Psychology of Learning and Behavior

by Schwartz, Barry

• ISBN13: 9780393975918
• ISBN10: 0393975916
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-09-19
• Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
• More Book Details

Summary

Now in its Fifth Edition, Psychology of Learning and Behavior is one of the most highly regarded texts in its field. Barry Schwartz, Steven Robbins, and new coauthor Edward Wasserman offer students an engaging introduction to the basic principles of Pavlovian conditioning, operant conditioning, and comparative cognition. The text's critical approach exposes students to the unresolved problems and controversies surrounding behavior theory and encourages them to interpret the material and make connections between theories and real-life situations. With several hundred new references, a new emphasis on comparative cognition, and expanded treatment of neuroscience and the neural basis of learning, the Fifth Edition sets the standard in its coverage of contemporary theory and research.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Human Nature, Science, and Behavior Theory	1	(23)
Understanding	2	(1)
Understanding and Science	3	(2)
Causes, Generalizations, and Laws	3	(2)
Experimentation: The Tool of Science	5	(1)
Science end Human Nature	6	(2)
Psychology, Behavior Theory, and Learning	8	(2)
Philosophical Background of Behavior Theory	10	(3)
Descartes and Hobbes: Man as Machine	10	(2)
Associationism	12	(1)
Biological Background of Behavior Theory	13	(3)
Darwin and Evolution	14	(2)
The Emergence of Behavior Theory	16	(4)
Single Event Learning: Habituation	17	(1)
Event-Event Learning: Pavlovian Conditioning	17	(1)
Behavior-Event Learning: Operant Conditioning	18	(2)
Learning about Humans by Studying Animals	20	(1)
Summary	21	(3)
PART I Event Learning: Habituation and Pavlovian Conditioning
Single Event Learning: Habituation	24	(17)
Separating Habituation from Sensory Adaptation or Motor Fatigue	25	(4)
Evidence for a Learning Explanation	26	(3)
Applying the Principles: Response Recovery in Everyday Life	29	(1)
Condition: that Produce Habituation	30	(2)
Mechanisms of Habituation	32	(1)
Dual-Process Theories	32	(2)
Neuroscience and Learning: The Neural Mechanisms of Habituation	34	(2)
A Memory Theory of Habituation	36	(4)
Summary	40	(1)
Pavlovian Conditioning: Basic Phenomena	41	(29)
The Classic Conditioning Experiment	42	(1)
Acquisition and Extinction	43	(1)
The Scope of Pavlovian Conditioning Research	44	(2)
Eyeblink Conditioning	45	(1)
Conditioned Fear	45	(1)
Neuroscience and Learning: The Neural Mechanisms of Eyeblink Conditioning	46	(5)
Applying the Principles: Causes and Treatments of Phobia	51	(4)
Conditioned Keypecking	53	(1)
Taste Aversion Learning	53	(2)
The Need for Control Procedure: in Studies of Pavlovian Conditioning	55	(1)
Applying the Principles: food Aversions in Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy	56	(1)
Temporal Relation: between the CS and the US	57	(3)
Delay Conditioning	58	(1)
Simultaneous Conditioning	59	(1)
Temporal Conditioning	59	(1)
Backward Conditioning	59	(1)
Other Variables Affecting Pavlovian Conditioning	60	(4)
The CS and the US	60	(1)
Qualitative Relations between CS and US	61	(3)
Constraints on Learning	64	(5)
Unbiased Environments	64	(2)
Unbiased Environments and Substitutability	66	(3)
Summary	69	(1)
Pavlovian Conditioning: Causal Factors	70	(21)
Necessary Condition: for Pavlovian Conditioning	71	(6)
Contingency	71	(3)
Locating the US in Time	74	(2)
Informativeness, Redundancy, and Blocking	76	(1)
Applying the Principles: Predictiveness, Fear, and Anxiety	77	(3)
Pavlovian Conditioning and Inhibition	80	(3)
Inhibition in the Nervous System	80	(1)
Conditioned Inhibition of Behavior	81	(1)
Detecting Inhibition	82	(1)
External Inhibition and Disinhibition	82	(1)
Indirect Measures of Inhibition	82	(1)
Direct Measures of Inhibition	83	(1)
Condition: Producing Inhibition	83	(4)
Extinction	83	(1)
Conditioned Inhibition Training	84	(1)
Negative Contingency Training	84	(1)
Inhibition of Delay	85	(1)
Discrimination and Generalization	85	(1)
Excitatory and Inhibitory Generalization Gradients	85	(2)
Backward Conditioning	87	(1)
Necessary Condition: for Inhibition	87	(1)
Applying the Principles: Experimental Neurosis	88	(1)
Summary	89	(2)
Pavlovian Conditioning: Explanations	91	(18)
The Rescorla-Wagner Theory	92	(5)
Rescorla-Wagner Theory and Compound Stimuli	93	(1)
Rescorla-Wagner Theory and Contingency	94	(1)
