Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Class : The Sociology of Group Conflict and Change

by Healey, Joseph

• ISBN13: 9781412915212
• ISBN10: 141291521X
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-07-31
• Publisher: Pine Forge Press

Summary

The text that has been very popular among undergraduate students studying race and ethnicity has been updated and revised in this new Fourth Edition ! Written in a clear, consistent style, this best-selling text eloquently describes and, at times, serves as a conduit for a broad spectrum of experiences related to race, ethnicity, gender, and class. Author Joseph F. Healey uses sociological theory to tell the story of race and other socially constructed inequalities in the United States with consistency and clarity. 

Author Biography

Joseph F. Healey is Professor of Sociology at Christopher Newport University in Virginia

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
PART I AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF MINORITY GROUPS IN THE UNITED STATES	1	(70)
What Is Public Sociology?	1	(2)
Public Sociology Assignments	3	(4)
Marcus Griffin
Assignment 1: Revealing Diversity in the United States in Your Local School	3	(1)
Assignment 2: Diversity in a Soup Kitchen	4	(3)
Diversity in the United States: Questions and Concepts	7	(28)
Six American Stories	8	(1)
The Increasing Variety of American Minority Groups	9	(3)
What is a Minority Group?	12	(2)
The Pattern of Inequality	14	(4)
Theoretical Perspectives	15	(2)
Minority Group Status and Stratification	17	(1)
Visible Distinguishing Traits	18	(2)
Race	18	(1)
Gender	19	(1)
Photo Essay: Visualizing Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Class	20	(2)
Narrative Portrait: The Social Construction of Racial Identity	22	(4)
Developing a Racial Identity	22	(4)
Lawrence Hill
Key Concepts in Dominant-Minority Relations	26	(3)
Prejudice	26	(1)
Discrimination	27	(1)
Ideological Racism	27	(1)
Institutional Discrimination	28	(1)
Current Debates: Race and Sports	29	(6)
The Dominance of Black Athletes is Genetic	30	(1)
Jon Entine
The Argument for Genetic Differences is Deeply Flawed	30	(1)
Kenan Malik
Debate Questions to Consider	31	(1)
Main Points	32	(1)
For Further Reading	32	(1)
Questions for Review and Study	33	(1)
Internet Research Project	33	(2)
Assimilation And Pluralism	35	(36)
Assimilation	36	(11)
Types of Assimilation	36	(1)
The ``Traditional'' Perspective on Assimilation: Theories and Concepts	37	(3)
Assimilation Patterns	40	(3)
Variations in Assimilation	43	(4)
Photo Essay: The Blending of America---Mixed Race	47	(3)
Pluralism	50	(2)
Types of Pluralism	50	(2)
The Twilight of White Ethnicity?	52	(2)
Contemporary Immigrants: Segmented Assimilation?	54	(2)
Other Group Goals	56	(2)
Implications for Examining Dominant-Minority Relations	58	(1)
Narrative Portrait: Assimilation, Then and Now	59	(2)
Choosing a Dream: Italians in Hell's Kitchen	59	(1)
Mario Puzo
Always Running: La Vida Loca	60	(1)
Luiz Rodriguez
Comparative Focus: Immigration, Emigration, and Ireland	61	(2)
Current Debates: English Only?	63	(4)
English Only Will Speed the Assimilation of Immigrants	63	(1)
Mauro Mujica
Bilingualism Should Be Encouraged	64	(2)
Aida Hurtado
Luis A. Vega
Debate Questions to Consider	66	(1)
Main Points	67	(1)
For Further Reading	67	(1)
Questions for Review and Study	68	(1)
Internet Research Project	68	(3)
PART II UNDERSTANDING PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION	71	(68)
About the Public Sociology Assignments	72	(1)
Public Sociology Assignments	73	(4)
Marcus Griffin
Assignment 1: Local Hate Groups	73	(1)
Assignment 2: Cultural Brokerage and Arab Americans	74	(3)
Prejudice and Discrimination in the Individual	77	(32)
Stereotypes	78	(5)
Cognition and Categorization	78	(1)
Attribution Theory	79	(1)
Cognitive and Emotional Dimensions of Stereotypes	80	(1)
