Psychology Applied to Work: An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology

by Muchinsky, Paul M.

• ISBN13: 9780495093237
• ISBN10: 0495093238
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-09-08
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Now in its eighth edition, PSYCHOLOGY APPLIED TO WORK has established itself as the standard for textbooks in introductory industrial and organizational psychology. Written by Paul Muchinsky a recognized expert and award winning teacher -- this text provides the most comprehensive resource available for I/O students: a research-based text coupled with the most relevant and contemporary applications of today's workplace issues. Case studies, field notes, and real company examples in every chapter illustrate and bring to life the relevance of I/O psychology to students' daily lives. The Eighth Edition of Muchinsky is accompanied by a dramatically expanded selection of media ancillaries for instructors, and improved student supplements.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 The Historical Background of I/O Psychology	1	(21)
Industrial/Organizational Psychology	2	(3)
Fields of I/0 Psychology	4	(1)
Licensing of Psychologists	5	(1)
The History of I/O Psychology	6	(13)
The Early Years (1900-1916)	6	(3)
World War I (1917-1918)	9	(2)
Between the Wars (1919-1940)	11	(2)
World War II (1941-1945)	13	(1)
Toward Specialization (1946-1963)	14	(1)
Government Intervention (1964–1993)	14	(2)
The Information Age (1994–Present)	16	(1)
Overview	17	(6)
The Changing Nature of Work: I/O Psychology and 9/11/01	18	(1)
Cross-Cultural I/O Psychology	19	(1)
The Mandate of I/O Psychology	20	(1)
Chapter Summary	21	(1)
Web Resources	21	(1)
Chapter 2 Research Methods in I/0 Psychology	22	(34)
The Empirical Research Process	23	(24)
Statement of the Problem	23	(2)
Design of the Research Study	25	(1)
Primary Research Methods	26	(4)
Cross-Cultural 1/0 Psychology: Cross-Cultural Research	29	(1)
Secondary Research Methods	30	(2)
Qualitative Research	32	(2)
Measurement of Variables	34	(1)
Analysis of Data	35	(10)
Conclusions from Research	45	(16)
Field Note 1: Researcher As Detective	47	(1)
Ethical Issues in Research	47	(2)
Research in Industry	49	(6)
The Changing Nature of Work: Genetic Research	50	(1)
Field Note 2: An Ethical Dilemma	51	(2)
Field Note 3: Win the Battle but Lose the War	53	(1)
Case Study How Should I Study This?	54	(1)
Chapter Summary	55	(1)
Web Resources	55	(1)
Chapter 3 Criteria: Standards for Decision Making	56	(34)
Conceptual Versus Actual Criteria	58	(1)
Criterion Deficiency, Relevance, and Contamination	59	(2)
Job Analysis	61	(14)
Sources of Job Information	61	(1)
Job Analysis Procedures	62	(3)
How to Collect Job Analysis Information	65	(6)
Field Note 1: A Memorable Lesson	67	(1)
Field Note 2: Unintentional Obstruction of Work	68	(3)
Managerial Job Analysis	71	(1)
Uses of Job Analysis Information	72	(1)
Evaluating Job Analysis Methods	73	(1)
Competency Modeling	73	(2)
Job Evaluation	75	(2)
Cross-Cultural I/O Psychology: Wage Rates Around the World	75	(1)
Methods of Job Evaluation	76	(1)
Job Performance Criteria	77	(9)
Eight Major Job Performance Criteria	78	(6)
Field Note 3: Theft of Waste	82	(1)
The Changing Nature of Work: The New Recipe for Success	83	(1)
Relationships Among Job Performance Criteria	84	(1)
Dynamic Performance Criteria	85	(1)
Expanding Our View of Criteria	86	(2)
Case Study Theft of Company Property	87	(1)
Chapter Summary	88	(1)
Web Resources	89	(1)
Chapter 4 Predictors: Psychological Assessments	90	(48)
Assessing the Quality of Predictors	91	(7)
Reliability	91	(2)
Validity	93	(5)
Predictor Development	98	(1)
Psychological Tests and inventories	99	(2)
History of Psychological Testing	99	(1)