Rescorla-Wagner Theory and Inhibition	95	(1)
A Surprising Prediction	96	(1)
Conditioning and Changes in CS Effectiveness	97	(3)
Latent Inhibition	97	(2)
Learned Irrelevance	99	(1)
Another Look at Blocking	99	(1)
Neuroscience and Learning: The Neural Mechanisms Underlying Changes in CS Processing	100	(3)
Surprise and CS Salience	103	(1)
Psychological Status of the Rescorla-Wagner Theory	103	(1)
Rehearsal and Conditioning	103	(2)
Blocking	105	(1)
Effects of Single Event Exposure on Conditioning	105	(1)
CS Preexposure (Latent Inhibition)	105	(1)
US Preexposure	105	(1)
Theories of Extinction	106	(2)
Summary	108	(1)
Pavlovian Conditioning: Storage and Response Output	109	(23)
What Is Learned in Conditioning?	109	(5)
Manipulating Representations	113	(1)
Neuroscience and Learning: A Neural Distinction between URs and CRs	114	(2)
Conditioned Inhibition: What Is Learned?	116	(2)
The Pavlovian Conditioned Response (CR)	118	(1)
The Adaptive Function of the Conditioned Response	119	(2)
CRs That Oppose URs	121	(1)
Opponent Process Theory	122	(2)
Challenges to the Conditioned Opponent Model	124	(1)
Role of Conditioning in Human Drug Abuse	125	(1)
Using Conditioning Principles to Treat Addiction	126	(3)
Extinction	126	(1)
Counterconditioning	127	(2)
Competing Response Training	129	(1)
Association: The Process Unifying Diverse CRs	129	(1)
Summary	130	(2)
PART II Behavior-Event Learning: Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning: Basic Phenomena	132	(33)
The Law of Effect	133	(1)
The Behavior-Consequence Relation	134	(1)
Some Methodological Issues	134	(5)
Measuring the Operant Response	135	(1)
The Conditioning Chamber	135	(2)
What Is Operant Behavior?	137	(1)
Which Operant Behaviors Should Be Studied?	138	(1)
Conditioning and Extinction	139	(1)
Creating Behavioral Units	140	(2)
The Form of the Behavioral Unit	141	(1)
Constrained Operant-Reinforcer Learning	142	(2)
The Dancing Chicken	143	(1)
The Miserly Raccoon	143	(1)
Applying the Principles: Shaping New Behavior	144	(2)
The Nature of Reinforcement	146	(1)
Reinforcer Relativity	146	(1)
Applying the Principles: Eliminating Behavior	147	(3)
Neuroscience and Learning: The Neural Mechanisms of Reward	150	(3)
Conditioned Reinforcement	153	(5)
Establishing a Conditioned Reinforcer--Predictiveness	153	(1)
Observing Responses	154	(2)
Token Reinforcers	156	(2)
The Function: of Conditioned Reinforcers	158	(1)
Applications of Token Reinforcement	158	(1)
Applying the Principles: Token Reinforcement in Education	159	(1)
Negative Side Effects of Reinforcement?	160	(3)
Summary	163	(2)
Operant Conditioning: Causal Factors and Explanations	165	(21)
What Produces Conditioning: Contiguity or Contingency?	166	(5)
Evidence for Contiguity	166	(1)
Superstition	167	(1)
Another Look at Superstition	168	(1)
Another Look at Contiguity and Conditioning	169	(2)
Contingency Learning	171	(4)
Contingency Learning in Infants	173	(1)
Learned Helplessness	174	(1)
Applying the Principles: Learned Helplessness and Depression	175	(3)
Contingency Learning in General	178	(4)
How Do Animals Form Contingency Judgments?	179	(3)
Operant Conditioning: What Is Learned?	182	(3)
Response-Reinforcer Learning	183	(1)
Stimulus-Reinforcer Learning	184	(1)
Stimulus-Response Associations	185	(1)
Summary	185	(1)
Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment and Avoidance	186	(29)
Conditioned Suppression	187	(1)
Punishment	188	(1)
The Effectiveness Of Punishment	189	(6)
Does Punishment Work?	190	(1)
Maximizing the Effects of Punishment	191	(2)
Punishment and General Suppression	193	(2)
Applying the Principles: Effectiveness of Punishment	195	(2)
Negativity of Punishment	197	(1)
Avoidance Behavior	197	(2)
Discrete-Trial Signaled Avoidance	198	(1)
Neuroscience and Learning: The Neural Mechanisms of Avoidance Learning	199	(3)
Shock Postponement	201	(1)
Theories of Aversive Control	202	(10)
Two-Factor Theory	203	(4)
Operant Theory	207	(1)
Cognitive Theory	208	(2)
Biological Theory	210	(2)
Applying the Principles: Eliminating Avoidance Behavior	212	(1)
Summary	213	(2)
The Maintenance of Behavior: Intermittent Reinforcement, Choice, and Economics	215	(32)
Schedules of Intermittent Reinforcement	217	(1)
Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedules	217	(1)
Variable-Interval (VI) Schedules	217	(1)
Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedules	218	(1)
Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedules	218	(1)
Can Schedules Of Reinforcement Maintain Behavior?	218	(1)