Types of Stereotypes	80	(1)
The Content of American Stereotypes	81	(1)
Gender and Minority Group Stereotypes	82	(1)
Theories of Prejudice	83	(7)
Personality-Centered Approaches to Prejudice	83	(4)
Culture-Based Approaches to Prejudice	87	(3)
Narrative Portrait: The Cultural Sources of Prejudice	90	(7)
Kaffir Boy	90	(5)
Mark Mathabane
Power-Conflict Theories	95	(2)
Types of Prejudice	97	(1)
Prejudice Versus Sexism: An International Perspective	98	(4)
Current Debates: Racial Profiling and Prejudice	102	(4)
Racial Profiling Is Motivated by Prejudice and Reinforced by Reality Cop Shows on Television	102	(2)
Theodore Prosise
Ann Johnson
Racial Profiling Is Rational and Justified by Differential Crime Rates	104	(1)
Jared Taylor
Glade Whitney
Debate Questions to Consider	105	(1)
Main Points	106	(1)
For Further Reading	106	(1)
Questions for Review and Study	107	(1)
Internet Research Project	107	(2)
Societal Trends in Prejudice and Discrimination	109	(30)
The Decline of Prejudice	110	(1)
Efforts to Reduce Prejudice and Discrimination	111	(11)
Persuasion and the Mass Media	111	(2)
Education	113	(2)
Contact Between Groups	115	(4)
Prospects for Reducing Prejudice Further	119	(3)
Photo Essay: Understanding Discrimination	122	(3)
Modern Racism and Modern Sexism	125	(3)
Has Sexism Been Modernized?	127	(1)
Hate Crime: A Resurgence of Prejudice?	128	(3)
Narrative Portrait: The Dynamics of Racial Hatred	131	(2)
The Making (and Unmaking) of a Klansman	131	(2)
C. P. Ellis
Current Debates: Is Modern Racism Real?	133	(3)
Modern Racism Is a Major Obstacle to Further Racial Equality	133	(1)
Lawrence Bobo
Modern Racism Dilutes the Meaning of Racism	134	(1)
G. E. Zuriff
Debate Questions to Consider	135	(1)
Main Points	136	(1)
For Further Reading	136	(1)
Questions for Review and Study	137	(1)
Internet Research Project	138	(1)
PART III THE EVOLUTION OF DOMINANT-MINORITY RELATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES	139	(76)
A Note on the Morality and the History of Minority Relations in America: Guilt, Blame, Understanding, and Communication	140	(1)
About the Public Sociology Assignments	141	(1)
Public Sociology Assignments	142	(5)
Marcus Griffin
Assignment 1: Employment and Achieving the American Dream	142	(1)
Assignment 2: Ethnic Self-Segregation in College	143	(4)
The Development of Dominant-Minority Group Relations in Preindustrial America: The Origins of Slavery	147	(34)
The Origins of Slavery in America	148	(8)
The Labor Supply Problem	149	(1)
The Contact Situation	150	(3)
The Creation of American Slavery	153	(1)
Paternalistic Relations	154	(2)
Photo Essay: Early Images of African Americans	156	(5)
Narrative Portrait: A Slave's Life	161	(5)
Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Henry Bibb	161	(1)
Henry Bibb
Life as a Slave Girl	162	(1)
Harriet Jacobs
The Dimensions of Minority Group Status	163	(3)
The Creation of Minority Status for American Indians and Mexican Americans	166	(6)
American Indians	166	(3)
Mexican Americans	169	(3)
Comparing Minority Groups	172	(1)
Comparative Focus: Mexico, Canada, and the United States	173	(2)
Current Debates: How Did Slavery Affect the Origins of African American Culture?	175	(3)
Slavery Created African American Culture	175	(1)
Stanley Elkins
African American Culture Was Created by an Interplay of Elements From Africa and America	176	(1)
William D. Piersen
The Experiences of Female Slaves Have Been Under-Researched and Under-Reported	177	(1)
Deborah Gray White
Debate Questions to Consider	177	(1)
Main Points	178	(1)
For Further Reading	178	(1)
Questions for Review and Study	179	(1)
Internet Research Project	180	(1)
Industrialization and Dominant-Minority Relations: From Slavery to Segregation and the Coming of Postindustrial Society	181	(34)
Industrialization and the Shift From Paternalistic to Rigid Competitive Group Relations	182	(1)
