Psychology and Work Today

by Schultz,Duane

• ISBN13: 9780131932128
• ISBN10: 0131932128
• Edition: 9th
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2005-06-10
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

An invaluable preparatory guide for entering todayrs"s global business and industrial world, this informative, sophisticated, and entertaining book informs readers about the nature of work in modern society. Focusing on the practical and applied knowledge, it shows how industrial-organizational psychology directly influence our lives as job applicants, trainees, employees, managers, and consumers.Topics include human resource development (employee selection, psychological testing, performance appraisal, and training); leadership, motivation, job satisfaction, and job involvement; working conditions, safety, violence, and health in the workplace; and engineering and consumer psychology. Hot-button issues such as internet addiction and social isolation, discrimination based on genetic testing, ethnic harassment, and executive coaching are discussed and debated.An excellent handbook for all human resource employees, as well as managers, executives, and others responsible for hiring personnel.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Part One The Practice of Industrial-Organizational Psychology	1	(56)
Principles, Practices, and Problems	3	(26)
Is Work a Four-Letter Word?	4	(2)
Newsbreak: Getting Engaged	6	(1)
Industrial-Organizational Psychology on the Job	6	(1)
Industrial-Organizational Psychology in Everyday Life	7	(1)
What I-O Psychology Means to Your Employer	8	(1)
The Scope and Historical Development of I-O Psychology	9	(3)
Pioneers in Personnel Selection	10	(1)
World War I and the Testing Movement	10	(1)
The Hawthorne Studies and Motivational Issues	11	(1)
World War II and Engineering Psychology	12	(1)
Contemporary Developments in I-O Psychology	12	(1)
Contemporary Challenges for I-O Psychology	12	(6)
The Virtual Workplace	13	(1)
Virtual Employees	13	(1)
Worker Involvement	14	(1)
Newsbreak: Temporarily Yours	15	(1)
Changing Technology and Skills	15	(1)
Globalization of the Workplace	16	(1)
Newsbreak: What Jobs Will There Be for You?	17	(1)
Diversity Issues	17	(1)
I-O Psychology as a Career: Training and Employment	18	(3)
Newsbreak: But What Can You Do with a B.A. in Psychology?	19	(2)
Problems for I-O Psychologists	21	(3)
Fraudulent Practitioners	21	(1)
Credentials and Certification	22	(1)
Communication with Management	22	(1)
Resistance to New Ideas	23	(1)
Research versus Application?	23	(1)
Areas of I-O Psychology	24	(2)
Summary	26	(1)
Key Terms	27	(1)
Review Questions	27	(1)
Additional Reading	28	(1)
Techniques, Tools, and Tactics	29	(28)
Why Study Research Methods?	30	(2)
Requirements of Psychological Research	30	(1)
Limitations of Psychological Research	31	(1)
Methods of Psychological Research	32	(1)
The Experimental Method	32	(4)
Designing an Experiment	33	(1)
Selecting Research Participants	34	(1)
On the Job: Training Effects on Turnover and Productivity	34	(2)
The Naturalistic Observation Method	36	(2)
On the Job: Friendly Behaviors of Store Clerks	37	(1)
Surveys and Opinion Polls	38	(8)
Personal Interviews	39	(1)
Paper-and-Pencil Questionnaires	40	(1)
Newsbreak: ``Push Polls'' Can Win Elections	40	(1)
Web-Based Surveys	40	(2)
Telephone Surveys	42	(1)
Newsbreak: Call Me Unresponsive	43	(1)
Types of Survey Questions	44	(1)
Sampling Methods	44	(1)
Noncompliant Employees	45	(1)