Patterns of Behavior Maintained by Reinforcement Schedules	219	(2)
Schedules of Reinforcement in the Natural Environment	221	(3)
Fixed Ratios	221	(1)
Variable Ratios	222	(1)
Variable Intervals	222	(1)
Fixed Intervals	222	(2)
The Study of Choice: Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement	224	(7)
The Matching Law	225	(1)
The Matching Law in Operation	226	(5)
Applying the Principles: Procrastination	231	(3)
Matching and Maximizing	232	(2)
Neuroscience and Learning: Electrical Brain Stimulation Can Be Used to Study Choice Behavior and Matching	234	(3)
Choice and Foraging	236	(1)
Operant Behavior and Economics	237	(7)
The Concept of Demand	238	(2)
Demand and Income	240	(1)
Substitutability of Commodities	241	(1)
Open and Closed Economic Systems	242	(2)
Summary	244	(3)
PART III Complex Learning Processes
Stimulus Control of Operant Behavior	247	(28)
Pervasiveness of Stimulus Control Phenomena	248	(1)
Discrimination and Generalization	249	(1)
Procedure: for Studying Stimulus Control	250	(3)
The Process of Discrimination	253	(8)
Predictiveness and Redundancy	253	(2)
Discrimination Training as a Stimulus Selector	255	(1)
Discrimination Training and Incidental Stimuli	256	(3)
Attention in Discrimination Learning	259	(2)
The Process of Generalization: Excitation and Inhibition	261	(1)
The Peak Shift	261	(1)
Neuroscience and Learning: The Neural Mechanisms of Auditory Discrimination Learning	262	(7)
Transportation and the Nature of Perceptual Judgment	265	(4)
Compound Stimulus Control	269	(4)
Configural Stimulus Control	270	(1)
Positive Patterning	271	(1)
Negative Patterning	272	(1)
Biconditional Discrimination	272	(1)
Summary	273	(2)
Interactions between Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning	275	(23)
Distinguishing Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning	276	(7)
Operant Conditioning of Reflexive Responses	278	(1)
Pavlovian Conditioning of Voluntary Behavior	279	(1)
The Omission Procedure	280	(3)
Pavlovian Contingencies and Operant Behavior	283	(6)
Types of Pavlovian-Operant Combinations	285	(2)
Studies of Pavlovian Contingencies and Operant Behavior	287	(2)
Pavlovian Conditioned States as Information	289	(1)
Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning: One Underlying Process?	290	(6)
Competition between Operant Responses and Pavlovian CSs	291	(2)
Occasion Setting in Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning	293	(3)
Summary	296	(2)
Behavior and Conceptualization	298	(20)
Discrimination and Generalization In a New Light	299	(1)
From Discrimination and Generalization to Conceptualization	300	(2)
Natural Concepts	302	(5)
Presence versus Absence of Objects from Natural Concepts	302	(1)
Discriminating Objects in Multiple Natural Concepts	303	(4)
Conceptualization Via Primary or Secondary Generalization	307	(3)
Nonsimilarity-based Conceptualization by Pigeons	308	(1)
Joint Category Learning by Pigeons	308	(2)
Abstract Concepts	310	(7)
Matching-to-sample by Pigeons	311	(1)
Oddity Learning by Pigeons	312	(3)
Same-different Learning by Pigeons	315	(2)
Summary	317	(1)
Memory and Cognition	318	(38)
Remembering and Language	320	(1)
Remembering and Knowing	321	(1)
Delayed Matching-to-Sample	321	(14)
Basic Methods and Findings	323	(3)
Trace Theory	326	(2)
Complexity and Flexibility of Memory	328	(7)
Memory Loss?	335	(1)
Selective Attention	336	(3)
Spatial Memory	339	(5)
Neuroscience and Learning: The Neural Mechanisms of Spatial Learning	344	(2)
Control By Time	346	(5)
Control By Number	351	(3)
Summary	354	(2)
Human Learning and Cognition: Learning about Causes	356
Conditioning and Causation	357	(1)
Causality Detection	357	(2)
David Hume and Causality	357	(1)
Causation as a Psychological Impression	358	(1)
Conditions of Causation	358	(1)
A Mechanical Model of Causality Perception	358	(1)
Factors that Affect Causal Judgments	358	(1)
Comparative Psychology of Causal Association	359	(1)
Empirical Investigations of Human Causality Detection	359	(7)
Contingency	359	(7)
Applying the Principles: Inhibition in Human Contingency Judgments	366	(2)
Reconciling Disparate Results	366	(1)
Temporal Contiguity	367	(1)
Applying the Principles: The Illusion of Control	368	(7)
Cue Competition	371	(4)
Applying the Principles: Blocking in Human Learning	375	(1)
Learning and Cognition: A Theoretical Perspective	376	(1)
Applying the Principles: Why People Believe Weird Things	377	(1)
Summary	378
References	1	(32)
Credits	33	(2)
Name Index	35	(6)
Subject Index	41