Public Health Nutrition

by Gibney, Michael J.; Margetts, Barrie M.; Kearney, John M.; Arab, Lenore

• ISBN13: 9780632056279
• ISBN10: 0632056274
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-11-12
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

As an academic subject, nutrition has grown enormously in recent years and with it the need for specialist textbooks on the subject. In response to this need, a decision was taken by The Nutrition Society to produce a ground-breaking series of four textbooks, of which Public Health Nutrition is the third. The books in the series: Provide students with the required scientific basis in nutrition, in the context of a systems and health approach. Enable teachers and students to explore the core principles of nutrition and to apply these throughout their training to foster critical thinking at all times. Each chapter identifies the key areas of knowledge that must be understood and also the key points of critical thought that must accompany the acquisition of this knowledge. Are fully peer reviewed to ensure completeness and clarity of content, as well as to ensure that each book takes a global perspective and is applicable for use by nutritionists and on nutrition courses throughout the world.Public Health Nutrition is an essential purchase for students majoring in nutrition and dietetics. Public health nutrition as a subject is growing immensely in importance, taking into account the real potential to reduce the burden of non-communicable chronic disease through diet. Professionals in nutrition, dietetics, food science, medicine, community health care and many related health care areas will all find much of great use within the book's covers. Libraries in all universities, medical schools and establishments teaching and researching in these subject areas should have several copies on their shelves.OTHER BOOKS IN THE NUTRITION SOCIETY TEXT BOOK SERIES:Introduction to Human Nutrition: ISBN 0 632 05624 XNutrition & Metabolism: ISBN 0 632 05625 8Clinical Nutrition: ISBN 0 632 05626 6

