Psychology Applied to Work: An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology

by Muchinsky, Paul M.

• ISBN13: 9780534596316
• ISBN10: 0534596312
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-07-01
• Publisher: WADSWORTH PUB CO INC

Summary

Published in its First Edition 20 years ago, PSYCHOLOGY APPLIED TO WORK is the long-time market leader in the field of I/O psychology and has become the definitive standard for textbooks in this field. A significant revision, the Seventh Edition continues the text's tradition of providing a highly readable and understandable framework for the teaching and learning of I/O psychology at the undergraduate level. Muchinsky's text is renowned for its balanced blend of science and practice, based on the most current knowledge in the field, citing more than 800 references, the majority of which were published in the last five years. Case studies, field notes, and examples based on actual organizations illustrate and bring to life the relevance of I/O psychology to students' daily lives. This new edition enables students to understand the social, cultural, and structural changes affecting the world of work as it applies to employees and employers.

Table of Contents

The Historical Background of I/O Psychology	1	(20)
Industrial/Organizational Psychology	2	(3)
Fields of I/O Psychology	4	(1)
Licensing and Certification of Psychologists	5	(1)
The History of I/O Psychology	6	(12)
The Early Years (1900-1916)	7	(3)
World War I (1917-1918)	10	(1)
Between the Wars (1919-1940)	11	(2)
World War II (1941-1945)	13	(1)
Toward Specialization (1946-1963)	14	(1)
The Modern Era (1964-Present)	15	(2)
Overview	17	(1)
Cross-Cultural I/O Psychology	18	(1)
The Mandate of I/O Psychology	19	(2)
Research Methods in I/O Psychology	21	(33)
The Empirical Research Process	22	(25)
Statement of the Problem	23	(1)
Design of the Research Study	24	(1)
Primary Research Methods	25	(4)
Secondary Research Methods	29	(2)
Qualitative Research	31	(1)
Measurement of Variables	32	(2)
Analysis of Data	34	(11)
Conclusions from Research	45	(2)
Field Note 1: Researcher As Detective	47	(1)
Ethical Problems in Research	47	(2)
Field Note 2: An Ethical Dilemma	49	(1)
Research in Industry	49	(3)
Field Note 3: Win the Battle but Lose the War	51	(1)
Case Study How Should I Study This?	52	(1)
Suggested InfoTrac Topics	53	(1)
Criteria: Standards for Decision Making	54	(35)
Conceptual Versus Actual Criteria	56	(1)
Criterion Deficiency, Relevance, and Contamination	57	(2)
Job Analysis	59	(14)
Sources of Job Information	60	(1)
Job Analysis Procedures	60	(4)
How to Collect Job Analysis Information	64	(1)
Field Note 1: A Memorable Lesson	65	(1)
Field Note 2: Unintentional Obstruction of Work	66	(3)
Managerial Job Analysis	69	(2)
Uses of Job Analysis Information	71	(1)
Evaluating Job Analysis Methods	71	(1)
Competency Modeling	72	(1)
Job Evaluation	73	(5)
Methods of Job Evaluation	74	(2)
Research on Job Evaluation	76	(2)
Field Note 3: What to Compensate?	78	(1)
Job Performance Criteria	78	(7)
Objective Criteria	79	(2)
Field Note 4: Theft of Waste	81	(1)
Subjective Criteria	82	(1)
Relationships Among Job Performance Criteria	83	(1)
Dynamic Performance Criteria	83	(2)
Expanding Our View of Criteria	85	(1)
Concluding Comments	86	(1)
Case Study Theft of Company Property	86	(2)
Suggested InfoTrac Topics	88	(1)
