On the Purity of the Art of Logic : The Shorter and the Longer Treatises

by Walter Burley; Translated by Paul Vincent Spade

• ISBN13: 9780300082005
• ISBN10: 0300082002
• Format: Trade Book
• Copyright: 2000-12-11
• Publisher: Yale University Press

Summary

This is the first complete English translation of On the Purity of the Art of Logic, a handbook of logic written in Latin by English philosopher Walter Burley (c. 1275-1344/5). The work circulated in the Middle Ages in two versions, a shorter and a longer one, both translated here by Paul Vincent Spade. The translations arc based on the only complete edition of Burley's treatises, corrected by Spade on the basis of one of the surviving manuscripts. The book also includes an extensive introduction, explanatory notes, a table of corresponding passages between the two versions, a select annotated bibliography, and three indexes.

A contemporary of John Duns Scotus and William of Ockham, Burley was active at the universities of both Paris and Oxford. He became one of the most important figures in the transformation of medieval logic and semantics that took place in the early fourteenth century. Burley used new tools and techniques of logical and semantical analysis, yet in many cases he used them in defense of traditional views, such as a realist metaphysical theo

Table of Contents

Introduction	xix
Walter Burley's Life, Writings, and Influence	xix
Burley's On the Purity of the Art of Logic	xxii
The Text and the Translation	xxiii
THE SHORTER TREATISE ON THE PURITY OF THE ART OF LOGIC	1	(2)
The First Part: On General Rules	3	(74)
The First Subpart: On General Rules of Inferences	3	(24)
Rule 1	3	(1)
Rule 2	4	(1)
Sophism	5	(1)
Reply to the Sophisms	5	(1)
Additional Rules	6	(1)
Counterexamples	7	(1)
Replies to the Counterexamples	8	(3)
Rule 3	11	(1)
Rule 4	12	(1)
Doubts and Replies	13	(1)
Copulative Propositions	13	(1)
Disjunctive Propositions	13	(1)
Conditional Propositions	13	(1)
Reduplicative Propositions	14	(1)
A General Rule	14	(1)
Rule 5	14	(1)
Rule 6	15	(1)
Rule 7	16	(1)
Counterexamples	17	(1)
Replies to the Counterexamples	17	(1)
Rule 8	18	(1)
Doubts	19	(1)
Doubt 1	19	(1)
Doubt 2	20	(1)
Reply to the Doubts	21	(1)
Reply to the Doubt 1	21	(1)
Reply to Doubt 2	22	(1)
Rule 9	23	(2)
Rule 10	25	(1)
On Syllogistic Inference	26	(1)
The Second Subpart: The Treatise on Syncategoremata	27	(50)
The Division of Syncategoremata	27	(3)
`Alone' and `Only'	30	(1)
On Exceptives	30	(1)
`Begins' and `Stops'	30	(1)
`Not'	30	(1)
`Not' Taken Merely Negatively	31	(1)
Rule 1	31	(1)
A Sophism	31	(1)
A Sophism	32	(1)
A Sophism	33	(1)
Rule 2	33	(1)
A Sophism	34	(1)
Rule 3	35	(1)
A Sophism	35	(1)
Rule 4	36	(1)
A Sophism	36	(1)
A Sophism	37	(1)
Rule 5	38	(1)
A Sophism	39	(1)
On Infinitizing Negation	40	(1)
On Infinite Names	40	(2)
On the Negation of Infinite Verbs	42	(1)
On Modal Words	43	(1)
First Division of Necessity and Contingency	43	(1)
Second Division of Necessity and Contingency	43	(1)
That the Mode Is Not Predicated in Modal Propositions	44	(1)
First Proof	44	(1)
Second Proof	45	(1)
Third Proof	45	(1)
Fourth Proof	46	(1)
Fifth Proof	47	(1)
That the Mode Is Not a Disposition of the Predicate in Modal Propositions	47	(1)
Third Division of Necessity	48	(1)