Virtual Laboratories: Web-Based Research	46	(1)
Methods of Data Analysis	47	(7)
Descriptive Statistics	47	(6)
Inferential Statistics	53	(1)
Summary	54	(1)
Key Terms	55	(1)
Review Questions	55	(1)
Additional Reading	56	(1)
Part Two The Development of Human Resources	57	(132)
Employee Selection Principles and Techniques	59	(39)
Organizational Entry	61	(1)
Employee Preferences	61	(1)
The Recruitment Process	62	(5)
Sources for Recruiting	63	(1)
Recruiter Characteristics	63	(1)
Campus Recruiting	63	(3)
Newsbreak: If It Sounds Too Good to Be True	66	(1)
Realistic Job Previews	66	(1)
A Review of the Selection Process	67	(2)
Job and Worker Analyses	67	(1)
Recruitment Decisions	67	(1)
Selection Techniques	68	(1)
A Sample Selection Program: Airport Screeners	69	(1)
Fair Employment Practices	69	(7)
Adverse Impact on Minority Groups	70	(1)
Discriminatory Questions	70	(1)
Reverse Discrimination	70	(1)
Does Diversity Work?	71	(1)
Newsbreak: It's No Longer the Back of the Bus	72	(1)
Other Forms of Discrimination	73	(3)
Job Analysis	76	(4)
Biographical Information	80	(3)
Application Blanks	80	(1)
Newsbreak: How Not to Get Hired: Part 1	81	(1)
Biographical Inventories	82	(1)
Interviews	83	(7)
Newsbreak: How Not to Get Hired: Part 2	84	(1)
Making the Right Impression	84	(1)
Unstructured Interviews	85	(1)
Structured Interviews	86	(1)
Situational Interviews	87	(1)
Online Interviews	88	(1)
Influences on Interviewer Judgments	88	(2)
References and Letters of Recommendation	90	(2)
Newsbreak: A Deadly Recommendation	91	(1)
Assessment Centers	92	(2)
The In-Basket Technique	92	(1)
Leaderless Group Discussions	92	(1)
Predictive Validity of Assessment Centers	93	(1)
Employee Attitudes toward Assessment Centers	94	(1)
Summary	94	(1)
Key Terms	95	(1)
Review Questions	96	(1)
Additional Reading	96	(2)
Psychological Testing	98	(30)
Principles of Psychological Testing	99	(5)
Standardization	99	(1)
Objectivity	100	(1)
Test Norms	100	(1)
Newsbreak: Too Bright for the Job?	101	(1)
Reliability	101	(1)
Validity	102	(2)
Validity Generalization	104	(1)
Fair Employment Practices	104	(2)
An Overview of a Testing Program	106	(2)
Newsbreak: Testing for Common Sense	107	(1)
Administering Psychological Tests	108	(2)
Individual and Group Tests	108	(1)
Computerized Adaptive Tests	108	(2)
Speed and Power Tests	110	(1)
Types of Psychological Tests	110	(11)
Cognitive Abilities	110	(2)
Interests	112	(1)
Newsbreak: Can You Pass the Test?	113	(1)
Aptitudes	114	(2)
Motor Skills	116	(1)
Personality	116	(4)
Integrity Tests	120	(1)
Situational Judgment Tests	121	(1)
Limitations of Psychological Testing	121	(3)
Newsbreak: Store Sued over Personality Test	124	(1)
Summary	124	(1)
Key Terms	125	(1)
Review Questions	126	(1)
Additional Reading	126	(2)
Performance Appraisal	128	(32)
Fair Employment Practices	129	(1)
Performance Appraisal: Why Do It?	130	(3)
Opposition to Performance Appraisal	131	(1)
Newsbreak: Tough Graders Get Low Scores	132	(1)
Techniques of Performance Appraisal	133	(1)
Objective Performance Appraisal Methods	133	(4)
Output Measures	133	(1)
Computerized Performance Monitoring	134	(2)
Newsbreak: Big Brother in a Black Box	136	(1)
Job-Related Personal Data	137	(1)
Judgmental Performance Appraisal Methods	137	(8)
Written Narratives	138	(1)
Merit Rating Techniques	138	(6)
Management by Objectives (MBO)	144	(1)
Performance Appraisal for Managers	145	(3)
Evaluation Techniques	145	(2)
Newsbreak: Rating Your Boss: No Names, Please!	147	(1)
360-Degree Feedback	147	(1)