Predictors: Psychological Assessments	89	(47)
Assessing the Quality of Predictors	90	(7)
Reliability	90	(2)
Validity	92	(5)
Predictor Constructs	97	(2)
Psychological Tests and Inventories	99	(1)
History of Psychological Testing	99	(1)
Types of Tests	99	(1)
Ethical Standards in Testing	100	(1)
Sources of Information About Testing	101	(2)
Test Content	103	(10)
Intelligence Tests	103	(2)
Field Note 1: What is Intelligence?	105	(1)
Mechanical Aptitude Tests	105	(1)
Sensory/Motor Ability Tests	105	(3)
Personality Inventories	108	(2)
Integrity Tests	110	(1)
Physical Abilities Testing	111	(1)
Multiple-Aptitude Test Batteries	112	(1)
Computerized Adaptive Testing	112	(1)
The Value of Testing	113	(1)
Interviews	114	(3)
Degree of Structure	114	(2)
Situational Interviews	116	(1)
Assessment Centers	117	(3)
Work Samples and Situational Exercises	120	(2)
Work Samples	120	(1)
Situational Exercises	121	(1)
Biographical Information	122	(2)
Field Note 2: Inappropriate Question?	124	(1)
Letters of Recommendation	124	(2)
Field Note 3: Intentional Deception in Letters of Recommendation	125	(1)
Drug Testing	126	(1)
New or Controversial Methods of Assessment	127	(3)
Polygraph or Lie Detection	127	(1)
Graphology	128	(1)
Tests of Emotional Intelligence	128	(2)
Overview and Evaluation of Predictors	130	(3)
Case Study How Do We Hire Police Officers?	133	(2)
Suggested InfoTrac Topics	135	(1)
Personnel Decisions	136	(40)
The Social Context for Personnel Decisions	137	(1)
Personnel Decisions in the New Millennium	138	(2)
The Legal Context for Personnel Decisions	140	(7)
Civil Rights Act of 1964	140	(1)
Adverse Impact	141	(1)
Major Court Cases	142	(1)
Americans With Disabilities Act	143	(1)
Societal Values and Employment Law	144	(1)
Affirmative Action	145	(2)
Recruitment	147	(3)
Field Note 1: The Left-Handed Dentist	150	(1)
A Model of Personnel Decisions	150	(1)
Regression Analysis	151	(4)
Multiple Predictors	152	(2)
Multiple Regression Analysis	154	(1)
Validity Generalization	155	(3)
Personnel Selection	158	(11)
Selection Decisions	162	(1)
Field Note 2: Raising the Bar	163	(2)
Determination of the Cutoff Score	165	(3)
Field Note 3: Dirty Politics	168	(1)
Overview of Personnel Selection	169	(1)
Test Utility and Organizational Efficiency	170	(2)
Placement and Classification	172	(2)
Case Study Just Give Me a Chance	174	(1)
Suggested InfoTrac Topics	175	(1)
Training and Development	176	(34)
Learning and Task Performance	178	(2)
The Strategic Value of Training and Development	180	(1)
The Pretraining Environment	181	(1)
Assessing Training Needs	182	(5)
Organizational Analysis	182	(2)
Task Analysis	184	(1)
Person Analysis	185	(2)
Methods and Techniques of Training	187	(6)
On-Site Training Methods	187	(2)
Off Site Training Methods	189	(1)
Computer Based Training	189	(1)
Field Note 1: Distance Learning	190	(1)
Simulation	191	(2)
Management Development Issues	193	(9)
Cultural Diversity Training	194	(5)
Sexual Harassment Training	199	(1)
Mentoring	200	(2)
The Posttraining Environment	202	(2)
Field Note 2: The Willingness to Be Trained	203	(1)
Evaluation Criteria of Training Programs	204	(4)
Case Study Train or Select?	208	(1)
Suggested InfoTrac Topics	209	(1)
Performance Appraisal	210	(33)
Using the Results of Performance Appraisal	212	(2)
Performance Appraisal and the Law	214	(2)
Theory of Person Perception	216	(2)
Sources of Performance Appraisal Information	218	(19)
