Psychology in Modules

by Myers, David G.

• ISBN13: 9780716752516
• ISBN10: 0716752514
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-06-06
• Publisher: Worth Publishers

Summary

This new edition continues the story of psychology with added research and enhanced content from the most dynamic areas of the fieldcognition, gender and diversity studies, neuroscience and more, while at the same time using the most effective teaching approaches and learning tools

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Prologue: The Story of Psychology	1	(1)
Psychology's Roots	1	(8)
Prescientific Psychology	2	(2)
Psychological Science Is Born	4	(2)
Psychological Science Develops	6	(3)
Contemporary Psychology	9	(9)
Psychology's Big Issues	9	(2)
Psychology's Perspectives	11	(1)
Psychology's Subfields	12	(3)
Close-Up: Your Study of Psychology	15	(3)
Thinking Critically with Psychological Science	18	(38)
The Need for Psychological Science	19	(7)
The Limits of Intuition and Common Sense	19	(3)
The Scientific Attitude	22	(2)
The Scientific Method	24	(2)
Description	26	(4)
The Case Study	26	(1)
The Survey	27	(2)
Naturalistic Observation	29	(1)
Correlation	30	(7)
Correlation and Causation	32	(1)
Illusory Correlations	33	(1)
Perceiving Order in Random Events	34	(2)
Thinking Critically About: Hot and Cold Streaks in Basketball and the Stock Market	36	(1)
Experimentation	37	(5)
Evaluating Therapies	38	(2)
Can Subliminal Tapes Improve Your Life?	40	(2)
Statistical Reasoning	42	(4)
Describing Data	42	(1)
Measures of Central Tendency	43	(1)
Measures of Variation	43	(1)
Making Inferences	44	(2)
Frequently Asked Questions About Psychology	46	(10)
Thinking Critically About: The Death Penalty--When Beliefs Collide with Psychological Science	52	(4)
Neuroscience and Behavior	56	(42)
Neural Communication	58	(7)
Neurons	58	(2)
How Neurons Communicate	60	(1)
How Transmitters Influence Us	61	(4)
The Nervous System	65	(4)
The Peripheral Nervous System	66	(1)
The Central Nervous System	67	(2)
The Brain	69	(25)
The Tools of Discovery	70	(2)
Lower-Level Brain Structures	72	(4)
The Cerebral Cortex	76	(9)
Our Divided Brains	85	(7)
Thinking Critically About: Left Brain/Right Brain	92	(2)
The Endocrine System	94	(4)
The Nature and Nurture of Behavior	98	(36)
Genes: Our Biological Blueprint	100	(1)
Evolutionary Psychology: Maximizing Fitness	101	(7)
Natural Selection	102	(1)
Sexuality	103	(5)
Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences	108	(8)
Twin Studies	108	(3)
Adoption Studies	111	(1)
Temperament Studies	112	(1)
Heritability	112	(2)
Gene-Environment Interaction	114	(1)
The New Frontier: Molecular Genetics	115	(1)
Environmental Influence	116	(10)
How Much Credit (or Blame) Do Parents Deserve?	117	(1)
Prenatal Environment	118	(1)
Experience and Brain Development	118	(2)
Peer Influence	120	(1)
Culture	121	(5)
The Nature and Nurture of Gender	126	(5)
The Nature of Gender	126	(1)
The Nurture of Gender	127	(4)
Postscript: Reflections on Nature and Nurture	131	(3)
The Developing Person	134	(58)
Prenatal Development and the Newborn	136	(4)
Conception	136	(1)
Prenatal Development	136	(2)
The Competent Newborn	138	(1)
Close-Up: Research Strategies for Understanding Infants' Thinking	139	(1)