A Sophism	49	(1)
Third Division of Contingency	49	(1)
A Rule	50	(1)
A Second Rule	50	(1)
A Sophism	51	(1)
A Second Sophism	52	(1)
`And'	52	(1)
A Sophism	53	(1)
A Rule	54	(1)
A Sophism	54	(1)
A Second Rule	54	(1)
A Third Rule	55	(1)
Disjunctive Words	55	(1)
`Or'	55	(1)
Two Sophisms	55	(2)
A Rule	57	(1)
Doubts	57	(2)
A Sophism	59	(1)
`Whether'	59	(1)
A Rule	60	(1)
A Second Rule	60	(1)
`If'	61	(1)
A Rule	62	(1)
A Sophism	62	(1)
A Second Sophism	63	(1)
A Second Rule	63	(1)
A Sophism	63	(1)
`Insofar As', `According As'	63	(1)
A Sophism	64	(1)
`Every'	65	(1)
A Sophism	65	(1)
A Second Sophism	66	(1)
A Third Sophism	67	(1)
A Fourth Sophism	67	(1)
A Rule	68	(1)
A Sophism	68	(1)
`Both', `Neither'	69	(1)
A Sophism	69	(1)
`The Whole'	70	(1)
A Sophism	70	(1)
`Whatever' and `Whoever'	71	(1)
On Quantifiers Distributive of Accidents	71	(1)
A Sophism	72	(1)
A Second Sophism	73	(1)
A Third Sophism	74	(1)
`Infinite'	74	(1)
A Sophism	75	(2)
THE LONGER TREATISE ON THE PURITY OF THE ART OF LOGIC	77	(2)
Tract 1: On the Properties of Terms	79	(1)
Part One: On Supposition	79	(52)
On the Division of Supposition	79	(3)
On Material Supposition	82	(4)
On Simple Supposition in Particular	86	(15)
On the Division of Simple Supposition	92	(9)
Objections	94	(1)
Replies to the Objections	95	(6)
On Personal Supposition	101	(16)
Two Objections and Replies	110	(1)
On the Supposition of Relative Terms	111	(6)
In Which Doubts Are Resolved by Means of the Above Statements	117	(13)
Difficulties	117	(1)
Replies to These Difficulties	118	(6)
Difficulties over Confused and Distributive Supposition	124	(5)
Difficulties over Relative Terms	129	(1)
On Improper Supposition	130	(1)
Part Two: On Appellation	131	(8)
Part Three: On Copulation	139	(6)
Tract 2: On Hypothetical Propositions and Syllogisms	145	(1)
Part One: On Conditional Hypothetical Propositions	145	(30)
On General Rules of Inferences	146	(6)
General Rules	147	(5)
First Main Rule	147	(1)
Two Subrules	147	(1)
Second Main Rule	147	(1)
Alternative Form of the Second Main Rule	147	(1)
Two False Rules	147	(1)
Two Subrules	148	(1)
Third Main Rule	148	(1)
Fourth Main Rule	148	(1)
First Subrule	149	(1)
Second Subrule	149	(1)
Third Subrule	149	(1)
Fifth Main Rule	150	(1)
First Subrule	151	(1)
Second Subrule	151	(1)
On the Manner of Arguing Enthymematically with Conditionals	152	(14)
First Observation	152	(1)
Second Observation	152	(1)
Third Observation	153	(1)
Fourth Observation	153	(1)
Fifth Observation	154	(1)
Sixth Observation	154	(1)
Seventh Observation	155	(1)
Eighth Observation	155	(1)
Ninth Observation	156	(8)
First Doubt	158	(1)
Second Doubt	158	(1)
Third Doubt	158	(1)
A Confirming Argument	158	(1)
Reply to the First Doubt	159	(1)
Reply to the Second Doubt	159	(1)
Reply to the Third Doubt	160	(2)
Reply to the Confirming Argument	162	(1)
Objection 1	162	(1)
Objection 2	163	(1)
Reply to Objection 1	163	(1)
Reply to Objection 2	163	(1)
Tenth Observation	164	(2)
First Special Rule	164	(1)
Second Special Rule	164	(1)
Third Special Rule	164	(1)
Fourth Special Rule	165	(1)
In Which Are Solved Difficulties That Seem to Be Against the Rules in the First Chapter	166	(9)
Doubts	166	(2)
Against the Second Main Rule	166	(1)
First Doubt	166	(1)
Second Doubt	166	(1)
Third Doubt	167	(1)