Objective Production Data	218	(1)
Field Note 1: What Is ``High'' Performance?	219	(1)
Personnel Data	219	(1)
Rating Errors	220	(2)
Judgmental Data	222	(8)
Field Note 2: Good Research Isn't Cheap	230	(1)
Rater Training	230	(1)
Rater Motivation	231	(2)
Field Note 3: Are High Ratings a ``Problem''?	233	(1)
Contextual Performance	233	(1)
Self- and Peer Appraisals	234	(1)
Self Assessments	234	(1)
Peer Assessments	235	(2)
360-Degree Feedback	237	(2)
Feedback of Appraisal Information to Employees	239	(1)
Concluding Comments	240	(1)
Case Study What Do You Do With Poor Performers?	241	(1)
Suggested InfoTrac Topics	242	(1)
Organizations and Organizational Change	243	(37)
Three Theories of Organizations	244	(6)
Classical Theory	245	(2)
Neoclassical Theory	247	(1)
Systems Theory	248	(2)
Organizational Structure	250	(8)
Coordinating Mechanisms	251	(1)
The Five Basic Parts of an Organization	252	(2)
Reorganizing and Downsizing	254	(1)
Field Note 1: Over Downsizing	255	(3)
Components of Social Systems	258	(5)
Roles	258	(1)
Norms	259	(2)
Organizational Culture	261	(1)
Field Note 2: A Clear Message	262	(1)
Summary of Social System Components	263	(1)
Organizational Change	263	(3)
Empowerment	266	(1)
A Model of Planned Organizational Change	267	(1)
Overcoming Organizational Resistance to Change	268	(2)
Major Organizational Change Interventions	270	(1)
Organizational Culture Change	270	(3)
Total Quality Management	273	(3)
Field Note 3: Students as Customers?	275	(1)
Empirical Organizational Change Research	276	(2)
Case Study The Relative Value of Frogs vs. Grass	278	(1)
Suggested InfoTrac Topics	279	(1)
Teams and Teamwork	280	(26)
Origins of Work Teams	281	(2)
Level of Analysis	283	(2)
Types of Teams	285	(1)
Principles of Teamwork	286	(1)
Team Structure	287	(3)
Team Processes	290	(7)
Socialization	290	(2)
Interpersonal Processes in Teams	292	(1)
Field Note 1: Orchestrated Conflict	293	(1)
Shared Mental Models	294	(2)
Decision Making in Teams	296	(1)
Virtual Teams	297	(2)
Field Note 2: ``What's a Good Time to Get Together?''	298	(1)
Personnel Selection for Teams	299	(2)
Training for Teams	301	(1)
Performance Appraisal in Teams	301	(2)
Field Note 3: Teams in Education	303	(1)
Concluding Comments	303	(1)
Case Study The Grenoble Marketing Company	303	(2)
Suggested InfoTrac Topics	305	(1)
Organizational Attitudes and Behavior	306	(33)
Job Satisfaction	307	(4)
Job Involvement	311	(1)
Organizational Commitment	312	(2)
Organizational Justice	314	(6)
Distributive Justice	315	(2)
Field Note 1: What Is ``Fair''?	317	(1)
Procedural Justice	318	(1)
Interactional Justice	319	(1)
Organizational Citizenship Behavior	320	(3)
The Psychological Contract	323	(4)
Violations of the Psychological Contract	325	(2)
Field Note 2: Mutual Expectations	327	(1)
Individual Responses to Downsizing	327	(4)
Terminated Personnel	328	(1)
Surviving Personnel	329	(1)
Field Note 3: The Loss of Resources	329	(2)
The Psychology of Mergers and Acquisitions	331	(1)
Antisocial Behavior in the Workplace	332	(4)
Violence in the Workplace	334	(2)
Case Study Where Should the Ax Fall?	336	(2)
Suggested InfoTrac Topics	338	(1)
Occupational Health	339	(33)
Field Note 1: The Meaning of Work	340	(1)
Environmental Influences on Mental Health	341	(2)
The Concept of Mental Health	343	(2)
Work Stress	345	(7)
A Model of Stress	346	(2)
Field Note 2: Just Waiting Can Be Stressful	348	(4)