Infancy and Childhood	140	(19)
Physical Development	140	(3)
Cognitive Development	143	(7)
Social Development	150	(9)
Adolescence	159	(13)
Physical Development	161	(2)
Cognitive Development	163	(3)
Social Development	166	(6)
Adulthood	172	(17)
Physical Development	172	(6)
Cognitive Development	178	(4)
Social Development	182	(7)
Reflections on Two Major Developmental Issues	189	(3)
Continuity and Stages	189	(1)
Stability and Change	189	(3)
Sensation	192	(38)
Sensing the World: Some Basic Principles	194	(5)
Thresholds	194	(4)
Sensory Adaptation	198	(1)
Vision	199	(13)
The Stimulus Input: Light Energy	200	(1)
The Eye	201	(2)
Visual Information Processing	203	(5)
Color Vision	208	(4)
Hearing	212	(7)
The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves	212	(1)
The Ear	213	(1)
Close-Up: A Noisy Noise Annoys	214	(2)
Hearing Loss and Deaf Culture	216	(2)
Close-Up: Living in a Silent World	218	(1)
The Other Senses	219	(11)
Touch	219	(4)
Thinking Critically About: Mind Over Matter: Firewalking	223	(1)
Taste	224	(1)
Smell	225	(2)
Body Position and Movement	227	(3)
Perception	230	(34)
Selective Attention	231	(2)
Perceptual Illusions	233	(3)
Perceptual Organization	236	(12)
Form Perception	237	(1)
Depth Perception	238	(5)
Motion Perception	243	(1)
Perceptual Constancy	243	(5)
Perceptual Interpretation	248	(9)
Sensory Deprivation and Restored Vision	248	(1)
Perceptual Adaptation	249	(1)
Perceptual Set	250	(4)
Perception and the Human Factor	254	(3)
Is There Extrasensory Perception?	257	(7)
Claims of ESP	258	(1)
Premonitions or Pretensions?	258	(1)
Putting ESP to Experimental Test	259	(5)
States of Consciousness	264	(44)
Waking Consciousness	265	(4)
Levels of Information Processing	266	(1)
Daydreams and Fantasies	267	(2)
Sleep and Dreams	269	(16)
Biological Rhythms	269	(1)
The Rhythm of Sleep	269	(1)
Thinking Critically About: PMS	270	(5)
Why Do We Sleep?	275	(4)
Sleep Disorders	279	(2)
Dreams	281	(4)
Hypnosis	285	(9)
Facts and Falsehoods	286	(3)
Thinking Critically About: Hypnotic Age Regression: A True Story	289	(2)
Is Hypnosis an Altered State of Consciousness?	291	(3)
Drugs and Consciousness	294	(11)
Dependence and Addiction	294	(1)
Psychoactive Drugs	295	(6)
Influences on Drug Use	301	(4)
Near-Death Experiences	305	(3)
Learning	308	(34)
Classical Conditioning	312	(10)
Pavlov's Experiments	312	(5)
Updating Pavlov's Understanding	317	(2)
Pavlov's Legacy	319	(2)
Close-Up: Rape as Classical Conditioning	321	(1)
Operant Conditioning	322	(14)
Skinner's Experiments	323	(1)
Shaping Behavior	324	(4)
Punishment	328	(1)
Updating Skinner's Understanding	329	(3)
Skinner's Legacy	332	(4)
Learning by Observation	336	(6)
Bandura's Experiments	336	(1)
Applications of Observational Learning	337	(5)
Memory	342	(42)
The Phenomenon of Memory	344	(3)
Memory Loss and Memory Feats	344	(1)
Information Processing	345	(2)
Encoding: Getting Information In	347	(7)
How We Encode	347	(2)
What We Encode	349	(5)
Storage: Retaining Information	354	(7)
Sensory Memory	354	(1)
Short-Term Memory	355	(1)
Long-Term Memory	355	(1)
Storing Memories in the Brain	356	(5)
Retrieval: Getting Information Out	361	(4)
Retrieval Cues	362	(3)
Forgetting	365	(7)
Encoding Failure	366	(1)