Types of Tests	100	(1)
Ethical Standards in Testing	101	(1)
Sources of Information About Testing	101	(2)
Test Content	103	(10)
Intelligence Tests	103	(1)
Mechanical Aptitude Tests	104	(1)
Field Note 1: What Is Intelligence?	105	(1)
Sensory/Motor Ability Tests	105	(2)
Personality Inventories	107	(2)
Integrity Tests	109	(1)
Physical Abilities Testing	110	(1)
Multiple-Aptitude Test Batteries	111	(1)
Computerized Adaptive Testing	111	(2)
Current Issues in Testing	113	(1)
The Value of Testing	114	(1)
Interviews	115	(3)
Degree of Structure	115	(1)
Situational Interviews	116	(5)
The Changing Nature of Work: Video-Interpretive Assessment	118	(1)
Assessment Centers	118	(3)
Work Samples and Situational Exercises	121	(1)
Work Samples	121	(1)
Situational Exercises	121	(1)
Biographical Information	122	(2)
Letters of Recommendation	124	(2)
Field Note 2: Inappropriate Question?	125	(1)
Field Note 3: Intentional Deception in Letters of Recommendation	126	(1)
Drug Testing	126	(2)
New or Controversial Methods of Assessment	128	(3)
Polygraph or Lie Detection	128	(1)
Graphology	129	(1)
Tests of Emotional Intelligence	129	(2)
Overview and Evaluation of Predictors	131	(5)
Cross-Cultural I/O Psychology: Cross-Cultural Preferences in Assessing Job Applicants	133	(1)
Case Study How Do We Hire Police Officers?	134	(2)
Chapter Summary	136	(1)
Web Resources	137	(1)
Chapter 5 Personnel Decisions	138	(43)
The Social Context for Personnel Decisions	139	(2)
Cross-Cultural I/O Psychology: Cross-Cultural Preferences in Ideal Job Candidates	141	(1)
The Legal Context for Personnel Decisions	141	(8)
Civil Rights Act of 1964	141	(1)
Americans With Disabilities Act	142	(1)
Adverse Impact	143	(2)
Major Court Cases	145	(1)
Societal Values and Employment Law	146	(1)
Affirmative Action	147	(2)
Recruitment	149	(3)
Field Note 1: The Left-Handed Dentist	152	(1)
A Model of Personnel Decisions	152	(2)
Regression Analysis	154	(4)
Multiple Predictors	155	(2)
Multiple Regression Analysis	157	(1)
Validity Generalization	158	(2)
A Model of Performance	160	(1)
Personnel Selection	161	(13)
Selection Decisions	165	(3)
Field Note 2: Raising the Bar	167	(1)
Determination of the Cutoff Score	168	(4)
Field Note 3: Dirty Politics	171	(1)
Overview of Personnel Selection	172	(4)
The Changing Nature of Work: Affirmative Action and the Conduct of Work	174	(1)
Test Utility and Organizational Efficiency	174	(2)
Placement and Classification	176	(3)
Case Study Just Give Me a Chance	177	(2)
Chapter Summary	179	(1)
Web Resources	180	(1)
Chapter 6 Organizational Learning	181	(32)
Learning and Task Performance	182	(3)
The Pretraining Environment	185	(1)
The Changing Nature of Work: The Pretraining Environment and Workplace Safety	185	(1)
Assessing Training Needs	186	(4)
Organizational Analysis	187	(1)
Task Analysis	188	(1)
Person Analysis	189	(1)
Methods and Techniques of Training	190	(5)
Computer-Based Training	191	(1)
Field Note 1: Distance Learning	192	(2)
Non—Computer-Based Training	194	(1)
Management Development Issues	195	(10)
Cultural Diversity Training	197	(3)
Sexual Harassment Training	200	(2)
Mentoring	202	(2)
Cross-Cultural I/O Psychology: The Acceptability of Mentoring Across Cultures	203	(1)
Executive Coaching	204	(1)
The Posttraining Environment	205	(2)
Field Note 2: The Willingness to Be Trained	206	(1)
Evaluation Criteria of Training Programs	207	(5)
Case Study Yet Again	211	(1)
Chapter Summary	212	(1)
Web Resources	212	(1)
Chapter 7 Performance Management	213	(35)
Using the Results of Performance Appraisals	215	(3)
Performance Appraisal and the Law	218	(1)
Theory of Person Perception	219	(1)
Sources of Performance Appraisal Information	220	(13)
Objective Production Data	221	(1)
Field Note 1: What Is "High" Performance?	222	(1)
Personnel Data	222	(1)