Bias in Performance Appraisal	148	(5)
The Halo Effect	149	(1)
Other Sources of Error	149	(4)
How to Improve Performance Appraisals	153	(1)
The Postappraisal Interview	154	(1)
Performance Appraisal: A Poor Rating?	155	(2)
Summary	157	(1)
Key Terms	157	(1)
Review Questions	158	(1)
Additional Reading	158	(2)
Training and Development	160	(29)
The Scope of Organizational Training Programs	161	(3)
Newsbreak: Employees Who Can't Read Directions	163	(1)
Goals of Organizational Training Programs	164	(1)
Staffing for Organizational Training Programs	165	(1)
The Pretraining Environment	165	(2)
Pretraining Attributes of Employees	166	(1)
How People Learn: Psychological Factors	167	(3)
Training Methods	170	(11)
On-the-Job Training	171	(1)
Vestibule Training	172	(1)
Apprenticeship	172	(1)
Computer-Assisted Instruction	173	(1)
Net-Based Training	174	(1)
Behavior Modification	174	(1)
Newsbreak: She Flew through College	175	(1)
Job Rotation	176	(1)
Case Studies	176	(1)
Business Games	177	(1)
In-Basket Training	178	(1)
Role Playing	178	(1)
Behavior Modeling	178	(1)
Newsbreak: Virtual Training	179	(1)
Executive Coaching	180	(1)
Diversity Training	180	(1)
Career Development and Planning	181	(2)
Career Development and Life Stages	182	(1)
Career Self-Management	182	(1)
Newsbreak: It's Your Career: Make the Most of It	183	(1)
Evaluating Organizational Training Programs	183	(2)
Summary	185	(1)
Key Terms	186	(1)
Review Questions	186	(1)
Additional Reading	187	(2)
Part Three Organizational Psychology	189	(96)
Leadership	191	(30)
Newsbreak: A Bad Boss Can Ruin Your Day	193	(1)
Approaches to Leadership	194	(2)
Scientific Management	194	(1)
The Human Relations Approach	195	(1)
Theory X and Theory Y	195	(1)
Theories of Leadership	196	(4)
Contingency Theory	196	(1)
Path-Goal Theory	196	(1)
The Leader-Member Exchange	197	(2)
Newsbreak: The Deputy Assistant to the Assistant Deputy	199	(1)
Implicit Leadership Theory	199	(1)
Styles of Leadership	200	(3)
Authoritarian and Democratic Leaders	200	(1)
Transactional and Transformational Leaders	201	(2)
The Role of Power in Leadership	203	(1)
Types of Power	203	(1)
Effects and Uses of Power	203	(1)
The Role of Expectations: The Pygmalion Effect	204	(1)
The Functions of Leadership	205	(2)
The Consideration Dimension	205	(1)
Newsbreak: Management Always Wins: The Canoe Race	206	(1)
The Initiating Structure Dimension	207	(1)
Characteristics of Successful Leaders	207	(4)
First-Line Supervisors	208	(1)
Managers and Executives	208	(3)
Problems of Leadership	211	(1)
First-Line Supervisors	211	(1)
Managers and Executives	211	(1)
Women in Management	212	(4)
Newsbreak: Tips for Hiring Women: 1943 Version	215	(1)
Minority Employees in Management	216	(1)
Summary	217	(1)
Key Terms	218	(1)
Review Questions	218	(1)
Additional Reading	219	(2)
Motivation, Job Satisfaction, and Job Involvement	221	(32)
Content Theories of Motivation	222	(6)
Achievement Motivation Theory	223	(1)
Needs Hierarchy Theory	224	(1)
Motivator-Hygiene (Two-Factor) Theory	225	(1)
Job-Characteristics Theory	226	(2)
Process Theories of Motivation	228	(4)
Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy (VIE) Theory	228	(1)
Newsbreak: Driven by the Work Ethic	229	(1)
Equity Theory	230	(1)
Goal-Setting Theory	230	(2)
Job Satisfaction: The Quality of Life at Work	232	(9)
Measuring Job Satisfaction	233	(1)
Job Facet Satisfaction	234	(1)
Job Satisfaction Data	234	(1)
Impact of Personal Characteristics	235	(3)
Losing Your Job	238	(2)
Newsbreak: Grades Slipping? Maybe It's Not Your Fault	240	(1)