Storage Decay	367	(1)
Retrieval Failure	368	(4)
Memory Construction	372	(9)
Misinformation and Imagination Effects	372	(2)
Source Amnesia	374	(1)
Discerning True and False Memories	375	(1)
Children's Eyewitness Recall	376	(1)
Repressed or Constructed Memories of Abuse?	377	(4)
Improving Memory	381	(3)
Thinking and Language	384	(34)
Thinking	385	(16)
Concepts	386	(1)
Solving Problems	387	(2)
Making Decisions and Forming Judgments	389	(3)
Thinking Critically About: Risks---Do We Fear the Right Things?	392	(3)
Belief Bias	395	(2)
Simulating Thinking with Artificial Intelligence	397	(4)
Language	401	(8)
Language Structure	401	(1)
Language Development	402	(7)
Thinking and Language	409	(4)
Language Influences Thinking	409	(2)
Thinking Without Language	411	(2)
Animal Thinking and Language	413	(5)
Do Animals Think?	413	(1)
Do Animals Exhibit Language?	414	(4)
Intelligence	418	(36)
The Origins of Intelligence Testing	419	(3)
Alfred Binet: Predicting School Achievement	420	(1)
Lewis Terman: The Innate IQ	420	(2)
What Is Intelligence?	422	(10)
Is Intelligence One General Ability or Several Specific Abilities?	423	(4)
Intelligence and Creativity	427	(2)
Is Intelligence Neurologically Measurable?	429	(3)
Assessing Intelligence	432	(5)
Modern Tests of Mental Abilities	432	(2)
Principles of Test Construction	434	(3)
The Dynamics of Intelligence	437	(4)
Stability or Change?	437	(1)
Extremes of Intelligence	438	(3)
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence	441	(13)
Genetic Influences	442	(2)
Environmental Influences	444	(2)
Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores	446	(4)
The Question of Bias	450	(4)
Motivation and Work	454	(44)
Motivational Concepts	456	(3)
Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology	456	(1)
Drives and Incentives	457	(1)
Optimum Arousal	457	(1)
A Hierarchy of Motives	458	(1)
Hunger	459	(8)
The Physiology of Hunger	460	(3)
The Psychology of Hunger	463	(4)
Sexual Motivation	467	(16)
Describing Sexual Behavior	468	(1)
The Physiology of Sex	468	(3)
The Psychology of Sex	471	(1)
Adolescent Sexuality	472	(3)
Sexual Orientation	475	(6)
Sex and Human Values	481	(2)
The Need to Belong	483	(2)
Aiding Survival	483	(1)
Wanting to Belong	483	(1)
Acting to Increase Social Acceptance	483	(1)
Maintaining Relationships	484	(1)
Fortifying Health	485	(1)
Motivation at Work	485	(13)
Close-Up: I/O Psychology at Work	487	(1)
Personnel Psychology	487	(1)
Close-Up: Discovering Your Strengths	488	(3)
Organizational Psychology: Motivating Achievement	491	(7)
Emotion	498	(32)
Theories of Emotion	500	(5)
The James-Lange and Cannon-Bard Theories	500	(1)
Cognition and Emotion	501	(3)
Two Dimensions of Emotion	504	(1)
Embodied Emotion	505	(5)
Emotion and Physiology	505	(2)
The Physiology of Specific Emotions	507	(1)
Thinking Critically About: Lie Detection	508	(2)
Expressed Emotion	510	(8)
Nonverbal Communication	510	(4)
Culture and Emotional Expression	514	(2)
The Effects of Facial Expressions	516	(2)
Experienced Emotion	518	(12)
Fear	518	(2)
Anger	520	(2)
Happiness	522	(6)
Close-Up: How to Be Happier	528	(2)
Stress and Health	530	(44)
Stress and Illness	532	(14)
Stress and Stressors	532	(7)
Stress and the Heart	539	(2)
