Race And Juvenile Justice

by Penn, Everette B.; Greene, Helen Taylor; Gabbidon, Shaun L.

• ISBN13: 9780890895726
• ISBN10: 0890895724
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-10-01
• Publisher: Carolina Academic Press

Summary

An edited volume, Race and Juvenile Justice offers a collection of readings that examines race and the juvenile justice system in a historical and social context. Part I of the volume is dedicated to each of the American racial /ethnic groups (African-American, Asian-American, Latino-American, Native-American, and White-American). These readings present the complexities of juvenile justice issues as they relate to each prospective group. Part II of the volume presents articles on Disproportionate Minority Confinement, the history of race in juvenile justice, gangs, the role of domestic violence in juvenile justice, and juveniles and the death penalty. The volume concludes with an article that examines delinquency prevention and intervention strategies.

Author Biography

Everette B. Penn is a professor of Criminology at the University of Houston-Clear Lake.Helen Taylor Greene is a professor at Texas Southern University.Shaun L. Gabbidon is a professor at Pennsylvania State University, Harrisburg.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments	xiii
About the Authors	xv
List of Acronyms	xix
Permissions	xxi
Introduction	3	(4)
References	7	(4)
Part I Perspectives on Race and Juvenile Justice
White Delinquency	11	(16)
Pamela Preston
Introduction	11	(1)
Trends in White Delinquency	11	(3)
A Comparison of Rural, Suburban, and Urban White Youth Arrests	14	(3)
Substance Use by White Juveniles	17	(1)
Causes of White Delinquency	17	(7)
Conclusion	24	(1)
References	25	(2)
Latino Delinquency: Defining and Counting the Problem	27	(20)
Myrna Cintron
Introduction	27	(1)
General Demographic Characteristics of the Latino Population	28	(1)
Census Population Profile	28	(1)
Latino Representation in the Juvenile Justice System	29	(10)
Inadequate Data	29	(2)
Overrepresentation in the Juvenile Justice System	31	(2)
Service Issues in Justice Agencies	33	(3)
Research and Theoretical Issues	36	(3)
Conclusion	39	(1)
References	40	(7)
Black Youth: Disproportionality and Delinquency	47	(18)
Everette B. Penn
Introduction	47	(1)
Overview of the History of Black Youth in Juvenile Justice	48	(1)
Disproportionate Minority Confinement of Black Youth	49	(4)
Arrests	50	(1)
Juveniles Detained Prior to Court Disposition	51	(1)
Petitioned and Waived Cases	51	(1)
Adjudicated Cases	51	(1)
DMC Index Score and the Cumulative Disadvantage	52	(1)
Theoretical Explanations of Black Youth Criminal Activity	53	(3)
Social Disorganization	53	(2)
Subcultural Perspectives	55	(1)
Black Youths and Juvenile Justice Workers	56	(2)
Why Being Black Matters in Juvenile Justice	58	(2)
Conclusion	60	(1)
References	61	(4)
Asian Americans and Juvenile Justice	65	(12)
N. Prabha Unnithan
Asian American Crime and Delinquency: Neglect and the Numbers	66	(2)
Asian American Immigration, Juvenile Crime, and Delinquency	68	(2)
Asian American Gangs and Gang Activity	70	(1)
Other Issues	71	(2)
Summary and Conclusion	73	(1)
References	74	(3)
Native American Youth and Delinquency	77	(18)
Laurence Armand French
Introduction	77	(1)
Historical Background	77	(4)
Contradictory Federal Policies and Increased Indian Marginality	79	(1)
Official U.S.-Indian Policy	79	(2)
Contrasts in Ethos	81	(4)
The Navajo Example	82	(3)
The Nature and Extent of Delinquency in Indian Country	85	(1)
Native American Youth Gangs	86	(1)
Prevention and Intervention of Delinquency in Indian Country	87	(4)
References	91	(4)
Part II Issues on Race and Juvenile Justice