Table of Contents

Series Foreword	xi
Preface	xii
Contributors	xiii
An Overview of Public Health Nutrition	1	(25)
Barrie M Margetts
Introduction	1	(2)
Organization of the book	3	(1)
Definitions used in public health	4	(3)
What are the key public health problems?	7	(3)
Food and nutrition policy	10	(2)
The public health nutrition cycle	12	(1)
Step 1: Identify key nutrition-related problem	12	(3)
Step 2: Set goals and broad aims	15	(1)
Step 3: Define objectives	16	(1)
Step 4: Create quantitative targets	16	(2)
Step 5: Develop program	18	(4)
Step 6: Implementation	22	(1)
Step 7: Evaluation	23	(3)
Further reading	25	(1)
Nutritional Epidemiology	26	(40)
Michael Nelson
Shirley AA Beresford
John M Kearney
Introduction	26	(5)
Types of study	31	(3)
Study design: sampling, study size and power	34	(5)
Measuring exposure	39	(11)
Measuring outcomes	50	(4)
Measuring diet-disease (exposure-outcome) associations	54	(6)
Interpretation of associations	60	(3)
Expressing results from nutritional epidemiological studies	63	(1)
Perspectives on the future	64	(2)
Further reading	65	(1)
Assessment of Nutritional Status in Individuals and Populations	66	(17)
Ruth E Patterson
Pirjo Pietinen
Introduction	66	(1)
Dietary assessment	67	(8)
Biomarkers as measures for the assessment of nutritional status	75	(2)
Anthropometric and other clinical measures	77	(1)
Error in methods of assessment of nutritional status	78	(3)
Perspectives on the future	81	(2)
Further reading	81	(2)
Assessment of Physical Activity	83	(23)
Michael Sjostrom
Ulf Ekelund
Agneta Yngve
Introduction	83	(1)
Definition of commonly used terms	84	(2)
Dimensions of physical activity	86	(4)
Reliability and validity of physical activity assessment instruments	90	(1)
Physical activity assessment methods	91	(13)
Perspectives on the future	104	(2)
Further reading	104	(2)
Public Health Nutrition Strategies for Intervention at the Ecological Level	106	(14)
Kim D Reynolds
Knut-Inge Klepp
Amy L Yaroch
Introduction	106	(1)
Definition of the ecological approach	106	(1)
Individual versus ecological approaches	107	(1)
Key principles in the ecological approach	108	(2)
Intervention	110	(1)
Advantages and disadvantages of this approach	111	(1)
Guidelines for using the ecological approach to design nutrition interventions	111	(1)
Ethical issues to consider	112	(1)
Ecological interventions to change eating habits	113	(6)
Perspectives on the future	119	(1)
Further reading	119	(1)
Public Health Nutrition Strategies for Intervention at the Individual Level	120	(13)
Barrie M Margetts
Introduction	120	(3)
Interventions of supplementary feeding, foods or nutrients	123	(1)
Changing behavior without giving foods	124	(6)
Evaluation of programs and interventions	130	(1)
Perspectives on the future	131	(2)
Further reading	132	(1)
Dietary Guidelines	133	(11)
Michael J Gibney
Petro Wolmarans
Introduction	133	(1)
Overview of dietary recommendations	133	(1)
Quantitative dietary guidelines	134	(3)
Qualitative dietary guidelines	137	(2)
Steps involved in devising food-based dietary guidelines	139	(4)
Visual presentations of food guides related to dietary guidelines	143	(1)
Perspectives on the future	143	(1)
Further reading	143	(1)
Food Choice	144	(23)
David N Cox
Annie S Anderson
Introduction	144	(1)
The study of food choice	145	(2)
Population issues affecting food choice	147	(5)
Individual issues affecting food choice	152	(11)
Perspectives on the future	163	(4)
Further reading	165	(2)
Public Health Aspects of Overnutrition	167	(11)
Jacob C Seidell
Tommy LS Visscher
Introduction	167	(3)
Macronutrients, excess energy intake and overweight	170	(1)
Obesity as a determinant of mortality and morbidity	171	(6)
Perspectives on the future	177	(1)
Further reading	177	(1)
Public Health Aspects of Undernutrition	178	(14)
Mark J Manary
Noel W Solomons
Introduction	178	(1)
Definitions of undernutrition	178	(1)
Clinical syndromes of undernutrition	179	(1)
Micronutrient deficiency: ``hidden hunger''	180	(1)
Time trends and contemporary prevalences	181	(1)
Etiology: determinants and conditioning factors for undernutrition	181	(6)
Public health consequences of undernutrition	187	(1)
Policy and programmatic issues in preventing undernutrition	188	(2)
Policy and programmatic issues in reversing undernutrition	190	(1)
Perspectives on the future	191	(1)
Further reading	191	(1)
Vitamin A Deficiency	192	(24)
Faruk Ahmed
Ian Darnton-Hill
Introduction	192	(2)
Consequences of vitamin A deficiency	194	(6)
Epidemiology	200	(3)
Prevention and control	203	(5)
Assessment of vitamin A status	208	(4)
Monitoring and evaluation	212	(2)
Perspectives on the future	214	(2)
Further reading	215	(1)
Iodine and Iodine-deficiency Disorders	216	(11)
Clive E West
Pieter L Jooste
Chandrakant S Pandav
Introduction	216	(1)
Definition of iodine deficiency	216	(3)