Job Satisfaction and On-the-Job Behavior	241	(3)
Motivation, Job Satisfaction, and Pay	244	(2)
Perceived Pay Equity	244	(1)
Merit Pay	244	(1)
Newsbreak: Unequal Pay for Women, and for Men, Too	245	(1)
Wage-Incentive Pay Systems	246	(1)
Job Involvement and Organizational Commitment	246	(3)
Personal Factors	246	(1)
Organizational Factors	247	(1)
Types of Commitment	248	(1)
Organizational Citizenship Behavior	249	(1)
Summary	249	(2)
Key Terms	251	(1)
Review Questions	251	(1)
Additional Reading	252	(1)
The Organization of the Organization	253	(32)
The Classic Organizational Style: Bureaucracy	254	(2)
The Modern Participative Organizational Style	256	(3)
Newsbreak: The Workers Are Taking Over!	258	(1)
Total Quality Management	259	(6)
Why Some Programs Fail	260	(2)
Self-Managing Work Groups	262	(1)
Virtual Self-Managing Work Groups	263	(1)
Newsbreak: Everybody Wanted to Go Home Early	264	(1)
Organizational Change	265	(2)
Organizational Development (OD)	266	(1)
Socialization of New Employees	267	(2)
Resocialization	269	(1)
Organizational Culture	269	(2)
Newsbreak: Gimme an Order of Fries---Sir!	270	(1)
Person-Organization Fit	271	(1)
Labor Unions	271	(1)
Union Grievances	272	(1)
Informal Groups: The Organization within the Organization	272	(3)
The Hawthorne Studies	273	(1)
Social Loafing	274	(1)
Group Cohesiveness	274	(1)
Technological Change and Organizational Structure	275	(5)
Newsbreak: Are You a Compulsive Multitasker?	278	(1)
Newsbreak: Beware of Big Brother	279	(1)
Summary	280	(1)
Key Terms	281	(1)
Review Questions	281	(1)
Additional Reading	282	(3)
Part Four Characteristics of the Workplace	285	(96)
Working Conditions	287	(29)
Physical Working Conditions	288	(10)
Work Sites	288	(1)
Newsbreak: Employee Gripes	289	(1)
Office and Workplace Design	289	(1)
Environmental Psychology and Landscaped Offices	290	(1)
Newsbreak: Can You Get Any Work Done at Work?	291	(1)
Illumination	292	(1)
Noise	293	(2)
Color	295	(1)
Newsbreak: Does Beige Make You Sick?	296	(1)
Music	297	(1)
Temperature and Humidity	297	(1)
Work Schedules	298	(7)
Working Hours	298	(2)
Permanent Part-Time Employment	300	(1)
The Four-Day Workweek	300	(1)
Flexible Work Schedules	301	(1)
Rest Breaks	302	(1)
Shift Work	303	(1)
Newsbreak: Asleep on the Job? Good for You!	304	(1)
Psychological and Social Issues	305	(8)
Job Simplification	305	(2)
Boredom and Monotony	307	(1)
Fatigue	307	(1)
Ethnic Harassment	308	(1)
Gender Harassment	308	(2)
Telecommuting: The Virtual Workplace at Home	310	(3)
Summary	313	(1)
Key Terms	313	(1)
Review Questions	313	(1)
Additional Reading	314	(2)
Safety, Violence, and Health in the Workplace	316	(34)
Work-Related Health Problems	317	(3)
Newsbreak: The Sick Building Syndrome	319	(1)
Accident Statistics	320	(1)
Causes of Accidents	321	(7)
Workplace Factors	321	(3)
Personal Factors	324	(1)
Newsbreak: How about a Drink after You Drive?	325	(3)
Newsbreak: Look Out! The Driver Behind You May Be Asleep	328	(1)
Accident Prevention	328	(5)
Newsbreak: Accidents and Adolescents	329	(1)
Accident Reports	329	(1)
Workplace Design	329	(1)
Safety Training	330	(1)
Management Support	330	(2)
Safety Publicity Campaigns	332	(1)
Violence in the Workplace	333	(3)
Protecting Employees from Violence	335	(1)
Alcoholism in the Workplace	336	(4)
Effects on Job Performance	337	(1)
The Alcoholic Executive	337	(1)
Rehabilitation Programs	338	(1)
Newsbreak: Brian's a Hard Charger!	339	(1)
Drug Use in the Workplace	340	(4)
Effects on Job Performance	341	(1)
