Preface | p. ix |
Function & Structure of the Respiratory System | p. 1 |
Objectives | p. 1 |
Functions of the Respiratory System | p. 2 |
Structure of the Respiratory System | p. 4 |
Key Concepts | p. 10 |
Suggested Readings | p. 10 |
Mechanics of Breathing | p. 11 |
Objectives | p. 11 |
Generation of a Pressure Gradient Between Atmosphere & Alveoli | p. 12 |
Pressure-Volume Relationships in the Respiratory System | p. 20 |
Interaction of Lung & Chest Wall: The Static Pressure-Volume Curve | p. 29 |
Airways Resistance | p. 32 |
The Work of Breathing | p. 49 |
Key Concepts | p. 50 |
Clinical Problems | p. 51 |
Suggested Readings | p. 52 |
Alveolar Ventilation | p. 54 |
Objectives | p. 54 |
The Lung Volumes | p. 54 |
Measurement of the Lung Volumes | p. 57 |
Anatomic Dead Space & Alveolar Ventilation | p. 65 |
Measurement of Alveolar Ventilation | p. 67 |
Alveolar Ventilation & Alveolar Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide Levels | p. 71 |
Regional Distribution of Alveolar Ventilation | p. 75 |
The Closing Volume | p. 79 |
The Effects of Aging | p. 81 |
Key Concepts | p. 82 |
Clinical Problems | p. 83 |
Suggested Readings | p. 84 |
Blood Flow to the Lung | p. 86 |
Objectives | p. 86 |
The Bronchial Circulation | p. 87 |
The Functional Anatomy of the Pulmonary Circulation | p. 89 |
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance | p. 92 |
The Regional Distribution of Pulmonary Blood Flow: The Zones of the Lung | p. 99 |
Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction | p. 105 |
Pulmonary Edema | p. 108 |
Key Concepts | p. 111 |
Clinical Problems | p. 111 |
Suggested Readings | p. 112 |
Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships | p. 113 |
Objectives | p. 113 |
The Concept of Matching Ventilation & Perfusion | p. 113 |
Consequences of High & Low V/Q | p. 114 |
Testing for Nonuniform Distribution of Inspired Gas & Pulmonary Blood Flow | p. 116 |
Regional V/Q Differences & Their Consequences in the Lung | p. 125 |
Key Concepts | p. 128 |
Clinical Problems | p. 128 |
Suggested Readings | p. 129 |
Diffusion of Gases | p. 130 |
Objectives | p. 130 |
Fick's Law for Diffusion | p. 130 |
Limitations of Gas Transfer | p. 133 |
Diffusion of Oxygen | p. 135 |
Diffusion of Carbon Dioxide | p. 137 |
Measurement of Diffusing Capacity | p. 137 |
Key Concepts | p. 140 |
Clinical Problems | p. 140 |
Suggested Readings | p. 141 |
The Transport of Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide in the Blood | p. 142 |
Objectives | p. 142 |
Transport of Oxygen by the Blood | p. 142 |
Hemoglobin & the Physiologic Implications of the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve | p. 145 |
Influences on the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve | p. 148 |
Transport of Carbon Dioxide by the Blood | p. 156 |
The Carbon Dioxide Dissociation Curve | p. 158 |
The Bohr & Haldane Effects Explained | p. 159 |
Key Concepts | p. 161 |
Clinical Problems | p. 161 |
Suggested Readings | p. 162 |
The Regulation of Acid-Base Status | p. 163 |
Objectives | p. 163 |
The Chemistry of Acids, Bases, & Buffers | p. 163 |
Buffer Systems of the Human Body | p. 166 |
Acidosis & Alkalosis | p. 171 |
Respiratory & Renal Compensatory Mechanisms | p. 176 |
Clinical Interpretation of Blood Gases & Acid-Base Status | p. 178 |
The Causes of Hypoxia | p. 181 |
Key Concepts | p. 184 |
Clinical Problems | p. 185 |
Suggested Readings | p. 188 |
The Control of Breathing | p. 189 |
Objectives | p. 189 |
The Generation of Spontaneous Rhythmicity | p. 191 |
The Medullary Respiratory Center | p. 192 |
The Pontine Respiratory Group | p. 194 |
Spinal Pathways | p. 195 |
Reflex Mechanisms of Respiratory Control | p. 195 |
Influences of Higher Centers | p. 201 |
The Response to Carbon Dioxide | p. 202 |
The Response to Hydrogen Ions | p. 209 |
The Response to Hypoxia | p. 210 |
The Response to Exercise | p. 211 |
Key Concepts | p. 213 |
Clinical Problems | p. 214 |
Suggested Readings | p. 215 |
Nonrespiratory Functions of the Lung | p. 216 |
Objectives | p. 216 |
Pulmonary Defense Mechanisms | p. 216 |
Nonrespiratory Functions of the Pulmonary Circulation | p. 222 |
Metabolic Functions of the Lung | p. 224 |
Key Concepts | p. 227 |
Suggested Readings | p. 227 |
The Respiratory System Under Stress | p. 228 |
Objectives | p. 228 |
Exercise & the Respiratory System | p. 228 |
Altitude & Acclimatization | p. 234 |
Diving & the Respiratory System | p. 240 |
Key Concepts | p. 247 |
Clinical Problems | p. 247 |
Suggested Readings | p. 248 |
Clinical Problem Answers | p. 250 |
Appendix | p. 263 |
Symbols Used in Respiratory Physiology | p. 263 |
The Laws Governing the Behavior of Gases | p. 263 |
Frequently Used Equations | p. 264 |
Pulmonary Function Test Decision Tree | p. 265 |
Table of Normal Respiratory and Circulatory Values | p. 266 |
General Suggested Readings | p. 266 |
Index | p. 267 |
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