Clinical features	219	(1)
Iodine metabolism	219	(2)
Reference intakes for iodine	221	(1)
Public health aspects to iodine deficiency	222	(1)
Management of iodine deficiency	223	(2)
Assessment and elimination of iodine deficiency disorders	225	(1)
Perspectives on the future	226	(1)
Further reading	226	(1)
Iron-deficiency Anemias	227	(9)
Kamasamudram Vijayaraghavan
Introduction	227	(1)
Definition and clinical features of iron-deficiency anemia	228	(2)
Iron metabolism	230	(2)
Reference intakes for iron	232	(1)
Public health implications of iron-deficiency anemia	232	(2)
Perspectives on the future	234	(2)
Further reading	235	(1)
Fear of Fatness and Fad Slimming Diets	236	(11)
Mary AT Flynn
Introduction	236	(1)
Epidemiology	237	(1)
Life-cycle fatness trends	237	(1)
Definitions and descriptions	238	(3)
Etiology	241	(1)
Consequences for public health	242	(2)
Prevention strategies	244	(1)
Assessing body image	245	(1)
Perspectives on the future	246	(1)
Further reading	246	(1)
Nutrition and Child Development	247	(17)
Helen Baker-Henningham
Sally Grantham-McGregor
Introduction	247	(1)
Child development and the role of the environment	248	(1)
Possible mechanisms linking undernutrition to poor development	248	(1)
Prevalence of nutritional deficiencies	249	(1)
Intrauterine growth retardation	250	(1)
Breast-feeding and its influence on child development	251	(2)
Wasting, stunting and severe clinical malnutrition	253	(3)
Iron-deficiency anemia	256	(3)
Iodine deficiency	259	(1)
Zinc deficiency	260	(1)
Vitamin A deficiency	260	(1)
Studies on the effects of short-term hunger and school feeding	261	(1)
Perspectives on the future	262	(2)
Further reading	263	(1)
Infant Feeding	264	(19)
Anna Coutsoudis
Jane Bentley
Introduction	264	(1)
Role and importance of breast-feeding	265	(3)
Barriers to successful breast-feeding	268	(3)
Breast-feeding challenges	271	(3)
Potential feeding difficulties	274	(1)
Breast-feeding and human immunodeficiency virus transmission	275	(2)
Infant feeding after 6 months	277	(3)
Monitoring the child's growth: the road-to-health chart	280	(1)
Perspectives on the future	281	(2)
Further reading	282	(1)
Adverse Outcomes in Pregnancy: The Role of Folate and Related B-Vitamins	283	(19)
John Scott
Helene McNulty
Introduction	283	(1)
Biochemical basis for the role of folate in adverse outcomes of pregnancy	284	(6)
Evidence that folate and other related vitamins play a protective role against adverse outcomes of pregnancy	290	(5)
Prevention of folate-responsive adverse outcomes of pregnancy	295	(5)
Perspectives on the future	300	(2)
Further reading	301	(1)
Maternal Nutrition, Fetal Programming and Adult Chronic Disease	302	(15)
David JP Barker
Keith M Godfrey
Introduction	302	(1)
Observations establishing the link between size at birth and later cardiovascular disease	303	(2)
Potential confounding influences	305	(1)
Findings for particular cardiovascular and metabolic disorders	305	(6)
Determinants of fetal growth and programming: the importance of fetal nutrition	311	(1)
Maternal influences on fetal nutrition	312	(4)
Perspectives on the future	316	(1)
Further reading	316	(1)
Cardiovascular Disease	317	(13)
Jim Mann
Introduction	317	(1)
Epidemiology	318	(1)
Correlations between coronary heart disease rates and food intake	319	(1)
Prospective observation of subjects for whom diet histories are available	320	(1)
Cardiovascular risk factors and their nutritional determinants	321	(2)
Clinical trials of cardiovascular risk reduction by dietary modification	323	(3)
Nutritional strategies for high-risk populations	326	(2)
Perspectives on the future	328	(2)
Further reading	328	(2)
Diabetes Mellitus	330	(11)
Ambady Ramachandran
Chamukuttan Snehalatha
Introduction	330	(1)
Classification of diabetes	330	(1)
Diagnosis of diabetes	331	(1)
Risk factors for the development of diabetes	332	(2)
Diabetes as a public health issue	334	(2)
Prevention and management of diabetes	336	(3)
Scope for primary prevention of diabetes	339	(1)
Perspectives on the future	340	(1)
Further reading	340	(1)
Cancer and Diet	341	(16)
Lenore Arab
Susan Steck-Scott
Introduction	341	(1)
Mechanisms of effect of diet	341	(2)
Carcinogenesis: initiation, promotion and progression to metastases	343	(1)
Gene-nutrient interactions in carcinogenesis	344	(2)
Epidemiological studies of diet and cancer	346	(4)
Dietary constituents of interest	350	(4)
Prevention: preventive potential	354	(1)
Prevention guidelines for individuals and populations	355	(1)
Perspectives on the future	355	(2)
Further reading	356	(1)
Disease Prevention: Osteoporosis and Hip Fracture	357	(13)
Nicholas Harvey
Cyrus Cooper
Introduction	357	(1)
Definition	357	(1)
Epidemiology: the scale of the problem	358	(5)
The biology of bone health	363	(6)
Perspectives on the future	369	(1)
Further reading	369	(1)
Appendix	370	(3)
Index	373