical Discussion: Are Scales on Personality Tests Interpreted Independently?	401	(1)
Critical Discussion: Reliability and Validity of Projective Tests, Personality Inventories, and Intelligence Tests	401	(1)
Summary	402	(1)
Key Terms	403	(1)
Part IV Using Tests to Make Decisions
Tests and Educational decisions	404	(15)
Applications in Institutional Decision Making	405	(7)
Critical Discussion: The National Assessment of Educational Progress	411	(1)
Applications in Individual Decision Making	412	(5)
Critical Discussion: What Is Portfolio Assessment? Should It Be Used for Educational Assessment?	415	(1)
Critical Discussion: What Is Criterion-Referenced Testing?	416	(1)
Summary	417	(1)
Key Terms	418	(1)
Psychological Measurement in Industry	419	(48)
Extent and Impact of Personnel Testing	419	(2)
Predicting Performance	421	(15)
Comparative Assessment of Personnel Tests	436	(3)
Critical Discussion: Can Graphology Predict Occupational Success?	438	(1)
The Validity of Personnel Tests	439	(3)
The Social and Legal Context of Employment Testing	442	(4)
Critical Discussion: Personnel Selection From the Applicant's Point of View	445	(1)
Assessing Integrity	446	(3)
Measures of Job Performance and Effectiveness	449	(3)
Judgmental Measures	452	(12)
Summary	464	(1)
Key Terms	465	(2)
Diagnostic Testing: clinical Applications	467	(28)
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory	467	(8)
MMPI-2	475	(1)
The Bender-Gestalt	476	(3)
Scatter Analysis	479	(3)
Diagnostic Classification Systems	482	(5)
Critical Discussion: Professional Ethics and Clinical Testing	487	(1)
Neuropsychological Assessment	487	(6)
Summary	493	(1)
Key Terms	494	(1)
Clinical Assessment	495	(28)
The Nature of Clinical Assessment	496	(4)
Studying Clinical Judgment	500	(9)
Structured Assessment Programs	509	(12)
Critical Discussion: Psychological Assessment in the Courtroom	520	(1)
Summary	521	(1)
Key Terms	522	(1)
Appendix A: Forty Representative Tests	523	(2)
Appendix B: Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code Of Conduct	525	(19)
References	544	(43)
Author Index	587	(10)
Subject Index	597