Against the First Subrule to the Second Main Rule	167	(1)
Against the Fifth Main Rule	167	(1)
Against the Third Main Rule	168	(1)
Replies to These Doubts	168	(6)
Replies to the Doubts Against the Second Main Rule	168	(1)
Reply to the First Doubt	168	(1)
Reply to the Second Doubt	169	(1)
Reply to the Third Doubt	170	(1)
Reply to the Doubt Against the First Subrule to the Second Main Rule	171	(2)
Reply to the Doubts Against the Fifth Main Rule	173	(1)
Reply to the Doubt Against the Third Rule	174	(1)
Clarification of an Earlier Rule	174	(1)
Part Two: On the Manner of Arguing Syllogistically in Hypothetical Conditionals	175	(19)
On Conditional Syllogisms in the First Figure	176	(4)
Moods of the First Figure	177	(3)
On Conditional Syllogisms in the Second Figure with Both Premises Conditional	180	(5)
Moods of the Second Figure	181	(4)
Affirmative Conditional Hypothetical Syllogisms	182	(1)
Conditional Syllogisms in One Premise of Which the Condition-Sign Is Affirmed and in the Other Denied	183	(2)
On Conditional Syllogisms in the Third Figure	185	(5)
Moods of the Third Figure	187	(3)
On Syllogisms from One Conditional and One Categorical Premise	190	(4)
Moods of Such Syllogisms	192	(2)
Part Three: On Other Hypothetical Propositions	194	(1)
Subpart 1: On Other Explicit Hypotheticals	194	(25)
Chapter 1	194	(25)
On Copulatives	197	(6)
The Truth, Possibility, and Impossibility of Copulatives	198	(1)
Doubt 1	199	(1)
Doubt 2	199	(1)
Reply to Doubt 1	199	(1)
Reply to Doubt 2	200	(1)
The Contradictory Opposite of a Copulative	200	(1)
Doubt 1	200	(1)
Doubt 2	201	(1)
Reply to Doubt 1	201	(1)
How to Form Syllogisms with Copulatives	202	(1)
On Disjunctives	203	(8)
The Truth, Necessity, Possibility, and Impossibility of Disjunctives	203	(3)
What is the Contradictory of a Disjunctive?	206	(1)
On Disjunctive Syllogisms	206	(1)
On Disjunctives Formed with `Or'	207	(1)
Objection 1	207	(1)
Objection 2	208	(1)
Reply to Objection 1	208	(1)
Reply to Objection 2	208	(1)
On Ways of Forming Syllogisms from Disjunctives	209	(1)
On the Word `Whether'	210	(1)
On Causals	211	(5)
The Truth of Causals	212	(1)
The Necessity, Possibility and Impossibility of Causals	212	(1)
The Contradictory of a Causal	212	(1)
How to Form Syllogisms from Causals	213	(1)
A Sophism	214	(1)
Reply to the Sophism	215	(1)
On Temporals	216	(3)
The Truth of Temporals	216	(1)
The Necessity, Possibility, and Impossibility of a Temporal	217	(1)
The Contradictory of a Temporal	218	(1)
How to Form Syllogisms with Temporals	219	(1)
Subpart 2: On Implicit Hypotheticals	219	(74)
On Exclusives	219	(35)
Rule 1	219	(1)
First Subrule	220	(1)
Second Subrule	220	(1)
Rule 2	220	(3)
A Subrule	222	(1)
First Subrule of the Subrule	222	(1)
Second Subrule of the Subrule	222	(1)
Rule 3	223	(1)
Rule 4	223	(1)
A Subrule	223	(1)
A Sophism	223	(1)
Summary of the Rules	224	(1)
Objections and Replies	225	(4)
First Objection	225	(1)
Reply to the First Objection	225	(2)
Second Objection: A Sophism	227	(1)
Reply to the Sophism	228	(1)
Third Objection: Another Sophism	228	(1)
Reply to the Sophism	229	(1)
Rule 5	229	(3)
Sophisms	230	(1)
First Sophism	230	(1)
Reply to the Sophism	230	(1)
Second Sophism	231	(1)
Reply to the Sophism	231	(1)
Third Sophism and Reply	232	(1)
Rule 6	232	(1)