The Impact of Industrialization on African Americans: From Slavery to Segregation	183	(1)
Reconstruction	183	(1)
Photo Essay: Images of African Americans: Post Civil War to World War II	184	(6)
De Jure Segregation	187	(3)
The ``Great Migration''	190	(3)
Life in the North	190	(1)
Competition With White Ethnic Groups	190	(3)
Narrative Portrait: The Kitchenette	193	(1)
Death on the City Pavement	193	(1)
Richard Wright
The Origins of Black Protest	194	(1)
Applying Concepts	195	(1)
Acculturation and Integration	195	(1)
Gender and Race	195	(1)
Industrialization, the Shift to Postindustrial Society, and Dominant-Minority Group Relations: General Trends	196	(5)
Urbanization	197	(1)
Occupational Specialization	197	(1)
Bureaucracy and Rationality	197	(1)
Growth of White-Collar Jobs and the Service Sector	198	(1)
The Growing Importance of Education	199	(1)
A Dual Labor Market	200	(1)
Globalization	200	(1)
The Shift From Rigid to Fluid Competitive Relationships	201	(1)
Gender Inequality in a Globalizing, Postindustrial World	202	(2)
Modern Institutional Discrimination	204	(3)
Social Change and Minority Group Activism	207	(1)
Current Debates: Affirmative Action	208	(4)
Affirmative Action Casts Suspicions on Legitimate Black Achievement and Depicts African Americans as Incapable	208	(1)
Thomas Sowell
Why We Still Need Affirmative Action	209	(1)
Orlando Patterson
Affirmative Action Should Be Based on Class Rather Than Race	210	(1)
Richard Kahlenberg
Debate Questions to Consider	211	(1)
Main Points	212	(1)
For Further Reading	212	(1)
Questions for Review and Study	213	(1)
Internet Research Project	213	(2)
PART IV UNDERSTANDING DOMINANT-MINORITY RELATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES TODAY	215	(250)
About the Public Sociology Assignments	217	(1)
Public Sociology Assignments	218	(5)
Marcus Griffin
Assignment 1: American Indian Cultural Affiliation	218	(2)
Assignment 2: Race and Class---Epidemiology and Surveillance	220	(3)
African Americans: From Segregation to Modern Institutional Discrimination and Modern Racism	223	(38)
The End of de Jure Segregation	224	(4)
Wartime Developments	225	(1)
The Civil Rights Movement	225	(3)
Developments Outside the South	228	(2)
De Facto Segregation	228	(1)
Urban Unrest	229	(1)
The Black Power Movement	229	(1)
Protest, Power, and Pluralism	230	(2)
The Black Power Movement in Perspective	230	(1)
Gender and Black Protest	231	(1)
Black-White Relations Since the 1960s	232	(7)
Continuing Separation, Continuing Violence	232	(1)
The Criminal Justice System and African Americans	233	(1)
Urbanization and Increasing Class Differentiation	234	(4)
The Family Institution and the Culture of Poverty	238	(1)
Narrative Portrait: Condoleezza Rice: From Acorns to Oaks	239	(14)
Condoleezza Rice's Journey From the Jim Crow South to the White House	239	(3)
Arthur Hernstein
Prejudice and Discrimination	242	(1)
Assimilation and Pluralism	243	(10)
Is the Glass Half Empty or Half Full?	253	(2)
Current Debates: Reparations	255	(3)
Reparations Are an Idea Whose Time Has Come	255	(1)
Manning Marable
Why I Don't Want Reparations for Slavery	256	(1)
John McWhorter
Debate Questions to Consider	257	(1)
Main Points	258	(1)
For Further Reading	259	(1)
Questions for Review and Study	259	(1)
Internet Research Project	260	(1)
American Indians: From Conquest to Tribal Survival in a Postindustrial Society	261	(42)
American Indian Cultures	262	(1)
Relations With the Federal Government After the 1890s	263	(2)
Reservation Life	263	(2)
Photo Essay: Native Americans	265	(3)
Narrative Portrait: Civilize Them With a Stick	268	(5)
Lakota Woman---Mary Crow Dog	268	(1)
The Indian Reorganization Act	269	(1)
Termination and Relocation	270	(2)
Self-Determination	272	(1)
Protest and Resistance	273	(3)
Early Efforts	273	(1)
Red Power	274	(2)
The Continuing Struggle for Development in Contemporary American Indian-White Relations	276	(4)
