Quantitative MRI of the Brain Measuring Changes Caused by Disease

by Tofts, Paul

• ISBN13: 9780470014295
• ISBN10: 0470014296
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-03-04
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

2004 BMA Medical Book Competition Winner (Radiology category) "This is an exciting book, with a new approach to use of the MRI scanner. It bridges the gap between clinical research and general neuro-radiological practice. It is accessible to the clinical radiologist, and yet thorough in its treatment of the underlying physics and of the science of measurement. It is likely to become a classic." British Medical Association This indispensable 'how to' manual of quantitative MR is essential for anyone who wants to use the gamut of modern quantitative methods to measure the effects of neurological disease, its progression, and its response to treatment. It contains both the methodology and clinical applications, reflecting the increasing interest in quantitative MR in studying disease and its progression. The editor is an MR scientist with an international reputation for high quality research The contributions are written jointly by MR physicists and MR clinicians, producing a practical book for both the research and medical communities A practical book for both the research and medical communities "Paul Tofts has succeeded brilliantly in capturing the essence of what needs to become the future of radiology in particular, and medicine in general - quantitative measurements of disease." Robert I. Grossman, M.D. New York, University School of Medicine (from the Foreword)

Author Biography

Professor Paul Tofts has worked on the physical aspects of quantitative brain imaging since the early days of clinical NMR. He was the first to measure in-vivo concentrations of metabolites, and to use dynamic imaging to measure blood-brain barrier permeability and extra-cellular space in multiple sclerosis.