Domestic Violence, Crime, and Delinquency Among African-Americans	95	(16)
Lee E. Ross
Introduction	95	(1)
What Is Domestic Violence?	96	(1)
The Extent of the Problem	97	(2)
African-American Research and Juvenile Delinquency	99	(1)
Mainstream Research into Juvenile Delinquency	100	(1)
Effects of Violence on Children	101	(1)
Domestic Violence: A Case Method Approach	102	(2)
Social Consequences	104	(1)
A Macro-Sociological Approach	104	(1)
Legal and Social Interventions	105	(2)
Role of Education	107	(1)
References	108	(3)
Reducing Minority Youth Gang Involvement	111	(14)
Marilyn McShane
Frank P. Williams III
Introduction	111	(1)
Gangs: A Story of Poor Immigrant Youths	112	(2)
Definitions of a Gang and of Gang Membership	114	(2)
Gangs, Moral Panic, and the Stereotyping of Minority Youths	116	(1)
Interventions: Programs, Laws, and Lessons	117	(1)
Legal Approaches	118	(2)
Community Programs	120	(1)
Conclusions	121	(2)
References	123	(2)
Race, Ethnicity, and the Application of the Death Penalty to Juveniles: A Human Rights Perspective	125	(16)
Daniel E. Georges-Abeyie
Introduction: The Judiciary; Separate and Unequal Justice	125	(2)
The Execution of Juveniles: The Jure Gentium, Jus Cogens, and Human Rights Contexts	127	(1)
``Petit Apartheid'' in the U. S. Criminal Justice Systems: The Persistence of Racial and Ethnic Bias as Apparent Aggravating Factors in the Application of the Death Penalty to Juvenile Offenders	128	(3)
Why Non-White Racial and Ethnic Adult and Juvenile Offenders Face State-Sanctioned Homicide at a Disparate Rate within the Jure Gentium Borders of the United States	131	(1)
Social Distance, Assimilation of Negroids and Other Non-White Minorities, and the Disproportionate Execution of Non-White Juvenile and Adult Offenders	132	(3)
Conclusion	135	(2)
References	137	(4)
Disproportionate Minority Confinement (DMC) of Youth: An Analysis of State and Federal Efforts to Address the Issue	141	(46)
Michael J. Leiber
Introduction	141	(2)
A Systems Perspective Focus	143	(5)
Results	148	(5)
The Identification Stage	148	(2)
The Assessment Stage	150	(3)
Discussion and Conclusion	153	(28)
References	181	(6)
The Politics of Race and Juvenile Justice: The ``Due Process Revolution'' and the Conservative Reaction	187	(36)
Barry C. Feld
Introduction	187	(2)
The Warren Court's ``Due Process Revolution'' in Juvenile Justice	189	(10)
Race and the Great Migration	189	(2)
Constitutional Protection of ``Discrete and Insular'' Minorities	191	(2)
Criminal Procedure and the ``Due Process Revolution''	193	(1)
In re Gault and the ``Due Process Revolution'' in Juvenile Justice	193	(4)
Responses to the ``Due Process Revolution'': Rights, Race Riots, and Conservative Reaction	197	(2)
Conservative Backlash and the Inversion of Juvenile Jurisprudence	199	(17)
Transformation of the Economy and Cities and the Rise of the Urban Underclass	200	(2)
Crack Cocaine and Black Youth Homicide	202	(2)
The Black Face of Youth Crime in the Media	204	(3)
Politics of Race and Crime	207	(3)
Code Words to Appeal to Anti-Black Sentiments	210	(2)
Punitiveness an Juvenile-Transfer and Sentencing Policies	212	(4)
Conclusion	216	(2)
References	218	(4)
Cases Cited	222	(1)
Reducing Juvenile Delinquency: Lessons Learned	223	(20)
Helen Taylor Greene
Everette B. Penn
Introduction	223	(1)
Delinquency Prevention and Intervention	224	(3)
The Juvenile Justice Cycle	226	(1)
What Does Not Work	227	(1)
What Works	228	(4)
What Works for Minority Youths	230	(2)
Important Issues and Challenges	232	(4)
Targeting Child Delinquency	232	(1)
Educational Strategies	233	(2)
Female Delinquency	235	(1)
Future Research Issues	236	(1)
References	237	(6)
Name Index	243	(12)
Subject Index	255