Prevention and Intervention	352	(1)
Work/Family Conflict	352	(5)
Dual-Career Families	357	(1)
Work Schedules	358	(5)
Shift Work	358	(3)
Flexible Working Hours	361	(1)
Compressed Workweek	362	(1)
Alcoholism and Drug Abuse in the Workplace	363	(2)
The Psychological Effects of Unemployment	365	(3)
Child Labor and Exploitation	368	(2)
Field Note 3: Child Labor by U.S. Companies	368	(2)
Concluding Comments	370	(1)
Case Study Two Siblings, Two Lifestyles	370	(1)
Suggested InfoTrac Topics	371	(1)
Work Motivation	372	(40)
Five Critical Concepts in Motivation	374	(1)
Work Motivation Theories	375	(27)
Need Hierarchy Theory	375	(3)
Equity Theory	378	(5)
Field Note 1: Equity Theory Applied to Baseball	383	(1)
Expectancy Theory	383	(5)
Reinforcement Theory	388	(3)
Goal-Setting Theory	391	(1)
Field Note 2: What Gets Rewarded?	392	(4)
Self Regulation Theory	396	(2)
Field Note 3: Conscious or Nonconscious Self Regulation?	398	(1)
Job Characteristics Theory	399	(3)
Overview and Synthesis of Work Motivation Theories	402	(5)
The Application of Motivational Strategies	407	(2)
Case Study What to Do with Harry?	409	(2)
Suggested InfoTrac Topics	411	(1)
Leadership	412	(30)
Major Topics in Leadership Research	414	(4)
Positional Power	414	(1)
The Leader	414	(1)
The Led	415	(1)
The Influence Process	415	(1)
The Situation	416	(1)
Leader Emergence Versus Leader Effectiveness	416	(1)
Overview	417	(1)
Theoretical Approaches to Leadership	418	(17)
The Trait Approach	418	(1)
The Behavioral Approach	419	(3)
The Power and Influence Approach	422	(5)
The Situational Approach	427	(1)
Field Note 1: Participation As Shared Power	428	(1)
Transformational and Charismatic Leadership	429	(2)
Field Note 2: Use of Props by Leaders	431	(1)
The Implicit Leadership Theory	432	(1)
Substitutes for Leadership	433	(1)
Field Note 3: Self-Leadership Versus Self Supervision	434	(1)
Points of Convergence Among Approaches	435	(1)
Cross Cultural Leadership Issues	436	(2)
Diversity Issues in Leadership	438	(1)
Concluding Comments	439	(1)
Case Study Which Direction Should We Follow?	440	(1)
Suggested InfoTrac Topics	441	(1)
The Changing Nature of Work	442	(14)
Individual Dimensions	443	(4)
Emotions in the Workplace	443	(1)
Adaptable Employees	444	(1)
Genetic Influences on Work Behavior	445	(2)
Work Dimensions	447	(3)
Technology	447	(1)
The Rise of a Temporary Workforce	447	(1)
Lifelong Learning	448	(2)
Societal Dimensions	450	(5)
Economic Competition	450	(1)
Values	451	(2)
Time	453	(2)
Concluding Comments	455	(1)
APPENDIX Union/Management Relations	456	(31)
What Is a Union?	458	(2)
Field Note 1: Why Study Unions?	459	(1)
Field Note 2: Is History Repeating Itself?	460	(1)
Unions As Organizations	460	(1)
The Formation of a Union	461	(2)
The Labor Contract	463	(10)
Collective Bargaining and Impasse Resolution	464	(3)
Field Note 3: Overuse of Arbitration?	467	(1)
Responses to Impasse	468	(3)
Grievances	471	(2)
Influence of Unions on Nonunionized Companies	473	(1)
Behavioral Research on Union/Management Relations	473	(6)
Employee Support for Unions	474	(1)
Union Influence	475	(1)
Dispute Settlement	476	(1)
Commitment to the Union	477	(2)
I/O Psychology and Industrial Relations	479	(4)
Concluding Comments	483	(1)
Case Study Should We Let in a labor Union?	484	(1)
Suggested InfoTrac Topics	485	(2)
Glossary	487	(12)
References	499	(32)
Name Index	531	(10)
Subject Index	541