Drug Testing Programs	342	(2)
Computers and Physical Health Issues	344	(2)
HIV in the Workplace	346	(1)
Summary	347	(1)
Key Terms	347	(1)
Review Questions	347	(1)
Additional Reading	348	(2)
Stress in the Workplace	350	(31)
Newsbreak: War Reporters	352	(1)
Occupational Health Psychology	353	(1)
Physiological Effects of Stress	354	(2)
Job Satisfaction and Feelings of Control	355	(1)
Individual Differences in Stress Responses	356	(7)
Newsbreak: Perils of the Road Warrior	357	(1)
The Type A Personality	358	(1)
The Hardiness Factor	358	(2)
Self-Efficacy	360	(1)
Locus of Control	360	(1)
Self-Esteem	361	(1)
Negative Affectivity	361	(1)
Type of Occupation	361	(1)
Newsbreak: At Wendy's, Every Second Counts	361	(1)
Sex Differences	362	(1)
Work-Family Conflicts	363	(3)
Newsbreak: It Gets Worse after Work	364	(1)
Organizational Solutions for Work-Family Conflicts	365	(1)
Causes of Stress in the Workplace	366	(3)
Work Overload and Work Underload	366	(1)
Organizational Change	367	(1)
Role Ambiguity and Role Conflict	367	(1)
Other Stressors	368	(1)
The September 11th Attacks	369	(1)
Effects of Stress in the Workplace	369	(4)
Mass Psychogenic Illness	370	(1)
Burnout	370	(2)
Workaholism or Job Engagement?	372	(1)
Treating Stress in the Workplace	373	(4)
Organizational Techniques	373	(2)
Individual Techniques	375	(1)
Newsbreak: Take a Vacation---But Will It Work?	376	(1)
Summary	377	(1)
Key Terms	377	(1)
Review Questions	378	(1)
Additional Reading	378	(3)
Part Five Engineering Psychology	381	(36)
Engineering Psychology	383	(34)
History and Scope of Engineering Psychology	384	(3)
Time-and-Motion Study	387	(3)
Newsbreak: World's Greatest Woman Engineer	388	(2)
Person-Machine Systems	390	(4)
Allocating Functions	392	(2)
Newsbreak: Who's Right---The Person or the Machine?	394	(1)
Workspace Design	394	(5)
Displays: Presenting Information	399	(6)
Visual Displays	399	(4)
Newsbreak: Let Jack Do It	403	(1)
Auditory Displays	403	(2)
Controls: Taking Action	405	(3)
Human Factors in Everyday Life	408	(2)
Computers	410	(3)
Newsbreak: Don't Take Your Laptop to Lunch	413	(1)
Summary	413	(1)
Key Terms	414	(1)
Review Questions	414	(1)
Additional Reading	414	(3)
Part Six Consumer Psychology	417	(46)
Consumer Psychology	419	(44)
The Scope of Consumer Psychology	420	(1)
Research Methods	421	(10)
Surveys and Public Opinion Polls	421	(2)
Focus Groups	423	(1)
Newsbreak: How to Make a Living from Focus Groups	424	(1)
Motivation Research	425	(1)
Observations of Shopping Behavior	426	(1)
Newsbreak: Are You a Minivan or an SUV?	427	(1)
Brand Identification and Preference Research	428	(1)
Testing Reactions to Advertising	429	(1)
Newsbreak: Coupons Make a Lot of Cents	430	(1)
The Nature and Scope of Advertising	431	(18)
Types of Advertising Appeals	434	(3)
Trademarks	437	(2)
Product Image	439	(1)
Product Packaging	440	(1)
Sex in Advertisements	441	(1)
Effectiveness of Advertising Campaigns	441	(3)
Advertising on the Web	444	(5)
Consumer Behavior and Motivation	449	(10)
Brand Placement	449	(1)
Newsbreak: Here's a Tip for You	450	(1)
Buying Habits and Brand Loyalty	451	(1)
Product Pricing	452	(1)
Advertising to Ethnic Groups	453	(2)
Advertising to Children and Adolescents	455	(2)
Newsbreak: Does Advertising Exploit Children?	457	(1)
Advertising to Older Persons	458	(1)
Advertising to the Gay Community	458	(1)
Summary	459	(1)
Key Terms	460	(1)
Review Questions	460	(1)
Additional Reading	461	(2)
References	463	(26)
Glossary	489	(10)
Credits	499	(2)
Index	501