First Sophism	232	(1)
Solution to the First Sophism	232	(1)
Second Sophism	233	(1)
Solution to the Second Sophism	233	(1)
Two Rules of the Old Authors	233	(2)
First Rule	233	(1)
Second Rule	234	(1)
Rejection of These Two Rules	234	(1)
Rule 7	235	(2)
A Sophism	236	(1)
Reply to the Sophism	236	(1)
Rule 8	237	(1)
A Putative Rule	237	(1)
Rejection of the Putative Rule	238	(1)
Rule 9	238	(2)
A Sophism	238	(1)
Reply to the Sophism	238	(1)
Another Sophism	239	(1)
Reply to the Sophism	240	(1)
On Exclusive Syllogisms	240	(5)
On Exclusive Syllogisms in the First Figure	241	(3)
Eight Rules for Exclusive Syllogisms in the First Figure	244	(1)
On Exclusive Syllogisms in the Second Figure	245	(4)
Nine Rules for Exclusive Syllogisms in the Second Figure	248	(1)
On Exclusive Syllogisms in the Third Figure	249	(5)
Nineteen Rules for Exclusive Syllogisms in the Third Figure	253	(1)
On Exceptives	254	(13)
`Besides'	255	(8)
Rule 1	257	(1)
Rule 2	257	(1)
Rule 3	258	(1)
Rule 4	258	(1)
A Sophism	258	(1)
Reply to the Sophism	259	(1)
Rule 5	259	(1)
A Sophism	259	(1)
Solution to the Sophism	259	(1)
Rule 6	260	(1)
A Sophism	260	(1)
Solution to the Sophism	260	(1)
Rule 7	261	(1)
Rule 8	261	(1)
A Sophism	261	(1)
Solution to the Sophism	262	(1)
Another Sophism	262	(1)
Solution to the Sophism	262	(1)
A Remark	263	(1)
Another Remark	263	(1)
`Unless'	263	(3)
A Sophism	264	(1)
Solution to the Sophism	264	(1)
Another Sophism	265	(1)
Solution to the Sophism	265	(1)
On Exceptive Syllogisms	266	(1)
On Reduplicatives	267	(16)
The Truth of a Reduplicative	267	(7)
Reduplicatives with Both the Reduplication and the Main Verb Affirmed	269	(2)
Sophisms	271	(1)
Reduplicatives in Which Both the Reduplication and That on Which the Reduplication Falls Are Affirmed and the Main Verb Is Denied	272	(1)
Reduplicatives in Which the Reduplication Is Denied and the Main Verb Is Affirmed	273	(1)
Reduplicatives in Which That on Which the Reduplication Falls Is Denied and Both the Reduplication and the Main Verb Are Affirmed	273	(1)
Reduplicatives in Which Both That on Which the Reduplication Falls and the Main Verb Are Denied	274	(1)
How Contradiction Is to Be Taken With Reduplicatives	274	(3)
First Doubt	275	(1)
Second Doubt	276	(1)
Reply to the First Doubt	276	(1)
Reply to the Second Doubt	276	(1)
How Terms Supposit in Reduplicatives	277	(1)
On Reduplicative Syllogisms	278	(5)
Reduplicative Syllogisms in the First Figure	278	(1)
Reduplicative Syllogisms in the Second Figure	279	(3)
Reduplicative Syllogisms in the Third Figure	282	(1)
On Propositions in Which the Verbs `Begins' and `Stops' Occur	283	(10)
A Sophism	285	(1)
Other Verbs That Signify the Beginning or End of Being or Nonbeing	285	(1)
Which Expositions Yield True Propositions?	286	(1)
Rule 1	287	(1)
Rule 2	287	(1)
Rule 3	288	(1)
A Sophism	288	(1)
Solution to the Sophism	288	(1)
Rule 4	289	(1)
A Sophism	289	(1)
Solution to the Sophism	289	(1)
Another Sophism	289	(1)
Solution to the Sophism	290	(1)
Rule 5	290	(1)
A Sophism	290	(1)
Solution to the Sophism	290	(1)
Syllogisms Made up of Such Propositions	291	(2)
Appendix: Tables of Parallel Passages	293	(2)
Select Annotated Bibliography	295	(10)
Index of Persons	305	(2)
Index of Propositions, Rules, and Sophisms	307	(6)
Index of Topics	313