Stress and Susceptibility to Disease	541	(5)
Promoting Health	546	(28)
Coping with Stress	546	(9)
Modifying Illness-Related Behaviors	555	(1)
Thinking Critically About: Alternative Medicine: New Ways to Health, or Old Snake Oil?	556	(5)
Close-Up: For Those Who Want to Stop Smoking	561	(9)
Close-Up: Helpful Hints for Losing Weight	570	(4)
Personality	574	(44)
Historic Perspectives on Personality	575	(15)
The Psychoanalytic Perspective	576	(11)
The Humanistic Perspective	587	(3)
Contemporary Research on Personality	590	(28)
The Trait Perspective	591	(5)
Thinking Critically About: How to Be a ``Successful'' Astrologer or Palm Reader	596	(4)
The Social-Cognitive Perspective	600	(4)
Close-Up: Toward a More Positive Psychology	604	(3)
Exploring the Self	607	(7)
The Modern Unconscious Mind	614	(4)
Psychological Disorders	618	(40)
Perspectives on Psychological Disorders	620	(7)
Defining Psychological Disorders	620	(1)
Understanding Psychological Disorders	621	(1)
Classifying Psychological Disorders	622	(1)
Labeling Psychological Disorders	623	(1)
Close-Up: The ``Un-DSM'': A Diagnostic Manual of Human Strengths	624	(2)
Thinking Critically About: Insanity and Responsibility	626	(1)
Anxiety Disorders	627	(6)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder	627	(1)
Phobias	628	(1)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder	628	(1)
Explaining Anxiety Disorders	629	(1)
Close-Up: The Wounds of War: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder	630	(3)
Mood Disorders	633	(13)
Major Depressive Disorder	633	(1)
Bipolar Disorder	634	(1)
Explaining Mood Disorders	635	(3)
Close-Up: Suicide	638	(5)
Close-Up: Loneliness	643	(1)
Thinking Critically About: Dissociation and Multiple Personalities	644	(2)
Schizophrenia	646	(7)
Symptoms of Schizophrenia	646	(2)
Subtypes of Schizophrenia	648	(1)
Understanding Schizophrenia	649	(4)
Personality Disorders	653	(3)
Rates of Psychological Disorder	656	(2)
Therapy	658	(36)
The Psychological Therapies	660	(14)
Psychoanalysis	660	(3)
Humanistic Therapies	663	(1)
Behavior Therapies	664	(5)
Cognitive Therapies	669	(3)
Group and Family Therapies	672	(2)
Evaluating Psychotherapies	674	(11)
Is Psychotherapy Effective?	674	(2)
Thinking Critically About: ``Regressing'' from Unusual to Usual	676	(2)
The Relative Effectiveness of Different Therapies	678	(1)
Evaluating Alternative Therapies	679	(3)
Commonalities Among Psychotherapies	682	(1)
Culture and Values in Psychotherapy	683	(1)
Close-Up: A Consumer's Guide to Psychotherapists	684	(1)
The Biomedical Therapies	685	(7)
Drug Therapies	685	(4)
Electroconvulsive Therapy	689	(1)
Psychosurgery	690	(2)
Preventing Psychological Disorders	692	(2)
Social Psychology	694	(1)
Social Thinking	695	(7)
Attributing Behavior to Persons or to Situations	696	(2)
Attitudes and Actions	698	(4)
Social Influence	702	(12)
Conformity and Obedience	703	(6)
Group Influence	709	(5)
Social Relations	714	(1)
Prejudice	714	(5)
Aggression	719	(7)
Close-Up: Parallels Between Smoking and Media Violence Effects	726	(1)
Conflict	726	(3)
Attraction	729	(5)
Altruism	734	(3)
Peacemaking	737
Appendix A Answers to Review Questions	1	(1)
Glossary	1	(1)
References	1	(1)
Name Index	1	(1)
Subject Index	1