Table of Contents

Contributors	ix
Reviewers	xi
Foreword	xiii
Introduction	xv
Section A: The Measurement Process	1	(82)
Concepts: Measurement and MR	3	(14)
Paul S. Tofts
Introduction	3	(6)
History of Measurement	9	(3)
General Concepts of Measurement in Medical Imaging	12	(5)
The Measurement Process: MR Data Collection and Image Analysis	17	(38)
Paul S. Tofts
MR Data Collection	17	(21)
Image Analysis, Statistics and Classification	38	(17)
QA: Quality Assurance, Accuracy, Precision and Phantoms	55	(28)
Paul S. Tofts
Quality Assurance Concepts	55	(4)
Accuracy and Systematic Errors	59	(4)
Precision	63	(6)
Phantoms (Test Objects)	69	(14)
Section B: Windows into the Brain: Measuring MR Parameters	83	(392)
PD: Proton Density of Tissue Water	85	(26)
Paul S. Tofts
Introduction	85	(3)
Physical Basis of Proton Density	88	(4)
Biological Basis of Proton Density	92	(1)
Measuring Proton Density -- Practical Details	92	(9)
Factors Which Can Alter the Measured Value of PD	101	(3)
Clinical Applications of Proton Density	104	(1)
Conclusions -- the Future of Proton Density Measurements	105	(6)
T1: the Longitudinal Relaxation Time	111	(32)
Penny A. Gowland
Valerie L. Stevenson
Introduction	111	(2)
Physical Principles	113	(1)
Biological Basis of T1	113	(1)
How to Measure T1	114	(2)
General Methods for Measuring T1 and Potential Pitfalls	116	(7)
Review of T1 Measurement Sequences	123	(8)
Clinical Applications of T1 Measurement	131	(4)
The Future	135	(8)
T2: the Transverse Relaxation Time	143	(60)
Philip A. Boulby
Dr Fergus Rugg--Gunn
Introduction	143	(1)
Physical Principles of the Phenomenon	144	(4)
Relaxation	148	(5)
Relaxation Mechanisms	153	(2)
Rephasing the Signal	155	(5)
Measurement of T2 Using MRI	160	(2)
Exchange of Magnetization	162	(1)
Multiexponential Decay	163	(2)
How Many Time Points to Take?	165	(1)
Artefacts	166	(3)
Clinical Applications of Quantitative T2-Weighted Imaging: Normals	169	(3)
Medical Disorders	172	(16)
Future	188	(15)
D: the Diffusion of Water	203	(54)
Claudia A.M. Wheeler-Kingshott
Gareth J. Barker
Stefan C.A. Steens
Mark A. van Buchem
Introduction	203	(2)
Physical Principles of the Phenomenon of Diffusion	205	(13)
Biological Origin of Diffusion Changes in Brain Tissue	218	(3)
Quantification of Diffusion	221	(10)
Instrumental Requirements for Diffusion Measurements	231	(1)
Clinical Applications	232	(15)
Future Developments	247	(10)
MT: Magnetization Transfer	257	(42)
Paul S. Tofts
Stefan C.A. Steens
Mark A. van Buchem
Introduction	257	(1)
Physical Basis of Magnetization Transfer	258	(5)
Biological Basis of Magnetization Transfer Measurements	263	(2)
Measuring Magnetization Transfer -- Practical Details	265	(6)
Factors Which Can Alter Measured MT Parameter Values	271	(1)
Clinical Applications of Magnetization Transfer Imaging	272	(17)
Conclusions -- the Future of MT Measurements	289	(10)
Spectroscopy: 1H Metabolite Concentrations	299	(42)
Paul S. Tofts
Adam D. Waldman
Introduction	299	(4)
Physical Principles of Quantitative Spectroscopy	303	(6)
Biological Significance of Metabolite Peaks	309	(3)
Quantification of the Metabolite Concentrations -- Practical Issues	312	(6)
Unwanted Factors Which Can Alter the Measured Value of Metabolite Concentration	318	(2)
Clinical Applications of MRS in Neurological Disease	320	(12)
Future Methodological Improvements and Clinical Applications	332	(9)
T1-w DCE-MRI: T1-weighted Dynamic Contrast-enhanced MRI	341	(24)
Geoff J.M. Parker
Anwar R. Padhani
Introduction	341	(2)
The Kinetics of Low-Molecular-Weight Extracellular Contrast Agents	343	(4)
Pathophysiological Correlates -- the Biological Meaning of T1-weighted DCE Parameters	347	(3)
Quantitative Data Acquisition Methods	350	(4)
Sources of Error	354	(3)
Potential Clinical Applications	357	(2)
Challenges and New Directions	359	(6)
T2- and T2*-w DCE-MRI: Blood Perfusion and Volume Estimation using Bolus Tracking	365	(48)
Richard P. Kennan
H. Rolf Jager
Introduction	366	(1)
Physical Principles of the Phenomenon	367	(10)
Biological Factors Which Affect Blood Volume and Perfusion	377	(2)
How to Measure Blood Perfusion and Volume	379	(8)
Sources of Variation in DSC Perfusion and Blood Volume Measurements	387	(3)
Clinical Applications	390	(12)
Future Methodological Improvements	402	(11)
Functional MRI	413	(42)
Peter Jezzard
Nick F. Ramsey
Introduction	414	(1)
Metabolic and Haemodynamic Responses to Neural Activity	415	(2)
Quantitative Models of Bold fMRI Signal Changes	417	(9)
Other Functional Markers Available to MRI	426	(4)
Sources of Error in Quantification	430	(3)
Clinical Applications of fMRI: Methodological Issues	433	(11)
Clinical Applications of fMRI: Examples	444	(3)
Requirements for MultiCentre Standardization	447	(1)
Conclusion	448	(7)
ASL: Blood Perfusion Measurements Using Arterial Spin Labelling	455	(20)
Laura M. Parkes
John A. Detre
Introduction	455	(1)
Arterial Spin Labelling	456	(1)
Physical Principles	457	(3)
Quantification	460	(3)
Accuracy and Precision	463	(2)
Clinical and Research Applications	465	(5)
Future Methodological Improvements	470	(5)
Section C: The Biology	475	(26)
Biology: The Significance of MR Parameters in Multiple Sclerosis	477	(24)
Bruno Brochet
Klaus G. Petry
Vincent Dousset
Introduction	477	(1)
Main pathological features of Multiple sclerosis	478	(1)
Classical magnetic resonance abnormalities	479	(6)
Newer and potentially more specific MR techniques	485	(8)
Conclusion	493	(8)
Section D: Analysing Images	501	(110)
Spatial Registration of Images	503	(30)
John Ashburner
Catriona D. Good
Introduction	503	(1)
Resampling Images	504	(4)
Rigid-Body Transformations	508	(4)
Intramodality Rigid Registration	512	(4)
Intermodality Rigid Registration	516	(4)
Nonlinear Warping	520	(5)
Conclusions	525	(8)
Volume and Atrophy	533	(26)
Geoff J.M. Parker
Declan T. Chard
Introduction	534	(1)
Normal Brain Tissue Volumes and Normal Age and Gender Effects	535	(1)
Pathological Substrates of CNS Atrophy and Volume Measurements	536	(1)
Data Acquisition and Pre-Processing	537	(1)
Data Analysis -- Segmentation	538	(10)
Sources of error	548	(1)
Applications: some examples	549	(3)
Summary	552	(7)
Shape and Texture	559	(22)
William R. Crum
Introduction	559	(4)
Shape	563	(1)
Shape Methods	564	(2)
Clinical Applications of Shape Analysis	566	(5)
Texture	571	(1)
Texture Methods	572	(2)
Clinical Applications of Texture Analysis	574	(2)
The Future	576	(5)
Appendix: Procrustes Averaging For Measuring Shape Difference	579	(2)
Histograms: Measuring Subtle Diffuse Disease	581	(30)
Paul S. Tofts
Gerard R. Davies
Jamshid Dehmeshki
Introduction	581	(3)
Principles of Histogram Generation and Analysis	584	(1)
Biological Origin of Histogram Changes	585	(1)
Quantification of Histograms -- Practical Details	585	(15)
What Can Go Wrong?	600	(2)
Clinical Applications of Histogram Analysis	602	(4)
Conclusions -- the Future of Histograms	606	(5)
Section E: Where are we Going?	611	(8)
The Future of qMRI: Conclusions and Speculation	613	(6)
Paul S. Tofts
Appendix 1 - Greek alphabet for scientific use	619	(2)
Index	621