Judgmental Data	223	(14)
Field Note 2: Good Research Isn't Cheap	232	(1)
Rater Training	233	(1)
Rater Motivation	234	(2)
Field Note 3: Are High Ratings a "Problem"?	235	(1)
Contextual Performance	236	(1)
Self- and Peer Assessments	237	(2)
Self-Assessments	237	(1)
Peer Assessments	238	(1)
360-Degree Feedback	239	(4)
Cross-Cultural I/O Psychology: Cultural Differences in the Acceptability of Multisource Feedback	241	(2)
The Changing Nature of Work: The Use of Multisource Feedback in Evaluating Students	243	(1)
Feedback of Appraisal Information to Employees	243	(2)
Concluding Comments	245	(1)
Case Study What Do You Do with Poor Performers?	245	(1)
Chapter Summary	246	(1)
Web Resources	247	(1)
Chapter 8 Organizations and Organizational Change	248	(36)
Three Theories of Organizations	250	(5)
Classical Theory	250	(2)
Neoclassical Theory	252	(1)
Systems Theory	253	(2)
Organizational Structure	255	(4)
Coordinating Mechanisms	255	(2)
The Five Basic Parts of an Organization	257	(2)
Components of Social Systems	259	(7)
Roles	260	(1)
The Changing Nature of Work: Jobs Versus Roles	260	(1)
Norms	261	(2)
Organizational Culture	263	(3)
Field Note 1: A Clear Message	265	(1)
Summary of Social System Components	266	(1)
Global Organizations	266	(4)
Cross-Cultural I/O Psychology: Four Dimensions on Which Cultures Can Differ	269	(1)
Organizational Change	270	(7)
Organization Development	270	(1)
Reorganizing and Downsizing	271	(3)
Field Note 2: Over-Downsizing	271	(3)
Empowerment	274	(1)
Six Sigma	275	(18)
Field Note 3: Students as Customers?	276	(1)
Overcoming Organizational Resistance to Change	277	(2)
An Example of the Need for Organizational Change	279	(3)
Case Study The Relative Value of Frogs Versus Grass	281	(1)
Chapter Summary	282	(1)
Web Resources	283	(1)
Chapter 9 Teams and Teamwork	284	(27)
Origins of Work Teams	285	(2)
Level of Analysis	287	(1)
Types of Teams	288	(2)
The Changing Nature of Work: Multiteam Systems	290	(1)
Principles of Teamwork	290	(1)
Team Structure	291	(2)
Team Processes	293	(8)
Socialization	294	(1)
Interpersonal Processes in Teams	295	(3)
Field Note 1: Orchestrated Conflict	296	(2)
Shared Mental Models	298	(2)
Decision Making in Teams	300	(1)
Virtual Teams	301	(3)
Field Note 2: "What's a Good Time to Get Together?"	302	(1)
Cross-Cultural I/O Psychology: Human Interaction in Virtual Teams	303	(1)
Personnel Selection for Teams	304	(2)
Training for Teams	306	(1)
Performance Appraisal ire Teams	307	(1)
Field Note 3: Teams in Education	308	(1)
Concluding Comments	308	(2)
Case Study The Grenoble Marketing Company	309	(1)
Chapter Summary	310	(1)
Web Resources	311	(1)
Chapter 10 Organizational Attitudes and Behavior	311	(33)
Job Satisfaction	313	(5)
Changing Nature of Work: Emotions in the Workplace	317	(1)
Job Involvement	318	(3)
Organizational Commitment	t319
Organizational Justice	321	(5)
Distributive Justice	322	(1)
Procedural Justice	323	(2)
Field Note 1: What Is "Fair"?	324	(1)
Interactional Justice	325	(1)
Organizational Citizenship Behavior	326	(2)
The Psychological Contract	328	(5)
Violations of the Psychological Contract	330	(3)
Field Note 2: Mutual Expectations	332	(1)
Cross-Cultural I/O Psychology: Cross-Cultural Influences on Organizational Attitudes and Behavior	333	(1)
Individual Responses to Downsizing	333	(3)
Terminated Personnel	334	(1)
Surviving Personnel	334	(3)
Field Note 3: The Loss of Resources	335	(1)
The Psychology of Mergers and Acquisitions	336	(1)
Antisocial Behavior in the Workplace	337	(5)
Violence in the Workplace	338	(13)
Case Study Where Should the Axe Fall?	341	(1)
Chapter Summary	342	(1)
Web Resources	343	(1)
Chapter 11 Occupational Health	344	(36)
The Origins of Occupational Health	345	(3)
Field Note 1: The Meaning of Work	347	(1)