Natural Resources	276	(1)
Attracting Industry to the Reservation	277	(2)
Broken Treaties	279	(1)
Gambling and Other Development Possibilities	279	(1)
Contemporary American Indian-White Relations	280	(4)
Prejudice and Discrimination	281	(1)
Assimilation and Pluralism	282	(2)
Narrative Portrait: An Indian View of White Civilization	284	(6)
Listening to the Air	284	(6)
John Lame Deer
Comparing Minority Groups	290	(1)
Progress and Challenges	291	(1)
Comparative Focus: Australian Aborigines and American Indians	292	(3)
Current Debates: Are Indian Sports Team Mascots Offensive?	295	(4)
Indian Symbols and Mascots are not Offensive	295	(1)
S.L. Price
Andrea Woo
Mascots are Offensive	296	(2)
C. Richard King
Ellen J. Staurowsky
Lawrence Baca
R. Davis
Cornel Pewewardy
Debate Questions to Consider	298	(1)
Main Points	299	(1)
For Further Reading	300	(1)
Questions for Review and Study	300	(1)
Internet Research Projects	301	(2)
Hispanic Americans: Colonization, Immigration, and Ethnic Enclaves	303	(44)
Mexican Americans	306	(2)
Cultural Patterns	306	(1)
Immigration	307	(1)
Narrative Portrait: The Meaning of Macho	308	(8)
Americanization Is Tough on Macho	308	(4)
Rose Del Castillo Guilbault
Developments in the United States	312	(3)
Mexican Americans and Other Minority Groups	315	(1)
Puerto Ricans	316	(3)
Migration (Push and Pull) and Employment	316	(2)
Transitions	318	(1)
Puerto Ricans and Other Minority Groups	318	(1)
Cuban Americans	319	(1)
Immigration (Push and Pull)	319	(1)
Narrative Portrait: Gender Images of Latinas	320	(4)
``The Island Travels With You''	320	(2)
Judith Ortiz Cofer
Regional Concentrations	322	(1)
Socioeconomic Characteristics	322	(1)
The Ethnic Enclave	322	(2)
Cuban Americans and Other Minority Groups	324	(1)
Contemporary Hispanic-White Relations	324	(9)
Prejudice and Discrimination	324	(1)
Assimilation and Pluralism	325	(8)
Assimilation and Hispanic Americans	333	(3)
Photo Essay: Hispanic Americans	336	(4)
Current Debates: Is Americanization Threatened by ``Hispanization''?	340	(4)
How to Make an American	340	(2)
John Fonte
Why We Shouldn't Worry About the ``Hispanization'' of the United States	342	(1)
Francis Fukuyama
Debate Questions to Consider	343	(1)
Main Points	344	(1)
For Further Reading	345	(1)
Questions for Review and Study	345	(1)
Internet Research Project	346	(1)
Asian Americans: Are Chinese Americans and Japanese Americans ``Model Minorities''?	347	(38)
Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders	348	(1)
Origins and Cultures	348	(2)
Contact Situations and the Development of the Chinese American and Japanese American Communities	350	(9)
Chinese Americans	351	(4)
Japanese Americans	355	(4)
Photo Essay: Asian Americans	359	(2)
Narrative Portrait: The Relocation	361	(3)
``We Were Just Japs''	361	(2)
Joseph Kurihara
Comparing Minority Groups	363	(1)
Contemporary Relations	364	(1)
Prejudice and Discrimination	364	(1)
Comparative Focus: Japan's ``Invisible'' Minority	365	(9)
Assimilation and Pluralism	367	(7)
Comparing Minority Groups: Explaining Asian American Success	374	(4)
Asian and European Immigrants	375	(1)
Asian Americans and Colonized Minority Groups	376	(2)
Current Debates: Asian American ``Success'': What are the Dimensions, Causes, and Implications for Other Minority Groups?	378	(4)
The Success of Japanese Americans Is Cultural	378	(1)
Harry Kitano
The ``Success'' of Chinese Americans Is Structural	379	(1)
Alejandro Portes
Min Zhou
The Success of Asian Americans has Been Exaggerated, in Part, to Criticize Other Minority Groups	380	(1)
Ronald Takaki
Debate Questions to Consider	381	(1)
Main Points	382	(1)
For Further Reading	382	(1)
Questions for Review and Study	383	(1)
Internet Research Project	384	(1)
New Americans: Immigration and Assimilation	385	(40)
Recent Immigration from Latin America, South America, and the Caribbean	386	(6)