Environmental Influences on Mental Health	348	(1)
The Concept of Mental Health	349	(2)
Work Stress	351	(7)
A Model of Stress	352	(6)
Field Note 2: Just Waiting Can Be Stressful	355	(3)
Prevention and Intervention	358	(1)
Work/Family Conflict	358	(5)
The Changing Nature of Work: Occupational Health and National Policy	361	(2)
Dual-Career Families	363	(2)
Work Schedules	365	(4)
Shift Work	365	(2)
Flexible Working Hours	367	(1)
Compressed Workweek	368	(1)
Alcoholism and Drug Abuse in the Workplace	369	(2)
The Psychological Effects of Unemployment	371	(3)
Cross-Cultural I/O Psychology: Unemployment in China	372	(2)
Child Labor and Exploitation	374	(3)
Field Note 3: Child Labor by U.S. Companies	375	(2)
Concluding Comments	377	(1)
Case Study Two Siblings, Two Lifestyles	377	(1)
Chapter Summary	378	(1)
Web Resources	379	(1)
Chapter 12 Work Motivation	380	(39)
Five Critical Concepts in Motivation	381	(2)
The Changing Nature of Work: The Work Motivation of Older Employees	382	(1)
Work Motivation Theories	383	(27)
Need Hierarchy Theory	384	(3)
Equity Theory	387	(5)
Field Note 1: Equity Theory Applied to Baseball	391	(1)
Expectancy Theory	392	(4)
Reinforcement Theory	396	(3)
Goal-Setting Theory	399	(4)
Field Note 2: What Gets Rewarded?	400	(3)
Self-Regulation Theory	403	(3)
Field Note 3: Conscious or Nonconscious Self-Regulation?	406	(1)
Work Design Theory	406	(4)
Overview and Synthesis of Work Motivation Theories	410	(5)
Cross-Cultural I/O Psychology: Cross-Cultural Differences in Incentives	414	(1)
The Application of Motivational Strategies	415	(3)
Case Study What to Do with Harry?	416	(2)
Chapter Summary	418	(1)
Web Resources	418	(1)
Chapter 13 Leadership	419	(29)
Major Topics in Leadership Research	421	(3)
Positional Power	421	(1)
The Leader	421	(1)
The Led	422	(1)
The Influence Process	422	(1)
The Situation	423	(1)
Leader Emergence Versus Leader Effectiveness	423	(1)
Overview	423	(1)
Theoretical Approaches to Leadership	424	(15)
The Trait Approach	424	(2)
The Behavioral Approach	426	(1)
The Power and Influence Approach	427	(5)
The Situational Approach	432	(2)
Field Note 1: Participation As Shared Power	433	(1)
Transformational and Charismatic Leadership	434	(3)
Field Note 2: Use of Props by Leaders	436	(1)
The Implicit Leadership Theory	437	(1)
Substitutes for Leadership	438	(1)
Points of Convergence Among Approaches	439	(2)
Field Note 3: One CEO's Office	441	(1)
Cross-Cultural Leadership Issues	441	(2)
The Changing Nature of Work: e-Leadership	442	(1)
Diversity Issues in Leadership	443	(2)
Cross-Cultural I/O Psychology: Self-Protective Leadership Style	444	(1)
Concluding Comments	445	(2)
Case Study Which Direction Should We Follow?	445	(2)
Chapter Summary	447	(1)
Web Resources	447	(1)
Chapter 14 Union/Management Relations	448	(32)
What Is a Union?	450	(2)
Field Note 1: Why Study Unions?	451	(1)
Field Note 2: Is History Repeating Itself?	452	(1)
Unions As Organizations	452	(1)
The Formation of a Union	453	(2)
The Labor Contract	455	(10)
Collective Bargaining and Impasse Resolution	457	(2)
Responses to Impasse	459	(4)
Field Note 3: Overuse of Arbitration?	460	(3)
Grievances	463	(2)
Influence of Unions on Nonunionized Companies	465	(1)
Behavioral Research on Union/Management Relations	465	(7)
Employee Support for Unions	465	(2)
Union Influence	467	(1)
Dispute Settlement	468	(1)
Commitment to the Union	469	(3)
Cross-Cultural I/O Psychology: Cross-National Labor Unions?	470	(2)
I/O Psychology and Industrial Relations	472	(5)
The Changing Nature of Work: Union Influence on Personnel Selection	473	(4)
Concluding Comments	477	(2)
Case Study Should We Let in a Labor Union?	477	(2)
Chapter Summary	479	(1)
Web Resources	479	(1)
Glossary	480	(11)
References	491	(38)
Name Index	529	(12)
Subject Index	541