Four Case Studies	387	(5)
Contemporary Immigration from Asia and the Pacific Islands	392	(6)
Four Case Studies	392	(6)
Arab Americans	398	(2)
Photo Essay: The Arab American Community in Detroit, Michigan	400	(2)
Narrative Portrait: Two Stories of Immigration	402	(4)
Ho Yang	402	(1)
Vo Thi Tam	403	(3)
Immigrants From Africa	406	(2)
Summary: Modes of Incorporation	408	(3)
Immigration: Issues and Controversies	411	(6)
How Welcoming Are Americans?	411	(1)
Views of the Immigrants	411	(1)
Costs and Benefits	412	(1)
Is Contemporary Assimilation Segmented?	413	(2)
Illegal Immigration	415	(2)
Recent Immigration in Historical Context	417	(1)
Current Debates: Is Immigration Harmful or Helpful to the United States?	418	(4)
Immigration Is Harmful	418	(1)
Peter Brimelow
Immigration Is Not Harmful	419	(1)
Reynolds Farley
We Need to Reframe the Immigration Debate	420	(1)
George Borjas
Debate Questions to Consider	421	(1)
Main Points	422	(1)
For Further Reading	423	(1)
Questions for Review and Study	423	(1)
Internet Research Project	424	(1)
White Ethnic Groups: Assimilation and Identity---The Twilight of Ethnicity?	425	(40)
Assimilation and Equality: Should Ethnic Groups Be Considered ``Minority Groups''?	426	(3)
Industrialization and Immigration	429	(1)
European Origins, Conditions of Entry, and the Campaign Against Immigration	430	(8)
Northern and Western Europeans	431	(1)
Immigrant Laborers from Ireland and Southern and Eastern Europe	432	(3)
Eastern European Jewish Immigrants and the Ethnic Enclave	435	(2)
The Campaign Against Immigration	437	(1)
Photo Essay: White Ethnics	438	(4)
Comparative Focus: Immigration and Assimilation in Canada	442	(2)
Developments in the 20th Century: Mobility and Integration	444	(2)
Degree of Similarity	444	(1)
Ethnic Succession	445	(1)
Narrative Portrait: Ethnicity, Prejudice, and the Irish Political Machine	446	(5)
Shadow of the Past	446	(4)
David Gray
Continuing Industrialization and Structural Mobility	450	(1)
Comparing European Immigrants and Colonized Minority Groups	451	(1)
Will White Ethnicity Survive?	452	(4)
Ethnic Revivals	453	(1)
White Ethnicity in the 21st Century	454	(2)
Comparing Minority Groups: Immigration Versus Colonization	456	(1)
Current Debates: The Racial Identities of Whites and Blacks	457	(3)
The Need to Understand Whiteness	457	(1)
Richard Dyer
Symbolic and Involuntary Ethnicity	458	(1)
Mary Waters
Debate Questions to Consider	459	(1)
Main Points	460	(1)
For Further Reading	461	(1)
Questions for Review and Study	461	(1)
Internet Research Project	462	(3)
PART V A GLOBAL VIEW, A SUMMARY, SOME CONCLUSIONS, AND A LOOK TO THE FUTURE	465	(42)
About the Public Sociology Assignments	465	(2)
Public Sociology Assignments	467	(4)
Marcus Griffin
Assignment 1: Social Justice and Disaster Preparedness Planning	467	(2)
Assignment 2: Global Genocide Awareness and Education	469	(2)
Dominant-Minority Relations in Cross-National Perspective	471	(24)
A Brief Review of Major Analytical Themes	472	(1)
A Global Tour	473	(18)
Canada	473	(2)
Northern Ireland	475	(2)
Germany	477	(1)
Switzerland	478	(1)
Former Yugoslavia	479	(1)
Rwanda	480	(2)
South Africa	482	(2)
The Middle East	484	(2)
Hawaii	486	(3)
Brazil	489	(2)
Analyzing Group Relations	491	(2)
Main Points	493	(1)
For Further Reading	493	(1)
Questions for Review and Study	494	(1)
Internet Research Project	494	(1)
Minority Groups and U.S. Society: Themes, Patterns, and the Future	495	(12)
Six Americans Revisited	495	(1)
The Importance of Subsistence Technology	496	(1)
The Importance of the Contact Situation, Group Competition, and Power	497	(2)
Diversity Within Minority Groups	499	(1)
Assimilation and Pluralism	500	(4)
Minority Group Progress and the Ideology of American Individualism	504	(1)
A Final Word	505	(2)
References	507	(26)
Glossary and Index	533	(34)
Permission Credits	567